Short Notes Git 2016

General Information Technology(GIT) fUj;juq;F -2016 GCE(A/L)
S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 1

GIT ghlj;jpl;lk;
Nju;r;rp 01 - (12 ghlNtisfs;)
fhyj;jf;Fupa gad;fisg; ngw;wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf fzpdpiaAk;> mjd; cs;shu;e;ej Mw;wiyAk;
fz;lwpthu;.
 juTk; jftYk;>fzpdpf; fl;likg;G>fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs;>fzpdpapd; gzpfs;>
Jtpj vz;fs; (Binary),vz;k vz;fs; (Octal),gjpdhWk vz;fs; (Hexadecimal)
 cz;ik ml;ltizAk; gliyAk;(Truth Table &Logic Gate),fzpdpia tifg;gLj;jy;
 ,aq;F/njhFjp nkd;nghUl;fs;>jfty; njhFjpapid tifg;gLj;jy;
Nju;r;rp 02 - (2 ghlNtisfs;)
md;whl tho;tpy; jftw; njhlu;ghliy tpisj;jpwDlDk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 juT njhlh;ghlypd; Clfq;fs;
 fzpdp tiyaikg;G
Nju;r;rp 03 - (4 ghlNtisfs;)jfty; gpuNtrk; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,izaj;jsj;jij

tpisj;jpwDlDk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk;; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 ,izaj;jsk;>kpd;dQ;ry;

Nju;r;rp 04 - (4 ghlNtisfs;),aq;F Kiwg;gw;wpa mwpjypdhy; fzpdpia tpisj;jpwDlDk;;>
tpidj;jpwDlDk; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 ,aq;F njhFjp nkd;nghUs;>,aq;F njhFjpapd; tiffSk; mtw;wpd; gzpfSk;

Nju;r;rp 05 - ( 5 ghlNtisfs;)
gy;NtW Mtdq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf nrhy; nrayhf;fp nkd;nghUis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
 Microsoft Word

ftu;rr
; pia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yj;jpudpay; Kd;itg;Gfs; nra;;thu;
 Microsoft PowerPoint

vspa Gs;sp tpguk; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; fz;lwpjy;fis Kd;itg;gjw;fhfTk;
nkd; nghUs; ml;ilfis gad;gLj;Jtu;
 Microsoft Excel

jfty; Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhf juTf;FOf;fis Kfhikj;Jtj; njhFjp nkd;nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;
 Microsoft Access

vspikahd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf njupTr; nra;agl;l cau;tif fzpdp nkhopnahd;iw
tpisj;jpWDlDk; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd gbKiwfs;> gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg;glk;
(Flow Chart), juT tiffs;

tho;f;fifia ntw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf jftw; njhopy; El;gj;ij tpisj;jpwDlDk;
tpiidj;jpwDlDk; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 mgptpUj;jpf;F ICT apd; gq;fspg;G
 ICT apd; fUtpfs;
 fzpdp gad;ghl;bd; r%fj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fs;
 fzpdpapd ghJfhg;G nkd;nghUl;fs;


fzdpapd; tuyhW
 Kw;fhyj;jpy; fzpjr; nra;iffSf;fhf kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vspa cgfuzk; vz;rl;lk;
MFk;.
 fzdpapd; je;ijahff; fUjg;gLgth; rhh;y]; ghNgI; Mthh;.
 Kjy; fzdpr; nra;epuyuhf fUjg;gLgth; mlh xf];uh nyt;Ny]; Mthh;
 Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzdpahff; fUjg;gLtJ ENIAC MFk;.
 fzdpg; nghwpapy; ngsjpf hPjpahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mjpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
nra;epuiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU fzdpapypUe;J gy;NtWgl;l Ntiyfisr; nra;aKbAk; vd;gJ
NIhd; nthd; epAkd; vz;zf;fUthFk;.
fzdp cUthfpajd; rpy iky; fw;fs;

Abacus rPdh;fs;
Neg;gpahpd; rl;lq;fs; N[hd;Neg;gpah;
g];fypd; gpNsap]; g];fhy;(1642)
gb fzf;fplyp Nfhlgpul;tpy;ypak;(1647)
tpj;jpahrg;nghwp rhh;s;]; ghNg[; (1822)
Jisal;il N[hrg; [f;Fthl;(1801)
gFg;gha;Tg;nghwp rhh;s];ghNg[;(1833)
fzdp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; mlhxf];uhnyt;Ny];
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer) ngd;rpy;Ntdpah gy;fiyf;fofk;
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) nwkpq;ud; uhz;l; epWtdk;
IBM 704 IBM epWtdk;

fzdpapd; jiyKiw
fzdpapd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l $W gz;Gfs; cjhuzk;
jiyKiw
gUkdpy; nghpait> rf;jp Efh;T
Vacum tube mjpfk;> ENIAC,MARK
mjpf ntg;gk; ntsptply;
Kjyhk; 1,UNIVAC
;
gUkdpy; rpwpaJ> rf;jp Efh;T
,uz;lhk; Transistor kpff;FiwT> ntg;gk; ntsptply; IMB 1401, ICL
FiwT 2950/10
%d;whk; IC(Integrated Circuits) Tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk; IBM 360 Series

UNIVAC 9000
ehd;fhk; VLSI or Micro Processor tpidj;jpwd; kpf kpf mjpfk; IBM , Pentium
kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fzdpAld; njhlh;ghd jfty; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Fk; re;jh;g;gq;fs;
fy;tpj;Jiw
 gy;Yhlfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahhpf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
rpukkpd;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;
 ghlrhiyf;Fhpa juTj;jsq;fisf; ifahs;tjDhlhf ghlrhiy epUthf eltbf;iffspy;
fzdp ,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
 ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp Kiwik %yk; njhiyf;fy;tpapy; xNu jlitapy; Vuhskhd
khzth;fSf;F fy;tpia mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
Rfhjhuj;Jiw
 fzdpapd; JizAld; njhopw;gLfpd;w kUj;Jtg; gFg;gha;T ,ae;jpuq;fspd; %yk;
Jy;ypakhf Neha; epUzak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; Rfhjhuj;JiwahdJ jukhdJk;
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhd Nritia kf;fspw;F mspf;fpwJ.
cjhuzk; : CT Scanners,MRI Scanners, ECG,EEG
 E Channeling %yk; njhiytpl itjpjpa epGzh;fisj; njhlh;g nfhs;sf;$ba trjpfs; >
njhiy mWitr;rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fzdp ghhpa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpwJ.
tq;fp kw;Wk; epjpj;Jiw

 jd;dpaf;f fhrspg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; (ATM) %yk; gy;NtW tq;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; tq;fp
thbf;ifahsh;fs; jkJ eltbf;iffis ,t;tpae;jpuq;fs; %yk; ,yFtpy; G+h;j;jp
nra;af;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Tele banking,Phone banking,Net banking
 ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp rh;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fSld; ,yFthf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba trjpfs;

njhlh;ghlw;Jiw
 Video Conference, E.mail, Fax
fl;bl epUkhzj;Jiw
 fl;lbl eph;khzj; Jiwapy; fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cWjpahdJk; rpwe;j Njhw;wk;
nfhz;lJkhd fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw
 VTfizfis topg;gLj;jy;>mZf;fU ciyfis ,af;Fjy;
 Gydha;Tj; jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> jftw; gFg;gha;T
fzdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
 fjp
 Jy;ypakhdJ
 ek;gfj;jd;ik
 Ez;zwpT ,y;iy
 tpidj;jpwd;
 czh;r;rpaw;wJ.
 Nrkpf;Fk; jd;ik
fzdpapd; gzpfs;
fzdpapd;
 fl;s
cs; liPL> Kiwtopahf;fk;> Nrkpj;jy;> ntspaPL> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
fzdpapd; fl;likg;G thpg;glk;

 fzdp fl;likg;G thpg;glk;


fzdpapd; tiffs;
fzdpapd; tifg;gLj;jy;
msT (Size) njhopy;El;gk; Nehf;fk;

(Technology) (Purpose)
Special purpose
Super Computer Digital
Main frame Analog General Purpose

Computer
Hybrid
Mini Computer
Micro Computer
Desktop Laptop Palmtop workstation
juT
 md;whl tho;tpy; vkf;F mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ij mspf;Fk; vt;tifapYk; mike;j
Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhj vz;fs; > cUf;fs;>vOj;Jf;fs;> gbkq;fs;> mstPLfs; Mfpad nfhz;l
njhFjp juT vdg;gLk;.
 ,it fzdpf;Nfh NtW Kiwtopahf;fpf; fUtpfSf;Nfh cs;sPL nra;ag;gl;L
Kiwtopahf;fg;gl;L fUj;Js;s jftyhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;.
 juTfshf mikaf;$bait
 Text ( ,yf;fq;fs;> vKj;Jf;fs;> tpN~l FwpaPLfs;)
 Audio ( njhdp>Xir>rj;jk;)
 Image ( cUtq;fs> Gs;spfs;>NfhLfs;>tiuGfs;>)

cjhuzk; : khztd; ngw;w Gs;spfs;> Fkhhpd; cly; ntg;gepiy
jfty;
Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ij Meaningful
juf;$bajhf rhpahf
Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l Information
juTfs; jfty;fshFk;. Data Processing
cjhuzk; : ,yq;ifapd; Information
ruhrhp kiotPo;rr; p> khztd;
ngw;w Gs;spfspd;
$l;Lj;njhif.
jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs;
 Nehf;fj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;

 gadUf;F njspthd tpsf;fKk; ek;gfk; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
 nrk;ikj;jd;ikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rhpahd egiu milaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jpl;lkhd ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
fzpdp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

