Computer Architecture

Assignment No #04
Submitted By:
 Muhammad Soban Rasheed
Roll Number:
 FA20-BCS-020
Submitted To:
 Sir Biktash Ali
Section:
 BCS ‘4A’
Explain the following
1) ADDRESSING MODES:
The addressing mode is the used to specify the instruction of an
operand by information in an register. The job is to execute a set of instructions that is stored in
memory to perform a specific task. Operations require the following:

 The opcode which determines the data to be used in an operation and how complex instruction
should be what will be done.

Example:
If we wanted to add the numbers or any operation 1 and 2 and get a result, mathematically we
would likely write this as 1 + 2. In this case, our operator is (+), or the addition, and our operands are the
numbers 1 and 2.
2) X86 addressing modes:

Addressing modes is defined as the aspect of the instruction set

architecture in most of central processing unit designs and modifying the address field of the instruction
before the operand actually exectued. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given
instruction set architecture define how the machine language instructions in that architecture identify
the operand of each instruction.
3) Register organization:

Register organization is defined as the arrangement of the registers

in the processors.The register is unique high speed storage area in an Cpu. The processor
designers decide the organization of the registers in a processor. Different processors may
have different register organization. Depending on the roles played by the registers
They can be categorized into two types:

 User visible register

 Control and status register.

4) PSW and advantages & disadvantages of condition codes:

Advantages Disadvantages
 Because condition codes are set by  Condition codes add complexity, both
normalarithmetic and data movement tothe hardware and software. Condition
instructions,they should reduce the codebits are often modified in different
number ofCOMPARE and TEST waysby different instructions, making life
instructions needed moredifficult for both the
microprogrammerand compiler writer.
 Conditional instructions, such as  Condition codes are irregular they are
 BRANCHare simplified relative to typically not part of the main data
compositeinstructions, such as TEST  So required extra space in hardware.
ANDBRANCH.
 Condition codes can be saved on the  In a pipelined implementation,
stackduring subroutine calls along with conditioncodes require special
otherregister information. synchronization toavoid conflicts.

5) Parallel processing:

Parallel processing is defined as the using of more than one cpu or

processor to run a program or the system have two or more than Two ALU and be able to
execute more than two instruction at same time for faster processing. Program are split and
executed by serval cpu at same time. Processed result are also combined for the processing
computational intensive job.

6) Types of parallel processor systems:

Parallel processing are basically used for speed up the

implementation of program by spliting. These are multiprocessor system and also known as
tightly coupled systems.

 Types:

i. Single instruction, single data (SISD) stream:

single instruction multiple information, may be

a type of multiprocessing within which a pc can have 2 or a lot of processors
follow constant instruction set whereas every processor handles completely
different information. SIMD is usually accustomed analyze massive information sets
that square measure supported constant such benchmarks.

ii. Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) stream:

A single machine instruction controls

the synchronal execution of variety of process components on a lockstep
basis. every process part has AN associated information memory, so every instruction
is dead on a distinct set of knowledge by the various processors. Vector and array
processors make up this class.

iii. Multiple instruction, single data (MISD) stream:

 MISD, or multiple instruction
single information, wherever every processor can use a special algorithmic of the
program with constant computer file.

Multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) stream:

MIMD, or multiple instruction

multiple information, is another common sort of multiprocessing that every laptop has 2 or a
lot of of its own processors and can get information from separate information streams..

7) Symmetric multiprocessors (SMP):

SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) is defined as the computer

processing done by multiple processors that share a common operating system and memory. In
symmetric multiprocessing, the processors share the same input/output bus or the data path. A single
copy of the OS is in charge of all the processors. These are also called as tight coupled multiprocessing.
symmetric multiprocessing does not exceed 16 processors as this can be easily handled by operating
system.

 Uses of symmetric multiprocessing:

 Symmetric multiprocessing is only useful for time sharing as these have multiple processes
running in parallel these are scheduled on parallel processors using symmertic
multiprocessing.
 symmetric multiprocessing:Time sharing systems that use multithreading programming can also
make use of symmetric multiprogramming.

8) Multithreading (implicit and explicit):

Multithreading(Implicit):
A programmer that writes the implicitly parallel of code does not
need to worry abou thet task division or the process communication, focusing instead on
the problem program is intended to solve. Implicit threading is characterized by using
a Parallel.
Multithreading(explicit):
 programming with Multithreading (explicit) is often difficult,
especially for non computing specialists, because of the extra work involved in planning the
task division and synchronization of concurrent processes. Explicit threading involves
creating, starting, and joining threads while also calculating chunk sizes, calling the worker
function.

9) Clusters:
Cluster computing refers that several of the computers connected on a network and
that they perform sort of a single entity. Every laptop that connected to the network is
termed a node. Cluster computing offers solutions to unravel difficult issues by
providing quicker machine speed, and increased information integrity. The connected
computers execute operations all at once therefore making the impression sort of a single
system virtual machine. This method is termed as transparency of the system.

Cluster computing goes with the options of:

 All the connected computers square measure an equivalent reasonably machines

 They are tightly connected through dedicated network connection.
 All the computers share a typical home directory.

10) Cloud computing and elements of cloud computing:

Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing refer to online domain delivery over the internet ..We use cloud
computing instead of local storage device because Cloud Computer allows you to pay how much you
use. Cloud Computing allows your data to be more secure.

Benefits:

 Costs
 Speed
 Productivity
 Global Scale
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security

Example: Google drive, iCloud etc.

Elements of cloud computing:
 Universal Connectivity
 Open Access
 Privacy
 Economic Value
 Reliability
 Interoperability and User Choice
 Security

THE END…!