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Assignment (1) Database

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15 views2 pages

Assignment (1) Database

Uploaded by

khantpuna2264
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Storage Manager

The storage manager is the component of a database system that provides the interface

between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and

queries submitted to the system. The storage manager is responsible for the interaction

with the file manager. The raw data are stored on the disk using the file system provided

by the operating system. The storage manager translates the various DML statements

into low-level file-system commands. Thus, the storage manager is responsible for storing, retrieving,
and updating data in the database.

The storage manager components include:

• Authorization and integrity manager, which tests for the satisfaction of integrity

constraints and checks the authority of users to access data.

• Transaction manager, which ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite
system failures, and that concurrent transaction executions proceed without conflicts.

• File manager, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and the data

structures used to represent information stored on disk.

• Buffer manager, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main

memory, and deciding what data to cache in main memory. The buffer manager is

a critical part of the database system, since it enables the database to handle data

sizes that are much larger than the size of main memory.

The storage manager implements several data structures as part of the physical

system implementation:

• Data files, which store the database itself.

• Data dictionary, which stores metadata about the structure of the database, in

particular the schema of the database.

• Indices, which can provide fast access to data items. Like the index in this textbook,

a database index provides pointers to those data items that hold a particular value.

For example, we could use an index to find the instructor record with a particular

ID, or all instructor records with a particular name.


Database Administrator
One of the main reasons for using DBMS s is to have central control of both the data

and the programs that access those data. A person who has such central control over

the system is called a database administrator (DBA). The functions of a DBA include:

• Schema definition. The DBA creates the original database schema by executing a

set of data definition statements in the DDL.

• Storage structure and access-method definition. The DBA may specify some parameters pertaining to
the physical organization of the data and the indices to be created.

schema and physical organization to reflect the changing needs of the organization, or to alter the
physical organization to improve performance.

• Granting of authorization for data access. By granting different types of authorization, the database
administrator can regulate which parts of the database various

users can access. The authorization information is kept in a special system structure that the database
system consults whenever a user tries to access the data in

the system.

• Routine maintenance. Examples of the database administrator’s routine maintenance activities are:

° Periodically backing up the database onto remote servers, to prevent loss of

data in case of disasters such as flooding.

° Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations, and

upgrading disk space as required.

° Monitoring jobs running on the database and ensuring that performance is not

degraded by very expensive tasks submitted by some users.

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