1. td;nghUs; : fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpd; ngsjPf cgfuzq;fs; td;nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.
2. nkd;nghUs; :Nehf;fnkhd;wpd; nghUl;L fzpdp Kiwikia nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kiwahf
toq;fg;gLfpd;w fl;lisj;njhFjpfs; my;yJ mwpTWj;jy;fs; nkd;nghUl;fshFk;.
3. epiyg;nghUs; : fzpdp Kiwiknahd;iw ,af;f Muk;gpg;gjw;F mbg;gilahfj; Njitg;gLk;
fl;lisj;njhFjpfs; epiyg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
4. capu;g;nghUs; : fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUg;gtu; me;Neuj;jpy; capu;g;nghUs; vdg;gLthu;.
fzdp td;nghUl;fs;
fzdpapy; njhl;Lzuf;$ba ,yFtpy; khw;wpaikf;fKbahj ngsjPff;$Wfs; td;nghUl;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
td;nghUs;(Hard ware)
cs;sPl;Lf; Kiwtopahf;fp epidtfq;fs; ntspaPl;Lf;

fUtpfs; fUtpfs;
cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; cs;sPL nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- tpirg;gyif(Key board)> Rl;b(Mouse)> tUb(Scanner)> Web camera>Digital Camera, Track
ball, joy stick, Light pen, Bar Code reader MICR,OMR,…………
1. nghJthd cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs;

 tpirg;gyif
2. Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; rhjdq;fs;
 Rl;b (Mouse)
 jlg;ge;J (Track Ball)
 xspg;Ngid (Light Pen)
 ,af;Fg;gpb (Joystick)
 njhLjpiu (Touch Screen)
 njhLNkil ( Touch pad)
3. tUly; tif my;yJ xspAU cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs;

 tUbfs; (Scanners )
 gl;ilf;FwpKiw thrpg;ghd; (Barcode Reader )
 fhe;j ik tupAU thrpg;ghd; (Magnetic Ink Character Reader )
 xspapay; tupAU fz;lwpjy; (Optical Character Recognition )
 xspapay; Fwp fz;lwpjy; (Optical Mark Recognition )
 EZf;Fg;gd;dp (Mic)
 ,yf;fKiw fkuh (Digital Camera)
 tiyf; fkuh (Web Cam)
ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ntspf;fhz;gpf;f gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
cjhuzk; : njhptpg;gp (Monitor), gjpfUtp(Printer), Plotter, Speaker, Multimedia Projector.
1. fzpdpj;jpiu Monitor
 fNjhl;Lf;fjpu;f;FohAldhd jpiu(Cathode Ray Tube)-CRT
 jputg;gspq;Ff; fhl;rpj;jpiu (Liquid Crystal Display)-LCD
 xspfhYk; ,Uthap (Light Emitting Diods)-LED
NtWghL
CRT LCD
 mjpf ,lk; Njit Fiwe;j ,lk; NghJk;
 njsptw;w glk; njspthd glk;
 tpiy FiwT tpiy mjpfk;
 gad;gLk; kpd;tY mjpfk; gad;gLk; kpd;tY FiwT
 jpiuapy; kpDf;fy; Fog;gk; Vw;gLk; kpDf;fy; Fog;gk; Vw;glhJ.
2. gy;Y}lf vwpit (Multimedia Projector)

3. xypg;ngUf;fpfs; (Speaker)
4. mr;Rg; nghwp (Printers)
njhopDl;g hPjpahf ,Utif
 mOj;j jhf;f mr;Rg;nghwpfs; (Impact Printers)
o Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg;nghwpfs; (Dot Matrix Printers)
o tup mr;Rg;nghwp (Line Printers)
 mOj;jh jhf;f mr;Rg;nghwpfs; (Non Impact Printers)
o Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printers)
o Ink Jet Printers
o ntg;g mr;Rg;nghwpfs; (Thermal Printers)
o Dye Sublimation Printers
5. tiutpfs; (Plotters)

epidtfk;
,jpy; juTfSk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. gpujhdkhf Kjd;ik> Jiz epidtfnkd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gpujhdkhff; fhzg;gLk; epidtfq;fs;
1. RAM – jw;Nghf;F epidtfk;
2. ROM- thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
3. Cache Memory- gJf;F epidtfk;
4. Register – gjptfq;fs;
Random Access Memory - jw;Nghf;F epidtfk;

 fzdpapy; cs;s gpujhd epidtfk; vdf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ ,JthFk;.
 ,J Mother Board ,y; cs;s Memory Slot cld; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
 ,J Hard Disk ,y; cs;s fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk;
fl;lisfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpj;J itj;jyhFk;.
 Processor ,d; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf Ram
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fSk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJk; mope;J tpLk;.
Read Only Memory thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
 fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd fl;lisfs; mwpTWj;jy;fis gjpT nra;j

itj;jpUf;Fk; mikg;G.
 ,jDs; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lhYk; mopTwhJ.
 Rom ,y; cs;s jftr;fis khw;w KbahJ. Jw;nghJ gy;NtW tifahd ROM fs;
ghtidapy; cs;sd. mitahtd.PROM,EPROM,EEPROM
Jizj; Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs;
 fzdpapy; my;yJ fzdpf;F ntspapy; jfty;fis epue;jukhf Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; rhjdq;fs;

 td;jl;L> nefpo;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> gspr;rPl;L tl;L vd;gd ,t;thwhd Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fshFk;.
 fhe;j Clfq;fs;
o td;tl;L (Hard Disk)
o nefpo;tl;L (Floppy)
o fhe;j ehlhf;fs; (Magnetic Tapes)
 xspapay; Clfq;fs;
o ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CDs)
o ,yf;fKiw kPEl;g tl;L (DVDs)
o ePyf;fjpu; tl;L (Blu-Ray)
 jpz;k epiyr;rhjdq;fs;
o USB gspr;rPl;L nrYj;jpfs; (USB flash drives)
o epidtf ml;ilfs; (Memory Card)
nefpo;tl;L
,jpy; fhe;jehlh my;yJ jl;L itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,it kpfTk; Fiwe;j Nekpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT
nfhz;lit. ,tw;wpd; Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT 1.44 MB MFk;.
fzdp Kiwapd; Nrkpg;G myFg; ghpkhzk;

kpfr;rpwpa Nrkpg;gyF Bit MFk;

4 Bit = 1 Nibble
8 Bit = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 KB(Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB ( Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1GB (Giga Byte)
1024GB =1TB (Tera Byte)
td;jl;Lf;fs;
 ,tw;wpd; nfhs;ssT gy klq;F cah;thdJ. mjhtJ ,it PC tiff; fzdpfspy; 1 TB
tiuAk; jw;NghJ ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jpy; juTfs; fhe;j Kiwapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jpy; jfty;fis vKjTk; thrpf;fTk; Head fhzg;gLk;.
 ,it Ntfkhfr; nraw;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; Access Time kpfTk; FiwthFk;. ,tw;wpd; Access fjp
Millisecond ,y; msf;fg;gLk;.
 Internal MfTk; External MfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
,Wtl;Lk;> ,yf;fg;gy;jpwthw;wy;tl;Lk;. (CD & DVD)

 ,it Optical Technology mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLgit.
 ,tw;wpy; Laser fjph;fs; gha;r;rg;gl;L jfty;fs; vOjg;gLk; my;yJ thrpf;fg;gLk;.
 CD f;fspd; nfhs;ssT 650MB -900MB tiuAk; mikAk;. DVD fspd; nfhs;ssT 4.7GB -
9 GB tiu mikAk;.
fzdp jha;g;gyif( Mother Board)

 fzdpapd; rfy gFjpfisAk; ,izj;J mtw;wpd; nraw;ghl;il xUq;fpizf;Fk; gpujhd
Rw;Wg;gyif.
 CPU ,Ds; jha;g;gyif kPJ Nkyjpf Rw;Wf;fisg; nghUj;Jtjw;fhd ,lq;fis Xw;gLj;Jk;
myFfs; tphpT Jisfs; vdg;gLk;.

Fijfs; (PORTS)
fzdpAld; nghUj;jg;gLk; Gwr;rhjdq;fisg; nghUj;jj; Njitahd ,lq;fs; my;yJ Jiwfs;
Fijfs; vdg;gLk;.
cU Fijtif ,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
PS/2 Fijfs;
tpirg;gyif> Rl;b
njhlh;Fijfs; Modem> Rl;b
rkhe;juf; Fijfs; mr;Rg;nghwp> tUb
fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzdpfis

tiyaikg;Gf; Fij xd;wpizf;Fk;; tlq;fisj; njhLj;jy;
fzdp jpiuf;Fij fzdpj;jpiu> gy;Yhlf vwpap
tpirg;gyif>Rl;b>tUb>mr;Rg;nghwp>
USB Fij ,yf;fKiwf;fkuh> nkhlk; ………..
Xyp xypngUf;fp>EZf;Fg;gd;dp>jiyg;gd;dp
JizAWg;Gf;Fij
Nkhlk; Fij nkhlk;
juTj;njhlh;ghly;
juTfis Xh; ,lj;jpypUe;J NtNwhh; ,lj;Jf;F CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlh;ghly; vdg;gLk;.
juTj; njhlh;ghlypd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

1. juT %yk;
2. juTj;njhlh;ghly; Clfk;
3. juTg; ngWeh;
Sender / Source Medium Receiver

juTj;njhlh;ghly; Clfk;
,U tifahd Clfq;fs; cs;sd.
1. topfhl;b Clfk; ( Guide Media)
2. fjph;j;j Clfk ;(Radiated Media)
topfhl;b Clfk; (Guide Media)

,jpy; juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F fk;gpfs; my;yJ tpNrl ehh;fs; gad;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; topfhl;L Clfq;fs; gad;gLk;.
1. KWf;fpa fk;gpr;Nrhb ( Twistted Pair Wire)
 ftrkhf;fg;gl;l fk;gpr;Nrhb (STP) Shielded Twisted Pair
 ftrkhf;fg;glhj fk;gpr; Nrhb (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair
2. Xur;R tlk; (Co-Axial Cable) 3. Xspapay; ehh;( Fiber Optical)
fjph;j;j Clfk; ( Radiated Media)
 ,q;F jfty; ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjw;F fk;gpfs; vJTk; gad;glhJ khwhf jft;fs; miyfs;
%yk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;.
 thndhyp miyfs; Redio Trasmission
 nrq;fPo; fjpu;fs; Infrared %ykhd CLflj;jy; .
 Ez;ziyfs; Microwaves
 njhlu;ghlw; nra;kjpfs; Commnication Satellites
juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfs;

1. njhlh; juT CLflj;jy; : juTfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;W tPjk; gpw;fshf CLflj;jg;gLk;. xU
fk;gp NghJk;.
2. rkhe;ju juT CLflj;jy; : xNu jlitapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd gpw;fs; CLflj;jg;gLk;.
juT CLflj;jy; topfs;

1. xw;iw top CLflj;jy; : juT xNu jpirapy; khj;jpuk; nray;fpwJ.
cjhuzk; : njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp>
2. miu ,Utopg; Nghf;F : ,U jpirfspYk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;fjhf cs;s

NghjpYk; xU jlitapy; xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; juTfs;
CLflj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : Walkie Talkie
3. ,U topg;Nghf;F : xNu re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,U jpirfspYk; juT CLflj;jy;
eilngwj;jf;f juT CLflj;jy;
cjhuzk; : njhiyNgrp
fzdp tiyaikg;G
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fzdpfis xd;Nehnlhd;W njhlh;GgLj;jpj; jahh; nra;ag;gLk;
fzdpj; njhFjpNa fzdp tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;.
fzdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffs;

,lj;Jhp gug;G tiyaikg;G ( LAN)
ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G (WAN)
ngUefh;g;gug;G tiyaikg;G (MAN)
,lj;Jhp gug;G tiyaikg;G ( Local Area Network)

 rpwpa gug;gpy; gue;jpUf;Fk; fzdp tiyaikg;G LAN vdg;gLk;.
 ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,j;jifa xU tiyaikg;G xU fl;blj;jpw;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
 cjhuzkhf xU ghlrhiyapDs;Ns my;yJ gy;fiyf;fofj;jpDs;Ns jahh; nra;ag;gLk;
fzdp tiyaikg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G (Wide Area Network)

 kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fzdp tiyaikg;G WAN vdg;gLk;.
 ,jw;F internet kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,j;jifa fzdp tiyaikg;gpNy Gtpapay; hPjpapy;
vt;tpj kl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; fhzKbahJ.
ngUefh;g;gug;G tiyaikg;G (Metropolitan Area Network)

 ,lj;Jhpg;gug;G tiyaikg;gpYK; ghh;f;ff; $Ljyhd gug;gpNy gutpapUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;
ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghh;f;ff; Fiwe;j Gtpapay; #oYf;Fg; gue;jpUf;Fk; tiyaikg;G.
 cjhuzkhf murhq;fj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; fzdp tiyaikg;igf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vy;yhg;
gpuNjr nrayfq;fisAk; njhlh;GgLj;jp jahh; nra;ag;gLk; tiyaikg;G.
fzdp tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay;

ngsjPf hPjpahf fzdpfs; xd; Nwhnlhd;
fzdp W nghUj;
tiyaikg; G j g;gLk;
,lj; tpjk;
jpay; tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay; MFk;.
tiffs;

fzdp tiyaikg;gpd; mD$yq;fs;

fjp> nryT> ghJfhg;G> xUKfg;gLj;jpa nkd;nghUs; fl;Lg;ghL vspjhjy;> kpd;dQ;ry;.
fzdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujp$yq;fs;
 tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd fzdp nraypog;gpd; KOj; njhFjpapdJk; nraw;ghl;by; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jy;
 tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf jtYfSk; jfty;fSk; mopjYk;
Fog;gkiljYk;.
 tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf tsq;fs; mw;Wg; NghFk; rhj;jpak;
 ntspegh;fs; vspjhf njhJhpapDs; Eioe;J mq;Fs;s juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk;
fsthlj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
 tiyaikg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;jypy; rpukk;
fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
 nkhlk; (Modem)
,yf;fKiwr; iriffs;(Digital signal) xj;jpirr;iriffshfTk;(Analog
signal) > xj;jpirr;irifffs; ,yf;fKiwr;iriffshfTk; khw;wg;
gad;gLk; JizAWg;G.
 tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak; (Hub):

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLk;.
 tiyaikg;G Msp (Switch) :

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;Fk; >
mjd; %yk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Kiwahfg; ghpkhWtjw;Fk;
gad;gLk;.
 tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il ( Network Interface Card) :

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzdpia ,izj;J Njitahd njhlh;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd $w;Wf;fisf; nfhz;l ,yj;jpudpay; ml;il.
 Nritaff; fzdp ( Server) :

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; vy;ygg; gzpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Njitahd Nritfis toq;Fk; fzdp
Server MFk;. ,J rhjhuz fzdpapYk; ghh;f;f $Ljyhd miktplj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 Nritg;gadh; fzdp (Client) :

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fzdp
.
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;; mbg;gilapy;
(Computer Networks According to the Management)
1. Nritg;gadu; Nritaf tiyaikg;G (Client Server Method)
2. Peer to Peer

fzdpj;juTfis rkh;g;gpf;Fk; Kiwik

Number System Decimal Binary Octal Hexa decimal
Digits No 10 2 8 16
Value 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B
C,D,E,F
Base 10 2 8 16
GATE SYMBOL TRUTH TABLE

A B A.B
0 0 0
AND
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
A B A+B
0 0 0
OR
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT A 𝐴̈
0 1
1 0
A B ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵
NAND 0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
A B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
NOR 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
A B AB
XOR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
A B AB
XNOR 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Law OR FORM AND FORM
Commutative Law X.Y = Y.X X+Y = Y+X
Associate Law X+(Y+Z) = (X+Y)+Z X.(Y.Z) = (X.Y)Z
Distributive Law X.(Y+Z)=(X.Y)+(X.Z) X+(Y.Z)=(X+Y).(X+Z)
Identity Law X+X=X X.X=X
XY+X𝑌̅ =X (X+Y)(X+ 𝑌̅)=X
Redundancy Law X+XY=X X(X+Y)=X
0 +X =X 0.X=0
1+X=X 1.X=X
𝑋̅ +X=1 𝑋̅.X=0
𝑋̿=X --
X+𝑋̅Y=X+Y X(𝑋̅+Y)=XY
DeMorgan’s Theorem ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

(𝑋 + 𝑌 )= 𝑋̅𝑌̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋. 𝑌=𝑋̅+𝑌̅
nkd;nghUl;fs;
fzdp nkd;nghUs;
fzdpapy; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfisr; nra;Ak; nghUl;L ahjhapDk; xU fzdp nkhopapy; toq;fg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; .
gpujhdkhf ,U tifg;gLk;
1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs;
2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
Kiwik nkd;nghUs;
 td;nghUs; gFjpapid gads;sjhf;Ffpd;w nra;epuy;fs;.
 fzdp Kiwikapd; td;nghUisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp njhlh;GgLj;jp Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak;.
o gzpnray;Kiwik
o gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;
o nkhopkhw;wpfs;
cupik rhu; nkd;nghUl;fs; :

ahjhapDk; xU egUf;F my;yJ epWtdj;Jf;F rl;lG+u;t cupikAila
nkd;nghUl;fs; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. rl;l cupikaw;w vtUf;Fk; ,tw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh khw;wQ;
nra;tjw;Nfh gpujpaPL nra;tjw;Nfh my;yJ gq;fPL nra;tjw;Nfh Njit vdpd;> cupik ngw;wtu;fspd;
mDkjpAld; khj;jpuNk ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. (cjhuzk; : MicroSoft epWtdk; )

jpwe;j%y nkd;nghUl;fs; :
rl;lG+u;t cupik Nfhug;glhj nkd;nghUl;fs; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;.
,tw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh khw;wQ; nra;tjw;Nfh gpujpaPL nra;tjw;Nfh my;yJ gq;fPL nra;tjw;Nfh
KOikahd my;yJ gFjpastpyhd rl;lG+u;t cupik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
 Kiwik nkd;nghUis mbg;gilahf itj;J ,aq;Fk;.
 juTfisj; jfty;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ;
 gadhpd; tpN~l nghJj;Njitia epiwNtw;Wk;
 nghJthf thbf;ifahsuhy; tbtikf;fg;gLk;
 Njitf;Nfw;g mikj;j nkd;nghUl;fs; (Tailor Made Software)
 nghjp nra;ag;gl;l nkd;nghUl;fs; (Off-The-Shelf Software / Packaged Software / Base poke Software)
gzpnray; Kiwik
fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd nkd;nghUl; njhFjpNa gzpnray; KiwahFk;.
cjhuzk; : Windows,Linux,Unix,Mac,Dos
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghLfs;

1.epidtf Kfhik
2.Kiwtop Kfhik
3.JizAWg;G Kfhik
4.Nfhg;G Kfhik
5.ghJfhg;G Kfhik.
gadh; ,ilKfj;jpd; tif

1.fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; (CLI)
2.tiutpay; gadh; ,ilKfk; (GUI)
fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; (Command Line Interface)

 ,q;F fzdpiag; gsd;gLj;JNthh; mwpTWj;jy;fis my;yJ fl;lisfisg; gzp nray;
Kiwikf;Fj; jl;lr;Rg; nghwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mq;F gadh; tpNtl tpjpfSf;F Vw;g
,f;fl;lisfis epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; : MS DOS, Unix, Linux
tiutpay; gadh; ,ilKfk; (GUI)

 Gadh; fzdpia vdpjhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gzpntay; Kiwikapd; tiutpay; gadh;
,ilKfk; cjTfpwJ. ,q;f fl;lisfs; epidtpy; itf;fj; Njitapy;iy.
 glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; vspjhff; fzdpia nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk; : Windows , Macintosh
tiutpay; gadh; ,ilKfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gzpntay;Kiwikapy; cs;s gpujhd

$Wfs;
 rhsuq;fs;(Windows)
 glTU(Icons)
 gl;b(Menu)
 Rl;b(Pointer)

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs;;
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Vida nkd;nghUl;fis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> ,iaghf;fy;>mt;tr;nraw;ghLfSf;F
kpfg;nghUj;jkhd nkd;nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> fzpdpiag; guhkupj;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffSf;nfd
Mf;fg;gl;litNa me;j nkd;nghUl;fshFk;.
cjhuzq;fs; :
 fhg;G nkd;nghUs; Backup Software : Nfhg;Gfspd; gpujpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; >

td;jl;il fhg;ngLj;jy;
 tl;L rPuhf;fp Disk Defragmenter : jl;Lf;fis xOq;fikf;fpd;wJ.
 er;R epuy; vjpu;g;G gad;ghLfs; Anti-Virus Utilities : ,it er;R epuy; nkd;nghUl;fisj; jLg;gjw;F>
fz;lwpe;J ePf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tl;L gpuptply; Disk Partioning : jdpg;gl;l nrYj;jpfis gy ju;f;f nrYj;jpfshfg; gFjpahf;fy;.
 Disk Cleanup : jw;fhypf Nfhg;Gf;fis mfw;Wjy;.
,izaKk; kpd;dQ;rYk;
,izak;
fzdp tiyaikg;Gfspy; ghhpa tiyaikg;ghf xU tiyaikg;G cl;fl;likg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J
cyfshtpa hPjpapy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd fzf;fhd fzdpfis xd;wpizf;fpwJ.
,izaj;jpd; Kf;fpa nray;Kiwfs;

 kpd;dQ;ry;
 ciuahly; FO
 cyfshtpa ,izatiy
 fye;Jiuahlw;FO
 Nfhg;G khw;wj;jpw;fhd nrk;ik elg;nghOq;F
,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit

 njhiyNgrp ,izg;G
 fzdp
 nkhlk;
 njhlh;ghly; fzdp nkd; nghUs;
 ,izar;Nrit toq;Feh; (ISP)
tiyNkNyhbfs; ( Web Browsers)

,izaj;jsj;jpy; ,izag;gf;fq;fisg; ghh;itapLtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzdp nkd;nghUl;fs;
tiyNkNyhbfshFk;.
cjhuzk; : Internet Explorer,Mozila firefox, Google Chrome,Opera
Njlw;nghwpfs; (Search Engines)

,izaj;jsj;jpy; vkf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis Njbj;jUtJ Njly; ,ae;jpuk; MFk;.
cjhuzk;: Yahoo, Google, Altavista….

,izaj;js Kfthpapd; tpsf;fk;

cjhuzk; : www.doenets.lk
WWW : World Wide Web
Doenets : Computer name/ web name
lk : Domain name
,izaj;jsj;jpd; gad;ghLfs; my;yJ ed;ikfs;

 jfty;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;
 kpd;dQ;ry; trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
 ,izaj; njhiyNgrp trjpfis Vw;gLj;j Kbjy;
 ,izaj;jsk; %ykhd th;j;jf eltbf;iffis Nkw;bfhs;s Kbjy;
 Nfhitfis ,lk;khw;wy;
 nra;jpfish; ghh;itaplTk; Nfl;fTk; Kbjy;
 fy;tp njhlh;ghd jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy; .
kpd;dQ;ry;
,izaj;jpd; ed;ikfspy; xd;Nw kpd;dQ;ry; MFk;. kpd;dQ;rypd; %yk; xUth; kw;wtUf;F mDg;Gk;
fbjq;fs;>glq;fs;>xyp>xsp vd;gd mlq;Fk;.
kpd;dQ;ry; Kfthpf;fhd tpsf;fk;

[email protected]
,k; kpd;dQ;ry; Kfthpapy; @ FwpaPl;bw;F ,lJ Gwkhf ,Ug;gJ User name vdTk; tyg;Gwkhf
,Ug;gJ Domain name vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
Ms;fsg;ngahpd; (Domain name) ,Wjpg;gFjp FwpaPLfs;

.com th;j;jf epWtdq;fs;
.edu fy;tp epWtdq;fs;
.org murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
.gov murepWtdq;fs;
.mil gilazp
.int rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs;
.net tiyaikg;G njhopyEl;g epWtdq;fs;
.lk ,yq;if
.us mnkhpf;fh
xU kpd;dQ;ry; nra;jpapd; gpujhd ghfq;fs;
TO : ,t;tplj;jpy; ahUf;F kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;g cs;NshNkh mthpd; Kfthpia ,l Ntz;Lk;
CC (Carbon Copy) : CC vd;gJ kpd;dQ;ry;fspd; gpujpfis ,jDhlhf gyUf;f mDg;g KbAk;

BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) : kpd;dQ;ry;fspd; gpujpfis kiwj;J mDg;Gtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,jd;gb Fwpg;gpl;l fbjj;jpd; gpujp ahh; ahUf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ kiwf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
Subject : kpd;dQ;rypy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w tplaj;jpd; RUf;fk; ,jDs; ,lk;ngWk;

Attachent : kpd;dQ;riy xUtUf;F mDg;Gk; NghJ mDg;Ggth; mjDld; $lNt NtW File fis
my;yJ glq;fis my;yJ sound record I ,izj;J mDg;Gk; ,lk;
kpd;dQ;rypd; ed;ikfs;
 Fiwe;j nryT
 tpiuT
 ek;gfj;jd;ik $baJ
 trjpahdJ
 xNu rkaj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ltUf;F mDg;Gk; trjp

kpd;dQ;rypd; jPikfs;
 rpy Ntisfspy; kpd;dQ;ry; ngWeUf;F Ngha;r; NruhkypUf;fyhk;
 Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kpd;dQ;riy Open nra;J ghh;f;fhkypUf;fyhk;
 kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhtpby; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
 vkf;Fg; ngWeh; gjpyspf;fHJ tplyhk;.
gha;r;rw; glf; FwpaPLfs;

START (njhlf;fk;) / STOP (KbT) cs;sPL (Input) / ntspaPL (output) njhLg;gp
Process (Kiw topahf;fk;) jPh;khdk; (Decision) juTg;gha;r;ry; (Flow line)
FLOW CHART
PSEUDO CODE
Begin
start
Input Two Numbers
Input two Total = First Number + Second Number

numbers
Output Total
Calculate Total
End
Display total
Stop

fzpdp nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rp
fzpdp nra;epuyhf;f nkhopfs; Computer Programming Language : fzpdpapd; nraw;ghL vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk;
vd toq;Fk; tpjpKiwfSldhd gbKiwfs; fzpdp nra;epuyhf;f nkhopfs; vdg;gLk;. fzpdp%ykhd
njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd fzpdp nkhopapd; JizAld; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s mwpTwj;jy;fspd;
njhFg;Ng fzpdpr;nra;epuy; Computer Programming vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzq;fs; - C,Java,Python,Pascal,Basic,VB,VB.NET
Kjyhk; jiyKiw ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw %d;whk; jiyKiw ehd;fhk; jiyKiw

fzpdp nkhopfs; fzpdp nkhopfs; fzpdp nkhopfs; fzpdp nkhopfs;
 jho;kl;l nkhop  jho;kl;l nkhop  cau;kl;l nkhopfs;  cau;kl;l nkhopfs;

 Machine Language  Assembly Language  Procedural Language  Object Oriented
 mwpTWj;jy;fspd;  mwpTWj;jy;fspd;  ,yFthdJk; Language
vz;zpf;if kpf vz;zpf;if 1k; vspjhf  ghtidahsu;
mjpfk;. jiyKiwia tpl tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Njhoik nkhopahf
 nkhopahdJ FiwT. KbAkhdJkhd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,ae;jpuj;jpd;  Add,Sub Nghd;w nkhopfs;  kpff;Fiwe;jsthd
jd;ikapy; FwpaPLfspd; ghtid-  gpioia mwpTWj;jy;fs;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; czu;j;Jk;  juTj;js trjpfs;
 fzpdp td;nghUs; ,j;jiyKiw nra;jpfis  nkhopahw;wpfs;
gw;wpa mwpT nkhofis jUtjhy; ,yFthf mtrpak;
mtrpak; Symbolic nkhopfs; tOf;fis jpUj;jp
 nrad;Kiw Ntfk;
 nkhopngau;g;G vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. vOj Kbjy;.
kpf mjpfk;.
mtrpakpy;iy  nkhopkhw;wpahf  ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
 VB,JAVA,VB.NET
 nrad;Kiw Ntfk; xUq;FNru;g;gp jd;ikapy;
mjpfk;. Assembler jq;fpapuhJ.
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ  nkhopngau;g;G
 .nkhopahdJ mtrpak;.
,ae;jpuj;jpd;  FOTRAN,COBOL,
jd;ikapy; PASCAL,C
jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
 nrad;Kiw Ntfk;
1k; jiyKiwia
tpl FiwT
jfty; Kiwik
Kiwik
ahjhapDnkhU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtW;Wtjw;F mj;jpahtrpakhd
Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w xd;Wlndhd;W njhlh;Gila gy;NtW $Wfspd; Nrh;f;if
KiwikahFk;.
Kiwikapd; nraw;ghl;il tifg;gLj;jy;
xU njhFjpahdJ gpujhdkhf %d;W nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd
 cs;sPL 2. Kiwtopahf;fk; 3. ntspaPL
jfty; Kiwik
jfty; Kiwik %ykhf kf;fs; juTfs; > tiyg;gpd;dy;>fUtp> njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd mlq;fpa
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;
 ifahy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik : vy;yh Kiwtopahf;fKk; kdpjh;fspd; ifahy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; juTfSk; jfty;fSk; fljhrpapy; vOjp Nfhitfshf ciwfspYk; fhg;Gg;
ngl;lfq;fspYk; itf;fg;gLk;. jfty;fs; jpUj;jkw;W fhzg;glf;$ba jd;ik> Jhpjkhf jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; fbdk;> Kiwtopahf;fk; tpidjpwd; Fiwe;J fhzg;gly; ,jd; FiwghLfshFk;.
 fzdpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jfty; Kiwik : fzdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
Kiwtopahf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,q;F jfty;fis kpfj;jpUj;jkhditahfTk; tpiuthfTk;
Neh;j;jpahfTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,K; Kiwikapd; $Wfshtd:
td;nghUs;>nkd;nghUs;>kf;fs;>juTfSk; jfty;fSk;
jfty; Kiwik tiffs;
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwtopahf;f Kiwik : md;whlk; eilngWk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

Kiwtopg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jfty; KiwikahFk;.
 Kfhikj;Jt jfty; Kiwik : Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; jfty;fs; midj;Jk; juTj;jsj;jpy;
Ngzg;gl;L Njitahd topapy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;L epUthf eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd
jfty;fs; ntapaplg;gLk;.
 jPh;khd cjT Kiwikfs; : jPpH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd jfty;fis
Njitf;Nfw;g ngWtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwikahFk;.
 ty;Ydh; Kiwikfs; : Fwpj;j Jiw rhh;e;j rfy tpllaq;fisAk; KiwikapDs; cs;sPL
nra;J gpd;dh; KiwikahdJ chpa epyikfSf;Nfw;g mwpT kl;lj;jpyhd Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;L MNyhridfis toq;Fk;.
Kiwik tpUj;jp tl;lk;
fzdp Kiwikia mikf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; gbKiwfs;
 gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
 ,aYik MA;T
 Kiwik gFg;gha;T
 Kiwik tbtikg;G
 Kiwik tpUj;jp
 Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;
 Kiwikiag; guhkhpj;jy;
gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
 Kiwikapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; KiwikapypUe;J vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fs;> cs;sPLfs;>
tUtpisTfs;> ,ilKfk ;Kiwikg;ghJfhg;G Nghd;wit gw;wp vspa Mtzk; jahhpj;jy;
,aYik Ma;T
 Kiwikia cUthf;Ftjw;F Muk;gpf;f Kd;dh; mjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fs; cs;sdth?

me;j Kiwik %ykhf ngwj;jf;f nghUshjhu mD$yq;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa mbg;gilf;
fw;ifahFk;.
 njhopDl;g,aYik> nra;gzp ,aYik> nghUshjhu ,aYik.
Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T
 fzdp Kiwikia cUthf;f Kd;dh; mk;Kiwikapd; Njit> mjd; %yk; epiwNtw;w

vjph;ghh;f;fk; fUkq;fs;> mjpy; fhzg;glNtz;ba ,ay;Gfs;>mtw;Wld; njhlh;ghd Mtzq;fs;>
Kiwik nranyhOq;F gw;wp Muha;jy;
 Kiwikg; gFg;ghsh; chpikahsh;> gadh; MfpNahUld; fye;Jiuahly;.
Kiwik tbtikg;G
 nkd;nghUs; $Wfis ,dq;fhzy;.
 Kiwikapd; nkd;nghUs; mikj;jiy ,dq;fhzy;
 ,ilKfq;fis tbtikj;jy;
 juTj;jsj;jpidj; jpl;lkply;
Kiwik tpUj;jp
 tbtikg;gpd; NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l $Wfs;> cgnjhFjpfs;> Mfpad fzdp nkhop %ykhf
nra;epuyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L my;yJ FwpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L fzdp Kiwik cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Kiwikapy; tOf;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;
 KiwikapDs; rfy tpjkhd cs;sPLfisAk; ,l;L vjph;ghh;f;fpd;w tUtpisTfs;
KiwikapDhlhf rhpahfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd nrt;it ghh;f;fg;gLk;.
Kiwikia nraw;gLj;jy;
 chpa Kiwapy; Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;

 Neubahfr; nraw;gLj;jy; : ,Uf;fpd;w Kiwikia ePf;fp tpl;L mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa
Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;
 rkhe;jur; nraw;gLj;jy; : ,Uf;fpd;w KiwikiaAk; Gjpa KiwikiaAk; rkhe;jukhf xU
fhy mtfhrj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. Gjpa Kiwik ntw;wpfukhdnjdpd; gioaij ePf;fp
Gjpaij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 Kd;Ndhbr; nraw;gLj;jy : gioa Kiwikapy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ghfq;fs; rpytw;iw Gjpa
KiwikAld; mizj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
 gbKiwapyike;j nraw;gLj;jy; : gioa Kiwikapy; nhpT nra;ag;gl;l ghfq;fs; gbg;
gbahf Gjpa Kiwikapdhy; khw;wPL nra;ag;gly;.

Kiwikiag; guhkhpj;jy;
 cUthf;fpa Kiwikia gad;gLj;Jifapy; guhkhpg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Nrhjidapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Fiwfis epth;j;jp nra;jy;
 gadhpd; Gjpa Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy; njhopDl;g khw;wj;jpw;fpzq;f Kiwikia Gjpa
njhopDl;g mD$yq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf khw;wy;.
jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk; r%fKk;

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL
 tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;L tUk; etPd Ma;Tfspd; my;yJ ghpNrhjidfspd; ngWNgWfisg;
ghpkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 tptrhapfSf;Fk; re;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; re;ijapd; tpiy
epyikfis clDf;Fld; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTtJld; re;ijapy; ,lk;ngWk; KiwNfLfspy;
,Ue;J tptrhapfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspf;f KbAk;.

 ,ilj;jyfh;fs; %yk; tptfhapfs; Ruz;lg;gLtJ jtph;f;fg;gLtJld; tptrha

cw;gj;jpfSf;Fhpa epahakhd tpiyAk; fpilf;fg; ngWk;.
 ,izaj;jpd; %yk; tptrha xw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd fhyepiyj; jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 tptrhak; rhh;e;j nfhLg;gdT mwpf;iffs fzdpg;gLj;jy; ,ygk;.
ifj;njhopy;j;Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL

 gy;NtW nghUl;fisAk; fUtpfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ mit njhlh;ghd Muk;gj;
jpl;lkpily Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kl;Lkd;wp KbTg; nghUspd; mikg;igf; $l Kd;dNu mwpe;J
nfhs;sf; $ba trjpfs;.
 nghUl;fspdJk; fUtpfspdJk; khjphpfis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; ,Wjp tbtj;jpid
gy;NtW th;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Md;dNu fhzf;$ba trjpfs;.
 fzdpapd; %yk; ,aq;Fk;NuhNgh ,ae;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp KO cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ mjdhy; KbTg; nghUl;fs; Fiwfs; vJTkd;wp KOikahd
nghUl;fshf fplf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
Rfhjhuj;Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL

 Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; kUe;Jfisj; jahhpj;jy;>kUj;Jt Ma;Tfs;> kUj;Jt ghpNrhjidfs;>
mWitr;rpfpr;ir Nghd;wdtw;wpw;F fzdpj; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 MRI tUb %yk; ntspg;ghh;itf;Fj; njhpahj clypd; cs; mtatq;fis gy;NtW
Nfhzq;fspy; cah; juj;jpy; th;zq; nfhz;ljhf glk; gpbg;gjd; %yk; kUj;Jth;fs; thpahd
jPh;khdq;fis vLf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
 CAT tUb %yk; Kg;ghpkhzg; glq;fs; ngwg;gLk;. cUg;gpf;fg;gl;l glq;fs; %yk; xs;
cWg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ.
 EEG %yk; %isapy; Vw;gLfpd;w jPik tpistpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp rhpahf mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;. Jhq;Fk; NghJ elf;Fk; NghJ jpBh; re;jh;g;gq;fspd; NghJ %isapd;
nraw;ghl;bid mjd; %yk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 Telemedicine : kUj;Jth;fs; Nehahspfisg; ghpNrhjpj;jy;> mtjhdpj;jy; NehahsuJ kUj;Jt
mwpf;iffis Kfhik nra;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F fzdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;
njhopy;Wl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; Telemedicine vdg;gLk;.
fy;tpj;;Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL
 fzdp mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp > ,iza mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp>fw;wy; Kfhikj;Jt Kiw>

njhiyf;fy;tp KiwfspDhlhf kpd;fy;tp KiwahdJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,iza trjp ,y;yhjth;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp epfo;r;rp> ghl ,Wtl;Lf;fs;%yk;
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
 ,k; kpd;fw;ifapy; khzth;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; fw;wy; eltbf;iffspy;
<Lglr;re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;jy;> tpUk;Gk; ghlnewpiaj; njhpT nra;jy; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;.
 khzth;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> ghPl;ir eltbf;iffs;>Rafw;wy; gapw;rpfs;>Njitahd
topfhl;ly;fs; ,tw;wpd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 gjpT nra;J nfhz;l khzth;fs; gpur;rpidfs; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
mjw;fhd cjtpia kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; jkJ MNyhrfUld; my;yJ gjpT nra;J nfhz;l gpw
khzth;fSld; njhlh;gpid Vw;gLj;jpj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
 ghlrhiyfspy; khzth;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> Neu #rpif jahhpj;jy;> yPT eltbf;iffs;>
tuTg; gjpTfs;>elj;ijr; rhd;wpjo;fs; jahhpj;jy;> fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid Kfhik
nra;tjw;F jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
th;j;jfj;;Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL
 nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Kjy; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ tiuAs;s rfy nraw;ghLfspYk;

jftw; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpahghu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; nghUshjhu hPjpapYk;
ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ,izaj;jpd; %yk; tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk;
ghJfhg;ghdJk;; ,yFthdJkhFk.

 tpUk;gpa vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nghUl;fs; njhlh;ghd tpguq;fisj; Njly;> fUj;Jf;fisg;

ghpkhwy; nghUl;fSf;fhd nfhs;tdTf;fl;lisfis ,ly; vd;gdtw;iw Nkwnfhs;tJld;
mjw;fhd gzj;jpid VISA>MASTER ml;il %ykhf nrUj;j KbAk;.
 tpkhdr;rPl;Lf;fis ngwy;>Rw;Wyhtpw;F Njitahd N`hl;ly;fis xJf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
fzdp Kiwikfs; vjph;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;

fzdp KiwikfSf;F gpur;rpidfisAk; trhy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUl;fs; jPa
nkd;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
fzdp er;R epuy;
 fzdpr; nra;epuypd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jthW RakhfNt ngUFk; Mw;wYilaJ.
 ,izak;>tiyaikg;G>kpd;dQ;ry;>,Wtl;Lf;fs;>nefpo;tl;Lf;fs;>,yf;fKiw
gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> gspr;rl
P ;L tl;L Nghd;wtw;wPDhlhf er;R epuy; guTfpd;wJ
fzdp er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfs;

 fzdpapDs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTfSk; jfty;fSk; mope;J Nghjy;
 nkd;nghUl;fs; nraypoj;jy;
 fzdpapd; nraw;wpwd; Fiwtiljy;
 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fzdp td;nghUl;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLjy;
fzdp er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpid ,dq;fhzg; gad;gLk; mwpFwpfs;
 fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;L Ntfk; Fiwtiljy;
 fhuzkpd;wp fzdp mbf;fb nraypoj;jy;
 kPs Muk;gpf;f KbahJ Nghjy;
 Muk;gpf;f mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;
 rpy nkd; nghUl;fs; ,aq;f Kbahky; Nghjy;
 Nfhitfs; jhdhfNt mopf;fg;gLjy;
 gadw;w Nfhitfs; Nrh;ff ; g;gLjy;
 jpiuapy; Njitaw;w mwpTWj;jy;fs;> nra;jpfs; fhlrpg;gLj;jg;gly;
fzdpia er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfs;

 jPr;Rthpid njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;
 fhg;Gf;Nfhitfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 er;R epuy; vjph;g;Gr; nra;epuy;fspy; cs;s ghJfhg;G Kiwfis njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;
 %y nkd;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jy;
 nghJthd ghtidf;F eph;thff; fzf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jhJ rhjhuz ghtidf; fzf;fpidg;
gad;gLj;jy;
 kpd;dQ;ry; ,izg;Gf;fis mtjhdkhff; ifahsy;
 pendrive> Floppy disk fis mtjhdkhff; ifahsy;
Nth;k;];(Worms); :
 kdpjdpd; jiyaPL ,d;wp RakhfNt gpujpahf;fk; nra;Ak; Mw;wYilaJ
 tiyaikg;gpDhlhf Ntfkhfg; gutp ghuJhukhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Trojan horse :
 gaDs;s fzdp nra;epuy; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L kiwe;jpUe;J mopit Vw;gLj;Jk;
Spy ware :
 fzdpapDs; epiy nfhz;L fzdpapd; juTfis gpujp nra;J nfhLf;Fk;
 ,izaj;jsq;fspDhlhf njhlh;gpid Vw;gLj;jpjg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ fzdpapd;
flTr;nrhy; Nghd;wtw;iw gpw fzdpfSf;F ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak;.
Adware :
 ,izaj;jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jifapy; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; Njitaw;w tpsk;guq;fs;>
mWpTWj;jy;fs; ,itahFk;

jfty; njhopy;El;gKk; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfSk;
njhlh;r;rpahf ePzl
; Neuk; fzdpfis cgNahfpg;gjdhy; clypy; rpy NfhshWfs; Vw;gLk;
mitahtd:
 fz;typ
 KJFtyp
 nrsfhpaf; FiwT
 %isapy; fl;bfs;
kPs;tUk; jifg;G ( Repetitive Strees Injuries)

xNu gzpapy; njhlh;e;J ePz;l Neuk; <LgLtjd; fhuzkhf clypy; Vw;gLk; xUtif typ “ kPs;tUk;
jifg;G “ vd;g;gLk;. fzdpg; gad; ghl;by; <LgLNthhpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; kPs;tUk; jifg;G
ahnjdpy; ,U iffs;> kzpf;fl;Lf;fspy; Vw;gLk; typahFk;. fzdp tpirg;gyifapid mjpf Neuk;
njhlh;r;rpahf gad;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhfTk; Kiwahf cl;fhuhky; ,Ug;gjdhYk; Cw;gLfpd;wJ.
fzdpg; gad;ghl;lhsh;fs; vjph;Nehf;Fk; Rfhjhug;gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rpy

topKiwfs;
 fz;fs; cyh;e;J tplhj gb mbf;fb fz; rpkpl;Ljy;

 xt;nthU 10 epkplq;fSf;Fk; fz;fis fzdpf;F ntspNa Fiwe;jJ 20 mbfSf;fg;ghy;
xs;s nghUl;fisf; Fwpj;J Ftpe;J Nehf;Ff.
 Neuhf mkh;e;J nfhz;Nl Njhspd; gpd;Gwj;ij ghh;g;gjdhy; fOj;J tpfhuj;ij jsh;j;jy;.
 MNuhf;fpa Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpirg;gyif> Rl;bfis gad;gLj;jy;
 Njitahd msT Xa;tpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 Rw;Wr;#oiy fhw;Nwhl;lkhfTk; Nghjpa ntspr;rj;JlDk; NgZjy;
fzdpg;gad;ghl;lhsh; fzdpia ifahSk; rhpahd Kiwi
njhopy;El;g tsk;
epiwe;j
Ntiytha;g;Gfs;.
1. juTg; gjpthsu; - Data entry operator
2. fzpdp ,af;Fdu; - Computer operator
3. nra;epuyhsu; - Programmer
4. nkd;nghUs; mgptpUj;jpahsu; - Software developer
5. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;thsu; - System analyst
6. nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu; - Software engineer
7. td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu; - Hardware engineer
8. tiyaikg;Gepu;thfp - Network administrator

9. jfty; njhopEl;g Kfhikahsu; - IT manager
10.,izaj;js tbikg;ghsu; - Web developer
11. Desktop publishing cj;jpNahfj;ju; - Desktop publishers
12. fzpdpg; gpuNahf cjtpahsu; - Computer applications assistant
nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;

nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;jy; cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;
nkd;nghUl;fs;
 Microsoft Office Word Microsoft Corporation
 Libre Office Word The Document Foundation – Open Source
 Kingsoft Office Kingsoft
 iwork Apple
 Word Perfect Corel
A.
THIS IS ABOUT BORDERS

1. NAME I.
2. ADDRESS A
B. 3. TELEPHONE A. 5.B
4. E-MAIL 6.C
7.D
B.
1. NAME
2. ADDRESS
C. J.
3.
4.
TELEPHONE
E-MAIL Bold
5. COURSE
D. K. www.nie.lk
 FOOD
E.  DRINK L.
 FRUITS Underline
 SWEETS
F. M. Ω, ©, Β, ω
17TH OF OCTOBER
G. 2014 N.

H. H2O O.
NkNy jug;gl;l Mtzj;jpd; gb gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fUtpfSk; mtw;iwg; ngWk;

gbKiwfSk; gpd;tUkhW…
1. A vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;ig cUthf;fg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f fUtpahf WORD ART fUjg;gLk;
 Drawing Tool Bar >Word Art Icon
 Insert Menu > Picture >Word Art
2. B vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l ml;ltiziar; nrUfj; Njitahd gbKiwfis vOJf.
 Table > Table > Set Row ,Columns > ok/ press Enter
 Select Table icon/Insert Table > Set rows and Column from the grid
 Select table icon/insert table > Select Draw table > Draw Rows and Columns
3. C vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l ml;ltiziar; mbapy; NtnwhU epiwiar; (Row) Nru;f;f….

 Move cursor to right most column of the last row and press tab key
 Move the cursor to last row > Right Click mouse > Insert Row Below
 Move the cursor to last row > Right click mouse > Row > Insert > Give no rows > Ok
4. D vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l glj;ijr; nrUfj; Njitahd gbKiwfis…..
 Insert > Picture > Select Location (c:\mydocs) > Select the picture (degree.jpg)
> Ok/press enter
 Insert > Picture > From file > Select file (degree.jpg) from c:\mydocs > Open
 Select the [source] location > Select picture > Copy [Picture] > Go to the location on the
document > Paste
5. Mtzj;jpy; E vd;w vOj;J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gFjpia gl;bayhf (bulleted list) mikg;gjw;F….

 Select Text > Format Menu > Bullet and Numbering > ClickBullets > Select the Bullets Style
 Select Text > Home > Bullets Appropriate > Ok
 Select Text > Click Bullets icon in formatting toolbar.
6. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; F vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s (Auto shape) ,id mikg;gjw;F….

 Select Drawing Toolbar >Auto shape >Select stars and Banners >Select
Appropriate Shape > Draw proper place
 Format Menu > Select Picture > Select Auto Shape > Select Appropriate Shape
> Draw proper place
 Home Ribbon > Select shapes > Select Appropriate Shape > Draw proper
place
7. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; G vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s “TH” I mikg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfis vOJf.
 Select relevant Number > Select format > Select Font > Select Superscript > Click ok
 Select relevant Number > Select Home > Select Superscript
8. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; H vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s 2 vdw ,yf;fj;ij mikg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

gbKiwfis vOJf.
 Select relevant Number > Select format > Select Font > Select subscript > Click ok
 Select relevant Number > Select Home > Select Subscript
9. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; I vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Mtzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; gf;f tpspk;ig mikg;gjw;F

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfis vOJf.
 Select relevant text > Select format menu > Border and shading > Select border style > Click
ok
 Select relevant text > Formatting Tool bar > Border
 Select relevant text > Home ribbon Border Icon

 Select relevant text > Page Layout Ribbon > Page Borders > Select border style > Click ok
10. Mtzj;jpy; J vd;w vOj;J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s vOj;Jfis jbg;ghf;Ftw;F ….

 Select relevant word > Click Formatting tool bar > Bold
 Select relevant word > Select format menu > Select Font > Select bold for font style > Click ok
 Select relevant word > Home Ribbon > Bold
 Select relevant Text > Ctrl + B
11. K ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s thrfk; xU kPapidahfj;ij (Hyperlink) Njhd;Wfpd;wJ ,k;kPapizia Nru;f;fj;

Njitahd gbKiwfis vOJf.
 Insert > Hyperlink
mfw;wj; Njitahd gbKiwfis vOJf

 Insert > Hyperlink > click right mouse > click remove Hyperlink
12. Mtzj;jpy; L vd;w vOj;J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s vOj;Jfis mbf;Nfhbl……

 Select relevant word > Click Formatting tool bar > Underline
 Select relevant word > Select format menu > Select font > Select underline > Click ok
 Select relevant word > Home Ribbon > Bold
 Ctrl + U
13. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; M vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s (symbols) mikg;gjw;F…

 Insert Menu > Select Symbols
 Select Appropriate symbols > Click insert/double click
 Home Ribbon > Select symbols > Select Appropriate Symbols > Click
insert/double click
14. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; N vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s (ClipArt) ghlj;jpid

mikg;gjw;F….
 Select Drawing Toolbar > ClipArt > Select Appropriate picture > Draw proper place
 Format Menu > Select Picture > Select ClipArt > Select Appropriate picture > Draw
proper place
 Home Ribbon > Select ClipArt > Select Appropriate picture > Draw proper place
15. Mtzj;jpyKvdf; fhl;lg;gLs;s O vd;w ngupa vOj;ij mikf;f…..

 Select relevant text > select Format menu > Select Drop cap > Select Drop position and option > Click
ok

kpd;dZrhu; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs; (Microsoft Excel)

nkd;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;
 Excel Microsoft Corporation
 Libre Office Calc The Document Foundation – Open Source
 Numbers AppleInc
 Open Office Calc Apache Foundation
1. nkhj;jg; Gs;spfisg; ngWtjw;F vOj Ntz;ba #j;jpuk;

=Sum(fytPr;R)
=fyk;1+ fyk;2+ fyk;3+ fyk;4+ fyk;5
2. ruhrupg; Gs;spfisg; ngWtjw;F vOjg;gl Ntz;ba #j;jpuk;
=Average(fytPr;R)
=nkhj;j Gs;spf;fhd fyk; / ghlq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
=( fyk;1 + fyk;2 + fyk;3 + fyk;4 + fyk;5 ) / 5
3. khztdpd; epiyiaf; fzpf;f
=Rank(Fwpj;j ruhrup , ruhrupfspd; khwh fytPr;R )
4. mjpAau; Gs;spiaf; fhz;gjw;Ff;F
=Max(fytPr;R)
5. Fiwe;j Gs;spiaf; fhz;gjw;Ff;F
=Min(fytPr;R)
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tiuG tiffs;

 epuy; tiuG Column Chart
 ryhif tiuG Bar Chart
 Nfhl;L tiuG Line Chart
 tl;l tiuG Pie Chart
 rpjwy; tiuG Scatter Chart

rku;g;gpg;G/epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUs; (MS PowerPoint)

 Apple Keynote AppleInc Microsoft Corporation
 Libre Office Impress The Document Foundation – Open Source
 Corel Presentation Corel Corporation
 Open Office org Impress Apache Corp Corporation
 Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft Corporation
rku;g;gpg;G fhl;rpfs;
 Normal View
 Slide Sorter View
 Outline View
 Presentation View
tof;fkhd cap&l;ly;fis (Custom animation) gpuNahfpg;gJ vg;gb?

1. Slide Show > Custom animation > Add effect
,ioT fle;j nry;epiyfis (Slide Transitions) vt;thW gpuNahfpg;gJ?

1. Slide Show > Custom animation > (Slide Transitions)
tbtikg;G Templates gpuNahfpg;gJ vg;gb?

1. Formatting Tool bar > Design Icon
2. File Menu > New > Select From Design Template
tpy;iy mikg;Gf;fs; - Layouts

juTj;js Kfhik nra;tjw;Ffe;j nkd;nghUl;fs;

Database Management System (DBMS)
DBMS vd;gJ xU nkd;nghUs; tifahFk;. ,J juTfspid ,yFthfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; ifahs;tjw;F

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. nghJthf DBMS gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 juTfis gjpjy;
 juTfspy; khw;wk; nra;jy;
 jutfis mopj;jy;
 juTfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jy;
 juTfs; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs; (Quary)
 juTfSf;F ntt;NtW epiyfspy; ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy;.
,yj;jpudpay; juTj;jsj;jpd; ed;ikfs;

 jfty;fis tpidj;jpwDld; Njbf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ,yFthfg; gpujpfisg; ngw KbAk;.
 juTfis Nrkpf;f kpff;Fiwe;j nfhs;jpwd; NjitahFk;.
 juTfis kpf NtfkhfTk;> ,yFthfTk; gFg;gha;t nra;a KbAk;.
 juTj;jsj;ij gq;fPL nra;a KbAk;.
 juTfspdJ RahjPdj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.
juTj;jsj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;
 juthdJ kPs;gjpT nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ.
 juTfspd; jdpj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLk;.
 tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk;.
 jpUj;jk; mjpfk;.
 juTfspd; rhj;jpaj;jd;ik mjpfk;.
 juTfspd; ghJfhg;G mjpfk;.
juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt nkd;nghUl;fs;

 Access Microsoft Company
 Base The Document Foundation
 Oracle Oracle Co-operation
DBMS ,d; gpujhd ghfq;fshf (Objects) gpd;tUtd fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Pages, Macros, Modules
Tables ml;ltizfs;
Tables vd;gJ Access ,y; juTfs; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;Fupa gpujhd xU myfhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xd;W
my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Columnsfs; Mfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L Fileds ,y; ehk; nfhLf;Fk; juTfs;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Table I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Query, Form, Report Nghd;wit cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
juT tiffs;
fsg;ngau; Field Name juT tif Data Type
 ngau; Name thrfk; Text
 tpyhrk; Address thrfk; Text
 njhiyNgrp TP No ,yf;fk; Numbers
 gpwe;j jpfjp Data of Birth jpfjp/Neuk; Date and time
 rk;gsk; Salary ehzak; Currency
 Gs;spfs; >50 Marks Mk; /,y;iy Yes/ No
Relationships njhlu;Gilik
Tools Menu ,y; Relationships vDk; fl;lisia njupT nra;J my;yJ Data base Tool bar ,y; fhzg;gLk;
Relationships vDk; fl;lisia Click nra;jhy; xU Jiz Menu njupatUk;. ,q;F Students Table I Select
nra;J Add Button Click nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Query Nfs;tpfs; / tpdhf;fs;
Query vd;gJ ehk; Table ,y; cs;sPL nra;ag;gl;l juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vkf;Fj;Njitahd
jfty;fis ,yFthf ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
FORM gbtq;fs;
,yFthd Kiwapy; juTfis cs;sPL nra;tjw;F Form gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mjd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
juTfs; ,jDld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Nfgpspy; gjpag;gLk;. mjhtJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ftu;r;rpfukhd
Kiwapy; FormI cUthf;fyhk;.
REPORT mwpf;iffs;
tpUk;gpa ftu;r;rpfukhd mikg;gpy; juTfis Njhd;w itg;gjw;F my;yJ mr;Rg;gjpg;gjw;F Report gad;gLk;.
,jw;Fupa jfty;fs; ,j;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lLs;s Table my;yJ QueryapypUe;J ngwyhk;.
njhlu;Gilik tiffs;
 xd;Wf;F xd;W njhlu;Gilik [1:1]
 xd;Wf;F gy njhlu;Gilik [1:M]
 gytpw;F gy njhlu;Gilik [M:N]
Kjd;ikr; rhtp Primary Key : ml;ltizapy; gjpTfis jdpj;Jtkhf milahsg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Gyk; my;yJ Gyj;jpd; Nru;khdk; Kjd;ikr; rhtp Primary Key vdg;gLk;.
me;epar;rhtp Foreign Key : ml;ltiznahd;wpd; Gyk; %yk; ,d;Ndhu; ml;ltizapd; gjpit jdpj;Jtkhf
milahsg;glj;j KbAnkdpy;> mg;Gyk; me;epar;rhtp Foreign Key vdg;gLk;.
juT kPs;gjpthf;fk; Data Duplication: ml;ltiznahd;wpy; xt;Nthu; epuypYk; juthdJ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gjpT
nra;ag;gLtJ kPs;gjpthf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
juT kWgjpthf;fk; Data Redundancy : juTfis Nrkpf;Fk; NghJ xNu juthdJ gy ml;ltizfspy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLtJ juT kWgjpthf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
ifKiwj;juTj;jsj;Jf;Fk; ,yj;jpudpay; juTj;jsj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;
ifKiwj;juTj;jsk; ,yj;jpudpay; juTj;jsk;
 tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk;
 tpidj;jpwd; FiwT
 jpUj;jk; mjpfk;
 jpUj;jk; FiwT
 ek;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk;
 ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwT
 juTgFg;gha;T ,yFthdJ.
 juT gFg;gha;T fbdk;
 Njitaw;w juTfis ePf;FtJ ,yFthFk;.
 Njitaw;w juTfis ePf;FtJ fbdkhFk;.
 juTfis ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; ,yFthdJ.
 juTfis ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; fbdk;
 juTfis Nrkpf;f Fiwe;j ,lk; NghJkhdJ.
 juTfis Nrkpf;f mjpf ,lk; Njitg;gLk;
 Fiwe;j kdpjtsk; NghJkhdjhFk;.
 mjpf kdpjtsk; Njitg;gLk;
,izak; Internet
jfty; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhf tiyaikf;fg;gl;l my;yJ xd;Wld; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfisf; nfhz;l
gue;j xU KiwikNa ,izakhFk;. ,J tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; tiyaikg;ghFk;.
,izag; gf;fk; Web Page
HTML vd;w nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJk; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; ,af;fr; nra;a KbAkhdJkhd xU MtzkhFk;.
IP Kftup
,izaj;jpYs;s xt;nthU fzpdp ,ae;jpuj;jpidAk; ,dq;nfhz;L nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fk; / Kftup IP KftupahFk;.
tiy tpyhrk; (rPuhd %yts ,ilepWTdu; -URL Uniform Resource Locator)

,iza Nritahsu; xUtu; kPJ xU Nfhitf;Fupa nry;topfhl;bia tiuaWf;Fk; tpyhrNk ,JthFk;.

tpyhrr;rl;lj;jpy; mjid nrOj;Jtjd; %yk; xU gf;fj;ij ePq;fs; kPl;Lf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
http / / www.college-xaviersnu.sch.lk.index/results
Protocol Server Domain Page

Name
tiy cyhtpfs; (Web browser)
,izaj;jpid mila gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Xu; njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs; tiyNkNyhb my;yJ ,iza
cyhtp vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : Netscape Navigator > Internet Explorer > Google Chrome
Back Refresh Address bar
Forward Home Address bar
NjLk; nghwpfs; Search Engine

NjLk; nghwpfs;> jfty;fisj; NjLtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. Yahoo, Google, MSN Mfpad jfty;fisf;
NjLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy NjLk; nghwpfshFk; .
Nfhit ,lkhw;wk; Flie Transfer
,izaj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd Nrit Nfhit ,lkhw;wk; MFk;. ,izak; kPJ
my;yJ mNj tpjkhd tiyNtiyapd; kPJ ,U fzpdpfSf;fpilapy; Nfhitfis ,lk; khw;Wtjw;F ,e;jr;
Nrit cq;fSf;F ,lkspf;fpwJ.
1. NtnwhU fzpdpapypUe;J cq;fs; fzpdpf;F xU Nfhitiag; gpujpgz;Zjy;.
2. xU Nfhitia cq;fs; fzpdpapypUe;J kw;WnkhU fzpdpf;F mDg;Gjy; .
kpd;dQ;ry; tiutpyf;fzk;
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhd e-jghy; vd;gJ ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; njhFjpfspD}lhf
nra;jpfis mr;Rf; Nfhj;J mDg;gp kw;Wk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cjTk; xU KiwahFk;. gy;tifikahd e-
jghy; njhFjpfs; ,d;W ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; e-jghy; MdJ ,izaj;jpd;
kpfTk; gpugy;akhd gad;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;.
rpy e - jghy; nkd;nghUs;fs;
1.Eudora 2. Microsoft Outlook Express 3. Pegasus
e -jghy; cs;slq;Fk; tplaq;fs;
ahUf;F - To
ePqf
; s; nra;jp mDg;gp itf;fNtz;ba egupd; tpyhrj;ij vOJf.
fhgd; gpujp - CC
CC fhgd; gpujp vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. CC fsj;jpy; gl;baw; gLj;jg;gl;l xUtu; ePqf
; s; nra;jpia mDg;Gk;
nghOJ mjd; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. me;jr; nra;jpiag; ngWk; Vidatu;fs;> ePqf ; s; CC ,y;
gl;baw; gLj;jpa egu;> mr; nra;jpapd; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tijf; fhzKbAk;.
njupahj fhgd; gpujp - BCC

BCCgpujp vd;gJ njupahj fhgd; gpujp vd;gjhFk;. ,J CC ,idg;Nghd;wJ. Mdhy; BCCapd; ngWeu;fis
mr; nra;jpapd; Vida ngWeu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
tplak; - Subject
,f; fskhdJ> nra;jp vijg; gw;wpaJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jr; nra;jp tupfs;> nra;jpapd; cs;slf;fj;jpd;
njhFg;ghf mikAk;.
Nru;g;Gfs; - Attachment

Nru;g;Gfs; vd;git e - jghy; nra;jpAld; mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk; jdpj;j NfhitfshFk;. gpd;tUk;

midj;J tiff; NfhitfisAk; ePq;fs; e-jghYld; Nru;j;J mDg;gyhk;.
 guT jhs;fs; Spread Sheet
 nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; Mtzq;fs; Word Processing Doc
 juT mbg;gilf; Nfhitfs; Database File
 nrtpg;Gyf; Nfhitfs; Audio File
 fl;Gy (tPbNah) Nfhitfs; VideoFile
 tiugl tpk;gq;fs; Graphic Images
jghy; milTg; gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpa rhjdq;fs;;

1) fpilj;j mQ;ry; (Inbox) ePq;fs; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nra;jpfisf; fhl;LtJ ,JthFk;. thrpf;fg;gl;l>
thrpf;fg;glhj nra;jpfis ,e;j miltpy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
2) khjpup (Drafts) ePq;fs; njhFj;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpfis my;yJ cUthf;fpatw;iw Nrkpj;jpUg;gpd;> ,e;j

miltpd; fPo; mit juk;gpupf;fg;gLk;.
3) mDg;gpa mQ;ry; (Sent) mDg;gg;gl;l vy;yh nra;jpfisAk; Nrfupf;Fk;.
4) mopf;fg;gl;l mQ;ry; (Trash) mopf;fg;gl;l vy;yh nra;jpfisAk; ,J Nrfupf;Fk;.
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Short Notes Git 2016

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General Information Technology(GIT) fUj;juq;F -2016 GCE(A/L)

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 1

Nju;r;rp 03 - (4 ghlNtisfs;)jfty; gpuNtrk; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,izaj;jsj;jij

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 2

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 3

fzdp cUthfpajd; rpy iky; fw;fs;

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) nwkpq;ud; uhz;l; epWtdk;

IBM 704 IBM epWtdk;

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 4

%d;whk; IC(Integrated Circuits) Tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk; IBM 360 Series

kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fzdpAld; njhlh;ghd jfty; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kpfTk;

tq;fp kw;Wk; epjpj;Jiw

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 5

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 6

msT (Size) njhopy;El;gk; Nehf;fk;

Main frame Analog General Purpose

Desktop Laptop Palmtop workstation

 Nehf;fj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;

fzpdp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

cs;sPl;Lf; Kiwtopahf;fp epidtfq;fs; ntspaPl;Lf;

1. nghJthd cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs;

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 8

2. gy;Y}lf vwpit (Multimedia Projector)

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 9

Random Access Memory - jw;Nghf;F epidtfk;

Read Only Memory thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;

 fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd fl;lisfs; mwpTWj;jy;fis gjpT nra;j

Jizj; Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs;

 fzdpapy; my;yJ fzdpf;F ntspapy; jfty;fis epue;jukhf Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; rhjdq;fs;

fzdp Kiwapd; Nrkpg;G myFg; ghpkhzk;

kpfr;rpwpa Nrkpg;gyF Bit MFk;

,Wtl;Lk;> ,yf;fg;gy;jpwthw;wy;tl;Lk;. (CD & DVD)

fzdp jha;g;gyif( Mother Board)

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 11

njhlh;Fijfs; Modem> Rl;b

rkhe;juf; Fijfs; mr;Rg;nghwp> tUb

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzdpfis

fzdp jpiuf;Fij fzdpj;jpiu> gy;Yhlf vwpap

Nkhlk; Fij nkhlk;

juTj; njhlh;ghlypd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

Sender / Source Medium Receiver

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 12

topfhl;b Clfk; (Guide Media)

2. Xur;R tlk; (Co-Axial Cable) 3. Xspapay; ehh;( Fiber Optical)

fjph;j;j Clfk; ( Radiated Media)

juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfs;

juT CLflj;jy; topfs;

2. miu ,Utopg; Nghf;F : ,U jpirfspYk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;fjhf cs;s

fzdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffs;

,lj;Jhp gug;G tiyaikg;G ( Local Area Network)

ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G (Wide Area Network)

ngUefh;g;gug;G tiyaikg;G (Metropolitan Area Network)

fzdp tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay;

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 14

fzdp tiyaikg;gpd; mD$yq;fs;

fzdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;

 tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak; (Hub):

 tiyaikg;G Msp (Switch) :

 tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il ( Network Interface Card) :

 Nritaff; fzdp ( Server) :

 Nritg;gadh; fzdp (Client) :

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 15

fzdpj;juTfis rkh;g;gpf;Fk; Kiwik

GATE SYMBOL TRUTH TABLE

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 16

Law OR FORM AND FORM

Commutative Law X.Y = Y.X X+Y = Y+X

Associate Law X+(Y+Z) = (X+Y)+Z X.(Y.Z) = (X.Y)Z

Distributive Law X.(Y+Z)=(X.Y)+(X.Z) X+(Y.Z)=(X+Y).(X+Z)

Identity Law X+X=X X.X=X

XY+X𝑌̅ =X (X+Y)(X+ 𝑌̅)=X

Redundancy Law X+XY=X X(X+Y)=X

DeMorgan’s Theorem ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

cupik rhu; nkd;nghUl;fs; :

S.Prashanthan BA(Cey),NDIT(Merit),ICDL,IPICT,PGDE,MEcon,B.Tech-ICT-Network Eng(R) Short Notes . 17

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghLfs;