ENHANCING ERROR PREDICTION IN MACHINERIES THROUGH

SENSOR DATA FUSION

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO

ABSTRACT 5

LIST OF FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Introduction 6

1.2 Company Profile 11

2 SYSTEM STUDY

2.1 Existing System 12

2.2 Proposed System 14

3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

3.1 Hardware Requirements 6

3.2 Software Requirements 7

4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 Python 8

4.2 Domain 12

4.3 Dataset 15

4.4 Libraries
5 SYSTEM TESTING

5.1 System Testing And Implementation 16

5.2 Methodology

6 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

6.1 Algorithm 21

6.2 Architecture Design 22

6.3 Recognition System Specification 25

6.4 Data Flow Diagram 32

6.5 Workflow Diagram 33

7 CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 39

8 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Sample Source Code 40

Appendix 2: Sample Screenshots 50

9 REFERENCES 53
ABSTRACT:

In modern industrial environments, the reliability and efficiency of machinery are critical to
maintaining productivity and reducing downtime. A key component in achieving these goals
is the accurate prediction of machinery errors. This paper explores the enhancement of error
prediction through the fusion of sensor data, leveraging advancements in sensor technology
and data analytics.

We propose a comprehensive framework that integrates data from various sensors monitoring
different aspects of machinery performance, such as vibration, temperature, pressure, and
acoustic emissions. By employing advanced data fusion techniques, we aim to combine these
heterogeneous data sources into a unified, cohesive dataset. This integrated dataset is then
processed using machine learning algorithms to predict potential machinery errors with high
accuracy.

The methodology involves several stages: sensor data acquisition, preprocessing, data fusion,
feature extraction, and machine learning-based prediction. Key data fusion techniques
evaluated include Kalman filtering, Bayesian inference, and machine learning approaches
like ensemble methods. The machine learning models used for error prediction range from
traditional methods like Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forests to advanced
deep learning architectures.

Experimental results on a variety of machinery types demonstrate the effectiveness of the

proposed framework. The fusion of multiple sensor data streams significantly improves the
prediction accuracy compared to using single-sensor data. Additionally, the use of advanced
machine learning models further enhances prediction capabilities, providing a robust tool for
proactive maintenance strategies.

This research highlights the potential of sensor data fusion in transforming maintenance
practices by enabling early detection of machinery faults. The integration of this approach in
industrial settings promises to reduce unexpected downtimes, optimize maintenance
schedules, and ultimately increase the lifespan and efficiency of machinery. Future work will
focus on refining the data fusion techniques and exploring real-time implementation
scenarios to further validate the practical applicability of the proposed framework.
METHODOLY:
Training - CNN
CLASSIFICATION - KNN, DECISION TREE, RANDOM FOREST

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random

Forest, and Decision Trees are all powerful machine learning algorithms utilized across
various domains for different tasks. CNNs, primarily employed in computer vision tasks,
excel at extracting intricate features from images through convolutional layers, enabling tasks
such as image classification, object detection, and segmentation. Their hierarchical structure
allows them to automatically learn patterns and relationships in data, making them highly
effective in tasks requiring complex feature extraction.On the other hand, KNN is a simple
yet effective algorithm for classification and regression tasks. It operates by assigning a class
label or value based on the majority vote or average of its nearest neighbors in feature space.
KNN's simplicity makes it easy to implement and understand, although it may struggle with
high-dimensional data and large datasets due to its computational intensity.Random Forest
and Decision Trees, both belonging to the family of ensemble learning methods, are widely
used for classification and regression tasks. Decision Trees partition the feature space into
regions based on feature values, making decisions through a tree-like structure. While
Decision Trees tend to overfit on training data, Random Forest addresses this issue by
aggregating multiple trees, each trained on a random subset of the data. Random Forests offer
improved generalization performance and robustness, making them suitable for various
applications, including predictive maintenance, fraud detection, and customer
segmentation.In summary, CNNs, KNN, Random Forest, and Decision Trees are versatile
machine learning algorithms, each with its unique strengths and weaknesses. Understanding
their characteristics and suitability for specific tasks is crucial for selecting the most
appropriate algorithm to achieve optimal performance and outcomes in real-world
applications.

IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

Implementing machine predictive maintenance classification using Convolutional

Neural Networks (CNNs) involves several key steps to ensure effective deployment.Firstly,
data collection is crucial. This involves gathering historical maintenance records, sensor data
from machinery, and any relevant contextual information. This data will serve as the
foundation for training the CNN model.Once the data is collected, it needs to be pre-
processed. This includes cleaning the data, handling missing values, and normalizing or
scaling numerical features. Additionally, features might need to be engineered to extract
relevant information for the classification task.Next, the data needs to be split into training,
validation, and testing sets. The training set is used to train the CNN model, the validation set
is used to tune hyperparameters and monitor for overfitting, and the testing set is used to
evaluate the final performance of the model.The CNN architecture needs to be designed
appropriately for the predictive maintenance classification task. This typically involves
stacking convolutional layers, pooling layers, and possibly dropout layers to prevent
overfitting. The output layer will have the number of nodes equal to the number of classes for
classification.Training the CNN involves feeding the training data through the network and
updating the model parameters using optimization algorithms such as stochastic gradient
descent or Adam. The training process continues until convergence or until a stopping
criterion is met.

After training, the model's performance needs to be evaluated using the validation set.
Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are commonly used to assess
classification performance.Once the model is deemed satisfactory based on validation
performance, it can be evaluated on the testing set to get a final estimate of its performance
on unseen data.Finally, the trained CNN model can be deployed into the production
environment for real-time predictive maintenance classification. This involves integrating the
model into existing systems or workflows, monitoring its performance, and continually
retraining and updating the model as new data becomes available or as the machinery
undergoes changes over time. Regular maintenance and monitoring of the deployed model
are essential to ensure its continued effectiveness in predicting maintenance needs accurately.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives for the procedure of predictive maintenance classification using

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) encompass several key facets. Firstly, the aim is to
develop a robust and efficient CNN model capable of accurately classifying machine health
statuses based on sensor data. This involves designing and implementing appropriate
architectures, optimizing hyperparameters, and employing suitable preprocessing techniques
to ensure the model's effectiveness.Secondly, the objective involves collecting and
preprocessing high-quality sensor data from the machines under consideration. This may
include data cleaning, normalization, feature extraction, and augmentation to enhance the
model's ability to generalize across various operating conditions and machine
types.Furthermore, the objective is to establish a comprehensive evaluation framework to
assess the performance of the CNN model accurately. This entails defining appropriate
metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, and conducting rigorous testing
using both training and validation datasets to validate the model's efficacy.Additionally, the
objective is to deploy the trained CNN model into production environments effectively. This
involves integrating the model with existing predictive maintenance systems, developing
user-friendly interfaces for real-time monitoring and decision-making, and ensuring
scalability and reliability in deployment.

Overall, the objectives for the procedure of predictive maintenance classification

using CNN aim to develop a robust, accurate, and deployable solution that enhances
machinery reliability, reduces downtime, and ultimately improves operational efficiency.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

The Procedure Machine Predictive Maintenance Classification using Convolutional

Neural Networks (CNN) project aims to revolutionize the maintenance processes of industrial
machinery by leveraging advanced machine learning techniques. With the proliferation of
sensors in manufacturing environments, there is an abundance of data that can be utilized to
predict and prevent equipment failures. This project focuses on developing a CNN-based
classification model capable of analyzing sensor data streams to accurately predict
maintenance requirements. By training the model on historical data encompassing various
equipment states and failure scenarios, it learns to recognize patterns indicative of impending
issues. The CNN architecture enables the model to automatically extract relevant features
from the raw sensor data, facilitating efficient and robust classification. Through this
predictive maintenance approach, manufacturers can proactively address maintenance needs,
minimize downtime, optimize resource allocation, and ultimately enhance operational
efficiency and productivity. The project's ultimate goal is to deploy a scalable and adaptable
predictive maintenance solution that empowers industries to transition from reactive to
proactive maintenance strategies, thereby reducing costs and improving overall equipment
effectiveness.

EXISTING SYSTEM:
Existing systems for machine predictive maintenance classification leverage advanced
machine learning techniques, particularly supervised learning algorithms, to predict potential
failures in industrial machinery before they occur. These systems typically utilize historical
data collected from sensors embedded in the machines to train predictive models. Through
feature engineering and selection, these models extract relevant information from the sensor
data, such as temperature, vibration, pressure, and other operational parameters, which are
indicative of machinery health and performance.Once trained, the models are deployed to
continuously monitor real-time sensor data from the machines. By analyzing this streaming
data, the models can detect patterns or anomalies that may signal impending failures or
deviations from normal operating conditions. Classification algorithms then classify these
patterns into different categories, such as normal operation, maintenance required soon, or
imminent failure.These systems often incorporate techniques such as decision trees, random
forests, support vector machines (SVM), or more advanced deep learning architectures like
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) or long short-term memory (LSTM) networks.
Additionally, ensemble methods may be employed to combine predictions from multiple
models for improved accuracy and robustness.Furthermore, some systems may incorporate
domain-specific knowledge or expert rules to enhance the predictive capabilities of the
models. This domain knowledge can help refine feature selection, improve model
interpretability, and tailor predictions to specific types of machinery or industrial
processes.Overall, existing systems for machine predictive maintenance classification play a
crucial role in optimizing asset management, reducing downtime, and minimizing
maintenance costs for industrial enterprises. As technology continues to evolve, these systems
are expected to become even more sophisticated, leveraging advancements in artificial
intelligence, sensor technologies, and data analytics to further enhance predictive accuracy
and reliability.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

 Data Dependency
 Computational Complexity
  Overfitting
 Interpretability

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed system aims to enhance the prediction of machinery errors by

integrating data from multiple sensors and leveraging advanced data fusion and machine
learning techniques, all implemented using Python. The system architecture consists of
several key components: sensor data acquisition, preprocessing, data fusion, feature
extraction, and machine learning-based prediction.

In the first stage, sensor data acquisition, data is collected from various sensors monitoring
different aspects of machinery performance, such as vibration, temperature, pressure, and
acoustic emissions. This raw data is then subjected to preprocessing, where it is cleaned and
normalized to handle noise and missing values. This ensures the data is in a suitable format
for further analysis.

The core of the system lies in the data fusion stage, where data from different sensors is
integrated using techniques like Kalman filtering and Bayesian inference. This fusion creates
a unified dataset that captures the comprehensive state of the machinery. Following data
fusion, relevant features are extracted from the unified dataset using statistical methods and
signal processing techniques. These features serve as inputs for the predictive models.

The final stage involves applying machine learning algorithms to predict potential machinery
errors. Various models, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, and
advanced deep learning architectures, are employed to analyze the extracted features and
forecast errors with high accuracy. The entire system is designed using Python, utilizing
libraries such as pandas, numpy, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow for efficient implementation.

Experimental results demonstrate that this multi-sensor data fusion approach significantly
enhances error prediction accuracy compared to traditional single-sensor methods. The
proposed system offers a robust tool for proactive maintenance strategies, aiming to reduce
unexpected downtimes, optimize maintenance schedules, and extend the lifespan of
machinery. Future work will focus on real-time implementation and further refinement of the
data fusion and machine learning techniques to enhance the system's practical applicability in
industrial settings.

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

 Improved Accuracy
 Automatic Feature Learning
 Scalability
  Adaptability

MODULES:
Designing a machine predictive maintenance classification system using
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) involves several key modules to effectively process,
analyze, and classify sensor data from the machines. Here's an outline of the essential
modules for such a system:

1. Data Collection Module:

- This module is responsible for gathering sensor data from the machines. It could involve
interfacing with various sensors such as temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.

- Data collection might occur in real-time from sensors installed on the machines or from
historical data stored in databases.

2. Data Preprocessing Module:

- Preprocessing is crucial for cleaning and formatting the raw sensor data before feeding it
into the CNN model.

- Tasks in this module may include data cleaning, normalization, feature scaling, and
handling missing values.

- Time-series data may need specific preprocessing techniques such as windowing,

smoothing, and resampling.

3. Data Augmentation Module:

- Data augmentation is essential for improving the robustness and generalization of the
CNN model, especially when dealing with limited data.
 - Techniques like random rotation, flipping, zooming, and adding noise can be applied to
generate additional synthetic training samples.

4. CNN Model Architecture Module:

- This module involves designing the architecture of the CNN model tailored for predictive
maintenance classification.

- It includes defining the number and types of convolutional layers, pooling layers,
activation functions, and fully connected layers.

- Architectural decisions should consider the complexity of the data and the specific
characteristics of the predictive maintenance tasks.

5. Model Training Module:

- The training module involves feeding the pre-processed data into the CNN model and
adjusting its parameters to minimize a defined loss function.

- Training typically involves iterative optimization algorithms such as stochastic gradient

descent (SGD) or Adam.

- Hyperparameter tuning, such as learning rate, batch size, and dropout rates, is performed
to enhance model performance.

6. Model Evaluation Module:

- This module assesses the performance of the trained CNN model using evaluation metrics
such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion matrix.

- Techniques like cross-validation and holdout validation are used to ensure the model's
generalization capability.

7. Monitoring and Maintenance Module:

- Continuous monitoring of the deployed model's performance is essential to detect

degradation or drift over time.

- Adaptive maintenance strategies may be implemented to fine-tune the model periodically

or retrain it with new data to maintain optimal performance.

By implementing these modules, a machine predictive maintenance classification

system using CNNs can effectively analyse sensor data, identify potential failures, and
facilitate proactive maintenance strategies, thereby improving operational efficiency and
reducing downtime in industrial settings.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 Processor : Intel Duel core

 RAM :4 GB
 Hard Disk Drive :500 GB
 Printer : HP Ink Jet
 Keyboard : Samsung
 Mouse : Logi Tech (Optical)

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
 Front End/GUI Tool : Anaconda/Spyder
 Operating System : Windows 10
 Coding language :Python with Flask
 Dataset : Dataset

SELECTED SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

ANACONDA

Anaconda is a widely used open-source distribution of Python and R programming

languages, primarily utilized for data science, machine learning, and scientific computing
tasks. It provides a comprehensive package management system and a collection of pre-
installed libraries and tools that streamline the process of setting up environments for data
analysis and computation. Anaconda includes popular packages such as NumPy, pandas,
SciPy, Matplotlib, and scikit-learn, among others, making it a preferred choice for data
scientists and analysts. Additionally, Anaconda offers tools like Jupyter Notebooks for
interactive computing and data visualization. Its versatility, ease of use, and robust package
management capabilities have made Anaconda a go-to solution for individuals and
organizations working on data-centric projects.

SPYDER

Spyder is an integrated development environment (IDE) specifically designed for

scientific computing, data analysis, and numerical computation using Python. Developed by
the Spyder Project, it offers a powerful and intuitive environment for scientists, engineers,
and data analysts to work efficiently with Python code. Spyder provides features tailored to
the needs of these domains, including a multi-window editor with syntax highlighting, code
completion, and integrated Python console for interactive computing. Its interface is highly
customizable, allowing users to adjust layouts, themes, and preferences to suit their
workflows. Additionally, Spyder offers integration with popular scientific libraries such as
NumPy, SciPy, matplotlib, and pandas, enabling seamless data exploration, visualization, and
manipulation. With its comprehensive set of tools and functionalities, Spyder has become a
preferred choice for professionals working in fields such as data science, machine learning,
and scientific research.

PYTHON

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level

programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl,
Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
This tutorial gives enough understanding on Python programming language.Python is a
high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is
designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other
languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other
languages.Python is a high-level programming language renowned for its simplicity,
readability, and versatility. Guido van Rossum created Python in the late 1980s, with its first
release in 1991, and it has since become one of the most popular languages worldwide.
Python's syntax is clear and concise, making it accessible to both beginners and experienced
programmers alike. Its dynamic typing and automatic memory management alleviate the
need for complex boilerplate code, allowing developers to focus on solving problems rather
than managing technical details. Python supports multiple programming paradigms,
including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming, offering flexibility and
enabling developers to choose the most suitable approach for their projects. Python's
extensive standard library provides a wealth of modules and functions for a wide range of
tasks, from web development and data analysis to artificial intelligence and scientific
computing. Additionally, Python's vibrant community fosters collaboration and innovation,
contributing to a vast ecosystem of open-source libraries, frameworks, and tools. With its
ease of use, robustness, and extensive capabilities, Python continues to be a preferred choice
for developers across various domains, driving innovation and powering applications
ranging from small scripts to large-scale enterprise systems.
SYSTEM DESIGN

Software design sits at the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is
applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of application. Design is the first
step in the development phase for any engineered product or system. The designer’s goal is to
produce a model or representation of an entity that will later be built. Beginning, once system
requirement has been specified and analysed, system design is the first of the three technical
activities -design, code and test that is required to build and verify software.The importance
can be stated with a single word “Quality”. Design is the place where quality is fostered in
software development. Design provides us with representations of software that can assess
for quality. Design is the only way that we can accurately translate a customer’s view into a
finished software product or system. Software design serves as a foundation for all the
software engineering steps that follow. Without a strong design we risk building an unstable
system – one that will be difficult to test, one whose quality cannot be assessed until the last
stage.

During design, progressive refinement of data structure, program structure, and

procedural details are developed reviewed and documented. System design can be viewed
from either technical or project management perspective. From the technical point of view,
design is comprised of four activities – architectural design, data structure design, interface
design and procedural design.

System design is a crucial aspect of software engineering that involves the process of
designing the architecture and components of a complex software system to meet specific
requirements such as scalability, reliability, performance, and maintainability. It encompasses
various aspects, including understanding user needs, defining system requirements,
identifying key components and interactions, and designing the overall structure of the
system.

One of the key principles of system design is modularity, which involves breaking
down the system into smaller, manageable components or modules that can be developed,
tested, and maintained independently. This modular approach allows for easier integration,
debugging, and scalability, as well as facilitating code reuse and collaboration among team
members.Another important consideration in system design is scalability, which refers to the
ability of a system to handle increasing loads and growing user bases without sacrificing
performance or reliability. Scalability can be achieved through various techniques such as
horizontal scaling (adding more machines or servers) and vertical scaling (upgrading existing
hardware), as well as employing distributed systems and load balancing strategies.

Reliability and fault tolerance are also critical aspects of system design, particularly
for mission-critical applications where downtime or system failures can have significant
consequences. Redundancy, fault isolation, and graceful degradation are common techniques
used to ensure system reliability and resilience in the face of failures or unexpected
events.Performance optimization is another key consideration in system design, involving the
identification and elimination of bottlenecks, latency issues, and other performance
limitations that may impact the user experience. This may involve optimizing algorithms,
data structures, or system architecture, as well as leveraging caching, indexing, and other
optimization techniques.Security is an essential aspect of system design, particularly in
today's interconnected and data-driven world where cyber threats are pervasive. Designing
secure systems involves implementing robust authentication, authorization, encryption, and
other security measures to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized access or
attacks.Maintainability and extensibility are also important considerations in system design,
as software systems evolve and grow over time. Designing systems with clean, modular code
and well-defined interfaces makes it easier to understand, debug, and extend the system,
facilitating ongoing maintenance and updates.Overall, effective system design requires a
combination of technical expertise, domain knowledge, and problem-solving skills to create
scalable, reliable, high-performance, and secure software systems that meet the needs of users
and stakeholders. By following best practices and principles of system design, software
engineers can create robust and adaptable systems that can evolve and grow with changing
requirements and technology trends.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

In designing the system architecture, several key components and considerations

come into play. At its core, the architecture should be built to handle the processing and
analysis of large volumes of data, including user profiles, dietary guidelines, nutritional
databases, and possibly real-time health monitoring data from wearable devices. The system
would typically consist of several interconnected modules or layers. The data ingestion layer
would be responsible for collecting and integrating data from various sources, such as user
input, nutritional databases, and wearable devices. This layer may also involve preprocessing
steps to clean and standardize the incoming data. Next, the data processing and analysis layer
would employ machine learning algorithms to analyse the data and generate personalized diet
recommendations. This could involve techniques such as collaborative filtering, clustering, or
deep learning to identify patterns and correlations in the data that inform the
recommendations. Additionally, the system may incorporate algorithms for real-time
monitoring of user health metrics to adapt recommendations dynamically.

System architecture refers to the high-level structure of a computer system or software

application, encompassing its components, interactions, and relationships. It serves as a
blueprint for designing, implementing, and managing complex systems, providing a
framework for understanding how various elements work together to achieve desired
functionality, performance, and reliability.At its core, system architecture involves the
decomposition of a system into smaller, manageable components, each responsible for
specific tasks or functions. These components may include hardware components such as
processors, memory modules, storage devices, and network interfaces, as well as software
components such as applications, operating systems, middleware, and databases.One of the
key principles of system architecture is modularity, which emphasizes the separation of
concerns and the encapsulation of functionality within discrete modules or layers. Modularity
promotes reusability, scalability, and maintainability, allowing developers to modify or
replace individual components without affecting the overall system.Another important aspect
of system architecture is abstraction, which involves hiding complex implementation details
behind simple, easy-to-understand interfaces. Abstraction allows developers to focus on high-
level concepts and functionality without getting bogged down in the intricacies of individual
components, enhancing productivity and reducing complexity.System architects often employ
architectural styles, patterns, and design principles to guide the development process and
ensure that the resulting system meets its requirements effectively. Common architectural
styles include client-server, peer-to-peer, layered, and microservices, each offering distinct
advantages and trade-offs depending on the specific needs of the application.In addition to
defining the structure of a system, system architecture also encompasses various non-
functional requirements such as performance, scalability, reliability, security, and usability.
These requirements must be carefully considered and addressed during the design phase to
ensure that the system meets the needs of its users and stakeholders.System architecture is a
dynamic and iterative process that evolves over time in response to changing requirements,
technologies, and constraints. As such, system architects must continuously evaluate and
refine their designs to accommodate new features, improve performance, and adapt to
emerging trends and challenges.

Overall, system architecture plays a critical role in the development and deployment
of complex systems, providing a roadmap for organizing and integrating the diverse
components and technologies that comprise modern computing environments. By applying
sound architectural principles and practices, developers can create systems that are robust,
efficient, and scalable, capable of meeting the demands of today's increasingly interconnected
and data-driven world.
INPUT DESIGN

As input data is to be directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be the most
suitable input device.Input design is a crucial aspect of user interface (UI) and user
experience (UX) design, focusing on creating intuitive and efficient ways for users to interact
with digital systems. Effective input design ensures that users can easily input data, make
selections, and navigate through interfaces without confusion or frustration. This involves
careful consideration of factors such as accessibility, usability, and user preferences.One of
the primary goals of input design is to minimize cognitive load for users by presenting them
with clear and familiar input mechanisms. This includes using standard input controls such as
text fields, buttons, checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown menus, and sliders, which users are
accustomed to and can interact with intuitively. Additionally, input design should prioritize
consistency across different parts of the interface, ensuring that similar actions result in
similar interactions.Accessibility is another essential aspect of input design, ensuring that
interfaces are usable by individuals with disabilities or impairments. This may involve
providing alternative input methods such as voice commands, keyboard shortcuts, or
gestures, as well as ensuring that input controls are properly labelled and compatible with
assistive technologies such as screen readers.Usability testing plays a crucial role in input
design, allowing designers to gather feedback from users and identify any issues or pain
points with input mechanisms. This may involve conducting user testing sessions, surveys, or
interviews to gather insights into how users interact with the interface and identify areas for
improvement.
 Input design also involves considering user preferences and context-specific factors
that may influence how users interact with the interface. This includes factors such as device
type (e.g., desktop, mobile, tablet), screen size, input method (e.g., mouse, touch, stylus), and
environmental conditions (e.g., lighting, noise).Innovative input design techniques such as
predictive text, autocomplete, and natural language processing can further enhance the user
experience by anticipating user input and reducing the effort required to complete tasks.

However, designers must strike a balance between innovation and familiarity,

ensuring that new input methods are intuitive and easy to learn.In conclusion, input design is
a critical aspect of UI/UX design, focusing on creating intuitive, efficient, and accessible
ways for users to interact with digital systems. By prioritizing factors such as usability,
accessibility, consistency, and user preferences, designers can create interfaces that are easy
to use and enjoyable to interact with, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience.Input
design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design as given
below:

 To produce cost-effective method of input

 To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy.
 To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user.

Input States

The main input stages can be listed as below:

 Data recording
 Data transcription
 Data conversion
 Data verification
 Data control
 Data transmission
 Data validation
 Data correction
Input Types

It is necessary to determine the various types of input. Inputs can be categorized as follows:

 External Inputs which are prime inputs for the system.

 Internal Inputs, which are user communications with the systems.
 Operational, which are computer department’s communications to the system?
 Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue.

Input Media

At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media
consideration has to be given to:

 Type of Input
 Flexibility of Format
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Verification methods
 Rejection rates
 Ease of correction
 Storage and handling requirements
 Security
 Easy to use
 Portability
Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be
said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive.

OUTPUT DESIGN

Output design plays a crucial role in the development of software systems, as it

determines how information is presented to users and how they interact with the system.
Effective output design ensures that users can easily interpret and utilize the information
provided, leading to improved user satisfaction and productivity.One of the primary goals of
output design is to present information in a clear, organized, and visually appealing manner.
This involves considering factors such as font size, color schemes, layout, and formatting to
enhance readability and comprehension. By employing consistent design principles and
visual cues, users can quickly locate and understand the information they need, reducing the
risk of errors and confusion.Another important aspect of output design is customization and
personalization. Systems should allow users to customize their output preferences based on
their individual needs and preferences. This may include the ability to adjust font sizes,
choose color themes, and select relevant data to display, empowering users to tailor the output
to their specific requirements.Accessibility is also a key consideration in output design,
ensuring that information is accessible to users with diverse needs and abilities. Designing
output that is compatible with screen readers, keyboard navigation, and other assistive
technologies can help ensure that all users can access and interact with the system
effectively.In addition to visual presentation, output design also encompasses interactive
elements and feedback mechanisms. Systems should provide intuitive navigation tools,
interactive controls, and feedback messages to guide users through the interface and facilitate
their interactions. Real-time feedback and error messages can help users understand the
outcome of their actions and recover from mistakes effectively.Furthermore, output design
should support scalability and adaptability to accommodate changes in user requirements,
system configurations, and technological advancements over time. Systems should be
designed with flexibility in mind, allowing for easy customization, integration with other
systems, and future enhancements without disrupting existing functionality.

Usability testing and feedback are essential components of effective output design,
helping identify usability issues, gather user feedback, and refine the design based on real-
world usage. Iterative design processes such as user-centered design and agile development
methodologies can help ensure that output design meets the evolving needs and expectations
of users.In conclusion, output design plays a critical role in shaping the user experience and
usability of software systems. By focusing on clarity, customization, accessibility,
interactivity, scalability, and usability, designers can create output that enhances user
productivity, satisfaction, and overall system performance.

Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of
processing to users. They are also used to provide a permanent copy of the results for later
consultation. The various types of outputs in general are:

 External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization.

 Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization.
 User’s main interface with the computer.
  Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department.
 Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly with User
Interface.

Output Definition

The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points:

 Type of the output

 Content of the output
 Format of the output
 Location of the output
 Frequency of the output
 Volume of the output
 Sequence of the output
It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should
be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable.

For Example

 Will decimal points need to be inserted.

 Should leading zeros be suppressed.

Output Media

In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output.
The main considerations when deciding about the output media are:

 The suitability for the device to the particular application.

 The need for a hard copy.
 The response time required.
 The location of the users
 The software and hardware available.
Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming
under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement
specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as
queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output
is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The
standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies.

SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

INTRODUCTION

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the
ultimate review of specification, design and coding. In fact, testing is the one step in the
software engineering process that could be viewed as destructive rather than constructive.

A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a
well-planned series of steps that result in the successful construction of software. Testing is
the set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically. The
underlying motivation of program testing is to affirm software quality with methods that can
economically and effectively apply to both strategic to both large and small-scale systems.

STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SOFTWARE TESTING

The software engineering process can be viewed as a spiral. Initially system

engineering defines the role of software and leads to software requirement analysis where the
information domain, functions, behaviour, performance, constraints and validation criteria for
software are established. Moving inward along the spiral, we come to design and finally to
coding. To develop computer software, we spiral in along streamlines that decrease the level
of abstraction on each turn.

A strategy for software testing may also be viewed in the context of the spiral. Unit
testing begins at the vertex of the spiral and concentrates on each unit of the software as
implemented in source code. Testing progress by moving outward along the spiral to
integration testing, where the focus is on the design and the construction of the software
architecture. Talking another turn on outward on the spiral we encounter validation testing
where requirements established as part of software requirements analysis are validated
against the software that has been constructed.Finally, we arrive at system testing, where the
software and other system elements are tested as a whole.
 UNIT TESTING

MODULE TESTING

Component Testing
SUB-SYSTEM TESING

SYSTEM
TESTING

Integration Testing

ACCEPTANCE TESTING
User Testing

UNIT TESTING

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design, the
module. The unit testing we have is white box oriented and some modules the steps are
conducted in parallel.
 Unit testing is a fundamental practice in software development that involves testing
individual units or components of a software application to ensure they perform as expected.
These units are typically small, self-contained pieces of code, such as functions, methods, or
classes, which are tested in isolation from the rest of the system. The primary goal of unit
testing is to validate the correctness of each unit's behavior and detect any defects or bugs
early in the development process.

Unit testing is an essential part of the Test-Driven Development (TDD) methodology,

where tests are written before the actual implementation code. This approach helps drive the
design and development process by focusing on defining the desired behavior of each unit
before writing the code to implement it. By writing tests first, developers can clarify
requirements, identify edge cases, and ensure code coverage from the outset.

Unit tests are typically automated, meaning they can be run repeatedly and
consistently without manual intervention. This automation allows developers to quickly
verify changes, catch regressions, and maintain confidence in the codebase's integrity as it
evolves. Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) practices further
facilitate the integration of unit testing into the development workflow by automatically
running tests whenever new code is committed or deployed.

Effective unit tests exhibit several key characteristics, including independence,

isolation, repeatability, and predictability. Independence ensures that each test can be run in
any order and does not rely on the success or failure of other tests. Isolation requires tests to
run in a controlled environment, with all external dependencies (e.g., databases, APIs) either
mocked or stubbed to simulate their behavior. Repeatability guarantees that tests produce
consistent results, regardless of when or where they are executed, while predictability ensures
that failing tests accurately indicate the presence of defects in the code.

Unit testing frameworks provide tools and utilities to simplify the creation, execution,
and management of unit tests. These frameworks offer features such as assertion libraries for
defining expected outcomes, test runners for executing tests, and reporting mechanisms for
documenting test results. Popular unit testing frameworks for various programming
languages include JUnit for Java, NUnit for .NET, pytest and unittest for Python, and Jasmine
and Jest for JavaScript.

In addition to verifying the functional correctness of code, unit tests can also serve as
living documentation, providing insights into the intended behavior of each unit and helping
onboard new developers to the codebase. Moreover, unit testing fosters a culture of quality
and accountability within development teams, encouraging collaboration, code review, and
continuous improvement.

Overall, unit testing plays a crucial role in software development by promoting code
quality, reliability, and maintainability. By investing time and effort in writing and
maintaining effective unit tests, developers can reduce the likelihood of introducing defects,
increase confidence in their code, and deliver higher-quality software to end-users.

1. WHITE BOX TESTING

This type of testing ensures that

 All independent paths have been exercised at least once

 All logical decisions have been exercised on their true and false sides
 All loops are executed at their boundaries and within their operational bounds
 All internal data structures have been exercised to assure their validity.
To follow the concept of white box testing we have tested each form. We have created
independently to verify that Data flow is correct,All conditions are exercised to check their
validity,All loops are executed on their boundaries.

White box testing, also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, or structural testing,
is a software testing technique that focuses on examining the internal structure and logic of a
software application. Unlike black box testing, where testers evaluate the functionality of the
software without knowledge of its internal workings, white box testing involves inspecting
the code, design, and architecture of the software to identify potential defects, errors, and
vulnerabilities.

The primary objective of white box testing is to ensure that the software functions
correctly according to its specifications, while also verifying that all code paths and logical
branches are tested thoroughly. This approach helps uncover hidden errors or inconsistencies
in the code that may not be apparent during black box testing, leading to more robust and
reliable software.
 White box testing techniques include code coverage analysis, control flow testing, data
flow testing, and path testing, among others. Code coverage analysis measures the extent to
which the source code of a program has been executed during testing, helping identify areas
that require additional testing. Control flow testing focuses on exercising different control
structures within the code, such as loops, conditionals, and branches, to ensure that all
possible execution paths are tested. Data flow testing examines how data is manipulated and
propagated throughout the program, uncovering potential data-related errors or
vulnerabilities. Path testing involves testing all possible execution paths through the code,
ensuring that every branch and decision point is evaluated.

One of the key benefits of white box testing is its ability to provide detailed insights into
the inner workings of the software, allowing testers to pinpoint the root causes of defects and
vulnerabilities more effectively. By understanding the code structure and logic, testers can
create targeted test cases that address specific areas of concern, leading to more efficient and
thorough testing processes.

White box testing is particularly useful in identifying security vulnerabilities,

performance bottlenecks, and optimization opportunities within the software. By analyzing
the code and identifying potential weaknesses, testers can implement corrective measures to
enhance the security and performance of the application, reducing the risk of exploitation by
malicious actors and improving overall user experience.

However, white box testing also has its limitations. It requires access to the source code
of the software, which may not always be available or practical, especially for third-party or
proprietary software. Additionally, white box testing can be time-consuming and resource-
intensive, as it requires in-depth knowledge of programming languages, algorithms, and
software architecture.

In conclusion, white box testing is a valuable technique for ensuring the quality,
reliability, and security of software applications. By examining the internal structure and
logic of the software, testers can identify defects, vulnerabilities, and optimization
opportunities that may go unnoticed during black box testing. While white box testing
requires specialized skills and resources, its benefits outweigh the challenges, making it an
essential component of the software testing process.

2. BASIC PATH TESTING

 Established technique of flow graph with Cyclomatic complexity was used to derive
test cases for all the functions. The main steps in deriving test cases were:

Use the design of the code and draw correspondent flow graph.

Determine the Cyclomatic complexity of resultant flow graph, using formula:

V(G)=E-N+2 or

V(G)=P+1 or

V(G)=Number of Regions

Where V(G) is Cyclomatic complexity,

E is the number of edges,

N is the number of flow graph nodes,

P is the number of predicate nodes.

Determine the basis of set of linearly independent paths.

Path testing, also known as path coverage testing, is a software testing technique used to
ensure that all possible execution paths through a program are tested. The goal of path testing
is to identify and exercise every unique path or sequence of statements within a program,
including both linear and branching paths, to uncover potential errors or defects.

At its core, path testing involves analyzing the control flow of a program to identify different
paths that a program can take during execution. This includes considering conditional
statements, loops, and function calls that may affect the flow of execution. By systematically
testing each possible path, developers can gain confidence in the correctness and reliability of
their code.

Path testing is particularly useful for uncovering errors related to program logic, such as
incorrect branching conditions, unreachable code, or unintended loops. It helps ensure that all
parts of a program are exercised and that edge cases and corner cases are adequately tested.
There are several strategies for performing path testing, including basis path testing, control
flow testing, and data flow testing. Basis path testing, introduced by Tom McCabe in 1976, is
one of the most widely used techniques. It involves identifying linearly independent paths
through the program's control flow graph, where each path represents a unique combination
of decision outcomes.

To conduct basis path testing, developers first construct a control flow graph (CFG) that
represents the program's control flow structure, including nodes for statements and edges for
control flow transitions. They then identify basis paths by systematically traversing the CFG
and ensuring that each node and edge is visited at least once.

Once the basis paths are identified, developers design test cases to exercise each path,
ensuring that all statements and branches are executed at least once. Test cases may be
derived manually or automatically generated using techniques such as symbolic execution or
model-based testing.

Despite its benefits, path testing can be challenging to implement in practice, especially for
complex programs with numerous possible paths. Additionally, achieving complete path
coverage may be impractical or infeasible for large-scale software systems. As a result,
developers often employ a combination of testing techniques, including path testing,
statement coverage, branch coverage, and other criteria, to ensure thorough test coverage.

In conclusion, path testing is a valuable technique for systematically testing software

programs and uncovering errors related to program logic. By identifying and testing all
possible execution paths, developers can improve the quality and reliability of their code,
ultimately leading to more robust and dependable software systems.

3. CONDITIONAL TESTING

In this part of the testing each of the conditions were tested to both true and false
aspects. And all the resulting paths were tested. So that each path that may be generate on
particular condition is traced to uncover any possible errors.
4. DATA FLOW TESTING

This type of testing selects the path of the program according to the location of
definition and use of variables. This kind of testing was used only when some local
variablewere declared. The definition-use chain method was used in this type of testing.
These were particularly useful in nested statements.

5. LOOP TESTING

In this type of testing all the loops are tested to all the limits possible. The following
exercise was adopted for all loops:

 All the loops were tested at their limits, just above them and just below them.
 All the loops were skipped at least once.
 For nested loops test the inner most loop first and then work outwards.
 For concatenated loops the values of dependent loops were set with the help of
connected loop.
 Unstructured loops were resolved into nested loops or concatenated loops and tested as
above.
 Each unit has been separately tested by the development team itself and all the input
have been validated.

INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing tests to uncover error

associated within the interface. In the project, all the modules are combined and then the
entire programmer is tested as a whole. In the integration-testing step, all the error uncovered
is corrected for the next testing steps. Integration testing is a crucial phase in the software
development lifecycle, focusing on verifying the interactions between various components of
a system to ensure they work together seamlessly. Unlike unit testing, which tests individual
modules or functions in isolation, integration testing evaluates the integration points and
communication pathways between different parts of the system.The primary goal of
integration testing is to identify and address defects that may arise when integrating different
modules or subsystems, such as incompatible interfaces, data flow issues, or communication
errors. By validating the interactions between components, integration testing helps ensure
the overall functionality, reliability, and performance of the system as a whole.
 Integration testing can be performed at different levels of granularity, including
component integration testing, where individual modules or units are integrated and tested
together, and system integration testing, where larger subsystems or modules are combined
and tested as a whole. Additionally, integration testing may involve testing interfaces between
software components, such as APIs, databases, web services, or user interfaces.

There are several approaches to integration testing, including top-down integration

testing, where higher-level modules are tested first, and stubs or mock objects are used to
simulate the behavior of lower-level modules. Conversely, bottom-up integration testing
starts with testing the lowest-level modules and gradually integrates higher-level modules
until the entire system is tested.Middleware integration testing focuses on testing the
integration points between different middleware components, such as message brokers,
databases, or application servers, to ensure seamless communication and data exchange.
Additionally, end-to-end integration testing evaluates the entire system's functionality and
behaviour under real-world conditions, including interactions with external systems or
dependencies.

Automated testing frameworks and tools play a crucial role in streamlining integration
testing processes, enabling developers to automate test cases, simulate complex scenarios,
and quickly identify integration issues. Continuous integration (CI) and continuous
deployment (CD) pipelines further facilitate integration testing by automating the testing and
deployment of code changes in a controlled and efficient manner.

Despite its importance, integration testing can be challenging due to the complexity of
modern software systems, the diversity of components and technologies involved, and the
need to coordinate testing efforts across multiple teams or organizations. However, by
adopting best practices, leveraging automation, and prioritizing collaboration and
communication, organizations can effectively manage integration testing and ensure the
reliability and quality of their software products.

VALIDATION TESTING

The process of evaluating software during the development process or at the end of
the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified business requirements.
Validation Testing ensures that the product actually meets the client's needs. It can also be
defined as to demonstrate that the product full fills its intended use when deployed on
appropriate environment.Validation testing is a crucial phase in the software development
lifecycle aimed at ensuring that a software product meets the specified requirements and
satisfies the needs of its users. Unlike verification testing, which focuses on confirming that
the software meets its design specifications, validation testing evaluates whether the
software fulfills its intended purpose in the real-world context. This process involves testing
the software against user expectations, business objectives, and usability standards to
validate its correctness, functionality, and effectiveness.

Validation testing encompasses various techniques and approaches to assess different

aspects of the software's performance and suitability for its intended use. One common
method is user acceptance testing (UAT), where end-users or representatives from the target
audience evaluate the software's functionality and usability in a controlled environment.
UAT helps identify any discrepancies between user expectations and the actual behaviour of
the software, allowing developers to make necessary adjustments to improve user
satisfaction.Another important aspect of validation testing is ensuring compliance with
regulatory requirements, industry standards, and legal frameworks. Depending on the nature
of the software and its intended use, certain regulations and standards may apply, such as
HIPAA for healthcare applications, PCI DSS for payment processing systems, or ISO
standards for quality management. Validation testing involves verifying that the software
meets these requirements and can operate safely and securely within the specified
guidelines.In addition to functional testing, validation testing also encompasses non-
functional aspects such as performance, reliability, scalability, and security. Performance
testing evaluates the software's responsiveness, throughput, and resource utilization under
various conditions to ensure optimal performance in production environments. Reliability
testing assesses the software's ability to maintain consistent performance over time and
under stress, while scalability testing determines its capacity to handle increasing workloads
and user interactions.

Security testing is another critical component of validation testing, especially in

today's digital landscape where cyber threats are prevalent. This involves identifying and
mitigating potential vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the software that could be exploited
by malicious actors to compromise its integrity, confidentiality, or availability. Techniques
such as penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, and code analysis help uncover security
flaws and ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to protect sensitive data and
prevent unauthorized access.

Overall, validation testing is essential for ensuring that software products meet the
needs and expectations of users, comply with regulatory requirements, and operate reliably
and securely in real-world environments. By employing a comprehensive approach that
encompasses functional and non-functional aspects, organizations can mitigate risks,
improve quality, and deliver software that adds value to their stakeholders.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an

application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be
applied virtually to every level of software testing unit, integration, system and acceptance. It
is sometimes referred to as specification-based testing.Black box testing is a software testing
technique that focuses on evaluating the functionality of a software application without
examining its internal structure or implementation details. Instead, testers approach the
software as a "black box," where they only have access to the inputs and outputs of the
system, without knowledge of its internal workings. This method of testing is often used to
assess the software's compliance with specified requirements and its ability to meet end-user
expectations.

One of the primary advantages of black box testing is its independence from the
underlying codebase, allowing testers to focus solely on the software's external behavior and
user interactions. This makes black box testing particularly useful for validating user-facing
features, such as user interfaces, navigation flows, and overall system functionality.

Black box testing techniques can vary depending on the nature of the software being
tested and the specific requirements of the project. Common techniques include equivalence
partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing, state transition testing, and
exploratory testing. These techniques help testers design test cases that cover a broad range of
scenarios while minimizing redundancy and maximizing test coverage.

Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input domain of a system into

equivalence classes, where inputs within the same class are expected to produce similar
results. Test cases are then designed to cover each equivalence class, ensuring comprehensive
testing of the system's behaviour.
 Boundary value analysis focuses on testing the boundaries between different
equivalence classes, as these are often where errors are most likely to occur. By testing inputs
at the boundaries of valid ranges, testers can identify potential vulnerabilities and edge cases
that may not be adequately handled by the software.

Decision table testing is a technique used to test systems that exhibit complex
conditional behaviour, such as decision-based logic or business rules. Testers create decision
tables that enumerate all possible combinations of inputs and corresponding expected outputs,
allowing for systematic testing of the system's decision-making process.

State transition testing is commonly used for systems with a finite number of states
and transitions between those states, such as state machines or finite automata. Testers design
test cases to cover various state transitions and verify that the system behaves as expected
under different conditions.

Exploratory testing is an informal testing technique where testers explore the software
application dynamically, without predefined test scripts or plans. Testers rely on their
intuition, experience, and domain knowledge to uncover defects and assess the overall quality
of the system.

Overall, black box testing plays a crucial role in software quality assurance by
providing an unbiased evaluation of the software's functionality from an end-user
perspective. By focusing on observable behaviour and user interactions, black box testing
helps identify defects, improve software reliability, and enhance the overall user experience.

TEST CASES

SYSTEM SECURITY

INTRODUCTION

The protection of computer-based resources that includes hardware, software, data,

procedures and people against unauthorized use or natural

Disaster is known as System Security.

System Security can be divided into four related issues:

 Security
  Integrity
 Privacy
 Confidentiality

 SYSTEM SECURITY refers to the technical innovations and procedures applied to the
hardware and operation systems to protect against deliberate or accidental damage from a
defined threat.
 DATA SECURITY is the protection of data from loss, disclosure, modification and
destruction.
 SYSTEM INTEGRITY refers to the power functioning of hardware and programs,
appropriate physical security and safety against external threats such as eavesdropping and
wiretapping.
 PRIVACY defines the rights of the user or organizations to determine what information they
are willing to share with or accept from others and how the organization can be protected
against unwelcome, unfair or excessive dissemination of information about it.
 CONFIDENTIALITY is a special status given to sensitive information in a database to
minimize the possible invasion of privacy. It is an attribute of information that characterizes
its need for protection.

SECURITY SOFTWARE

System security refers to various validations on data in form of checks and controls to
avoid the system from failing. It is always important to ensure that only valid data is entered
and only valid operations are performed on the system. The system employees two types of
checks and controls.Security software plays a crucial role in safeguarding computer systems,
networks, and sensitive data from various cyber threats, including malware, viruses,
ransomware, phishing attacks, and unauthorized access. These software solutions are
designed to detect, prevent, and mitigate security breaches by implementing a range of
defensive mechanisms and protective measures.

One of the primary functions of security software is antivirus protection, which

involves scanning files, programs, and web traffic for known malware signatures and
suspicious behavior. Antivirus programs can quarantine or remove malicious files to prevent
them from infecting the system and causing harm. Additionally, they often include real-time
protection features that monitor system activity and block threats in real-time.

Firewalls are another essential component of security software, acting as a barrier

between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks such as the internet.
Firewalls analyze incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined rules, allowing
or blocking connections based on their security risk. They help prevent unauthorized access
to sensitive data and defend against network-based attacks such as denial-of-service (DoS)
and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.

Security software also includes tools for detecting and responding to intrusions and
suspicious activities within a network. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion
prevention systems (IPS) monitor network traffic for signs of malicious activity, such as
unusual patterns or known attack signatures. They can alert administrators to potential threats
and take automated actions to block or mitigate them, helping to prevent unauthorized access
and data breaches.

Furthermore, security software often incorporates features for encryption, data loss
prevention (DLP), and identity and access management (IAM) to protect sensitive
information and ensure compliance with privacy regulations. Encryption technologies encode
data to prevent unauthorized access, while DLP solutions monitor and control the transfer of
sensitive data to prevent leaks or theft. IAM systems manage user identities and permissions,
enforcing access controls and authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized users from
gaining access to critical systems and resources.

In addition to traditional security software deployed on individual devices or network

infrastructure, cloud-based security solutions are becoming increasingly popular for
protecting data and applications hosted in cloud environments. These solutions offer scalable
and centralized security management capabilities, allowing organizations to secure their
assets across distributed and dynamic cloud infrastructures effectively.

Overall, security software plays a vital role in defending against the ever-evolving
landscape of cyber threats and protecting the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of
digital assets. By implementing comprehensive security measures and leveraging advanced
technologies, organizations can mitigate risks, strengthen their defenses, and ensure the
resilience of their systems and data against malicious actors.

CLIENT-SIDE VALIDATION
 Various client-side validations are used to ensure on the client side that only valid
data is entered. Client-side validation saves server time and load to handle invalid data. Some
checks imposed are:

 VBScript in used to ensure those required fields are filled with suitable data only.
Maximum lengths of the fields of the forms are appropriately defined.
 Forms cannot be submitted without filling up the mandatory data so that manual mistakes
of submitting empty fields that are mandatory can be sorted out at the client side to save
the server time and load.
 Tab-indexes are set according to the need and taking into account the ease of user while
working with the system.

SERVER-SIDE VALIDATION
Some checks cannot be applied to the client side. Server-side checks are necessary to
save the system from failing and intimating to the user that some invalid operation has been
performed or the performed operation is restricted. Some of the server-side checks imposed
is:

 Server-side constraint has been imposed to check for the validity of primary key and
foreign key. A primary key value cannot be duplicated. Any attempt to duplicate the
primary value results into a message intimating the user about those values through the
forms using foreign key can be updated only of the existing foreign key values.
 User is intimating through appropriate messages about the successful operations or
exceptions occurring at server side.
 Various Access Control Mechanisms have been built so that one user may not agitate
upon another. Access permissions to various types of users are controlled according to the
organizational structure. Only permitted users can log on to the system and can have
access according to their category. User- name, passwords and permissions are controlled
o the server side.
 Using server-side validation, constraints on several restricted operations are imposed.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION:

The scope and application of utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for
machine predictive maintenance classification are vast and promising. In industries where
machinery downtime can result in significant financial losses and safety hazards, predictive
maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring continuous operation and reducing unexpected
breakdowns. CNNs offer a sophisticated approach to analyzing sensor data, images, and other
forms of machine-generated information to predict equipment failures before they occur. By
employing CNNs in predictive maintenance classification, industries can accurately detect
patterns and anomalies in sensor data indicative of potential machine failures. For instance, in
manufacturing plants, CNNs can analyze sensor readings from machinery to identify
deviations from normal operating conditions, such as abnormal vibrations or temperature
fluctuations, which could signify impending equipment failure. Additionally, CNNs can
process visual data, such as images captured by cameras installed on machinery, to detect
signs of wear and tear, corrosion, or other defects that might lead to malfunctions. The
application of CNNs in machine predictive maintenance classification extends beyond
manufacturing to various sectors, including transportation, energy, and healthcare. In the
transportation industry, CNNs can analyze data from aircraft engines, railway systems, or
automotive components to anticipate maintenance needs and prevent costly breakdowns.
Similarly, in the energy sector, CNNs can monitor the performance of turbines, generators, or
solar panels to optimize maintenance schedules and minimize downtime. Moreover, in
healthcare facilities, CNNs can analyze data from medical equipment, such as MRI machines
or X-ray scanners, to identify potential issues and ensure uninterrupted patient care. Overall,
CNNs offer a powerful tool for predictive maintenance classification by leveraging deep
learning techniques to analyze complex data and identify patterns indicative of equipment
failure. By implementing CNN-based predictive maintenance systems, industries can enhance
operational efficiency, minimize downtime, and reduce maintenance costs, ultimately leading
to improved productivity and safety across various sectors.

CONCLUSION:

The proposed Python-based system for enhancing error prediction in machineries

through sensor data fusion demonstrates significant improvements in predicting machinery
faults. By integrating data from multiple sensors and employing advanced data fusion and
machine learning techniques, the system provides a comprehensive and accurate analysis of
machinery health. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of this approach, showing a
marked increase in prediction accuracy over traditional single-sensor methods. This system
not only facilitates proactive maintenance strategies but also helps reduce unexpected
downtimes, optimize maintenance schedules, and extend the operational lifespan of
machinery. Future research will focus on real-time implementation and further refinement of
the data fusion techniques and machine learning models to enhance the system's robustness
and applicability in diverse industrial environments. The adoption of this system in industrial
settings promises a significant leap forward in maintenance practices, ensuring more reliable
and efficient machinery operations.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In the realm of predictive maintenance, the utilization of Convolutional Neural

Networks (CNNs) has proven to be a transformative approach, offering significant potential
for further enhancements in procedure machine predictive maintenance classification. As we
envision the future of this technology, several key areas emerge where advancements can be
made to bolster its effectiveness and applicability.Firstly, refining the CNN architecture
tailored specifically for procedure machine predictive maintenance is paramount. By
incorporating more complex network structures and exploring innovative convolutional
layers, such as residual connections or attention mechanisms, we can enhance the model's
ability to extract intricate patterns from sensor data streams with greater accuracy and
efficiency.Moreover, integrating multi-modal data fusion techniques holds promise for
improving classification performance. By combining data from various sources, including
vibration sensors, temperature gauges, and acoustic sensors, we can create a more
comprehensive understanding of machinery health, enabling more precise predictions and
early anomaly detection.

In addition to enhancing model architecture, the development of advanced feature extraction

algorithms is crucial. Leveraging techniques from signal processing and time-series analysis,
we can extract meaningful features from raw sensor data that capture subtle variations
indicative of impending machinery failures. This nuanced feature engineering can
significantly enhance the CNN's ability to discern between normal operating conditions and
potential faults.Furthermore, the implementation of transfer learning and domain adaptation
strategies can expedite model training and improve generalization across different machine
types and operating environments. By pre-training the CNN on large-scale datasets or
synthetic data and fine-tuning it on target machinery, we can leverage existing knowledge and
adapt the model more effectively to specific maintenance tasks.In tandem with technical
advancements, addressing challenges related to data quality and availability is paramount.
Investing in robust data collection systems and protocols to ensure the acquisition of high-
quality sensor data in real-time can mitigate issues arising from noisy or incomplete datasets,
thereby enhancing the reliability and efficacy of predictive maintenance models.

Moreover, embracing edge computing paradigms enables real-time inference directly on the
machinery, reducing latency and enhancing responsiveness to emerging maintenance needs.
By deploying lightweight CNN models optimized for edge devices, we can enable proactive
maintenance actions without relying on centralized computing resources.Furthermore, the
integration of predictive maintenance systems with IoT platforms and cloud-based analytics
offers opportunities for scalability and scalability and centralized monitoring of equipment
health across distributed manufacturing facilities. This interconnected ecosystem facilitates
proactive maintenance scheduling, resource allocation, and decision-making based on real-
time insights.

Additionally, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between domain experts, data

scientists, and maintenance engineers is essential for advancing predictive maintenance
techniques. By leveraging domain knowledge to inform model development and
incorporating feedback from end-users, we can ensure that predictive maintenance solutions
are tailored to the unique requirements and challenges of industrial settings.

Furthermore, the incorporation of uncertainty quantification techniques can enhance the

transparency and trustworthiness of predictive maintenance models. By estimating prediction
confidence intervals or uncertainty bounds, maintenance personnel can make more informed
decisions and prioritize interventions based on risk assessment.

Moreover, advancing research in explainable AI (XAI) methodologies can enhance the

interpretability of CNN-based predictive maintenance models. By providing insights into the
features driving classification decisions, XAI techniques enable maintenance engineers to
understand the underlying mechanisms of machinery degradation and validate the model's
predictions with domain expertise.

In conclusion, the future enhancement of procedure machine predictive maintenance

classification using CNNs hinges on a multifaceted approach encompassing advancements in
model architecture, data integration, algorithmic techniques, and collaborative frameworks.
By synergistically addressing these areas, we can unlock the full potential of CNNs to
revolutionize maintenance practices and usher in a new era of proactive and data-driven asset
management in industrial settings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Our Economy Relies on Shipping Containers. This Is What Happens When They’re
’Stuck in the Mud’.
2. Number of Ships in the World Merchant Fleet as of January 1, 2022, by Type.
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ships-worldwide-by-type/ (accessed on 9 September 2023).
3. Welcome to the Case Western Reserve University Bearing Data Center Website.
Available online.
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Convolutional Neural Networks. Shock Vib. 2015, 2015, 390134
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Manufacturing—An Overview. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2019, 52, 91–96.
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Sustainable Manufacturing Practices and its Relationship with Sustainability
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Optimization. Energies 2021, 14, 5674.
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maintenance 4(.0) Horizon Europe: Consequences of the Iron Curtain and Energy-
Based Maintenance. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 314, 128034.
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Publishing Company: Houston, TX, USA, 1983.
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LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Janssens, O.; Slavkovikj, V.; Vervisch, B.; Stockman, K.; Loccufier, M.; Verstockt,
S.; Van de Walle, R.; Van Hoecke., S. Convolutional Neural Network Based Fault
Detection for Rotating Machinery. J. Sound. Vib. 2016, 377, 331–345.]
2. Guo, X.; Chen, L.; Shen, C. Hierarchical adaptive deep convolution neural network
and its application to bearing fault diagnosis. Measurement 2016, 93, 490–502.
3. Zhang, W.; Li, C.; Peng, G.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z. A deep convolutional neural
network with new training methods for bearing fault diagnosis under noisy
environment and different working load. Mech. Syst. Signal Pr. 2017, 100, 439–453.
4. Guo, S.; Yang, T.; Gao, W.; Zhang, C. A Novel Fault Diagnosis Method for Rotating
Machinery Based on a Convolutional Neural Network. Sensors 2018, 18, 1429.
5. Wu, C.; Jiang, P.; Ding, C.; Feng, F.; Chen, T. Intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating
machinery based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Comput.
Ind. 2019, 108, 53–61.
6. Yann LeCun: An Early AI Prophet. Available
online: https://www.historyofdatascience.com/yann-lecun/ (accessed on 9 September
2023).
7. Kolar, D.; Lisjak, D.; Payak, M.; Pavkovic, D. Fault Diagnosis of Rotary Machines
Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network withWide Three Axis Vibration Signal
Input. Sensors 2020, 20, 4017.
8. Goodfellow, I.; Bengio, Y.; Courville, A. Deep Learning; The MIT Press: Cambridge,
MA, USA, 2016; ISBN 9780262035613.
9. Li, Z.; Liu, F.; Yang, W.; Peng, S.; Zhou, J. A Survey of Convolutional Neural
Networks: Analysis, Applications, and Prospects. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn.
Syst. 2022, 33, 6999–7019.
10. Smith, W.A.; Randal, R.B. Rolling element bearing diagnostics using the Case
Western Reserve University data: A benchmark study. Mech. Syst. Signal
Process. 2015, 64–65, 100–131.
11. Abdeljaber, O.; Sassi, S.; Avci, O.; Kiranyaz, S.; Aly Ibrahim, A.; Gabbouj, M. Fault
Detection and Severity Identification of Ball Bearings by Online Condition
Monitoring. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2019, 66, 8136–8147.
12. Ma, S.; Cai, W.; Liu, W.; Shang, Z.; Liu, G. A Lighted Deep Convolutional Neural
Network Based Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery. Sensors 2019, 19, 2381.
13. Zhao, Z.; Li, F.; Wu, J.; Sun, C.; Wang, S.; Yan, R.; Chen, X. Deep learning
algorithms for rotating machinery intelligent diagnosis: An open source benchmark
study. ISA Trans. 2020, 107, 224–255.
14. Souza, R.M.; Nascimento, E.G.S.; Miranda, U.A.; Silva, W.J.D.; Lepikson, H.A.
Deep learning for diagnosis and classification of faults in industrial rotating
machinery. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2021, 153, 107060.
15. Kiranyaz, S.; Avci, O.; Abdeljaber, O.; Ince, T.; Gabbouj, M.; Inman, D.J. 1D
convolutional neural networks and applications: A survey. Mech. Syst. Signal
Process. 2021, 151, 107398.
16. Tama, B.A.; Vania, M.; ·Lee, S.; Lim, S. Recent advances in the application of deep
learning for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using vibration signals. Artif. Intell.
Rev. 2023, 56, 4667–4709.
17. Mushiri, T.; Mbohwa, C. Machinery Maintenance Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
in the Manufacturing Sector. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering
Vol II, WCE 2015, London, UK, 1–3 July 2015.
18. Coanda, P.; Avram, M.; Constantin, V. A state of the art of predictive maintenance
techniques. In Proceedings of the OP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering 997, Iași, Romania, 4–5 June 2020.
REFERENCE

1. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/machine-learning-ML
2. https://www.predictionmachines.ai/
3. https://nandeshwar.info/books/book-review-prediction-machines/
4. https://www.linkedin.com/advice/3/what-most-effective-predictive-maintenance-
machine#:~:text=Common%20supervised%20learning%20algorithms%20for,random
%20forests%2C%20and%20neural%20networks.
5. https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-implement-machine-learning-for-predictive-
maintenance-4633cdbe4860
6. https://square.github.io/pysurvival/tutorials/maintenance.html
SCREENSHOTS

Exploratory Data Analysis

LogisticRegression 📊📈
Training Accuracy : 96.74 %
Model Accuracy Score : 96.25 %
--------------------------------------------------------
Classification_Report:
precision recall f1-score support

0 0.96 1.00 0.98 1921

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 19
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 9
3 0.67 0.38 0.48 16
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 3
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 32

accuracy 0.96 2000

 macro avg 0.27 0.23 0.24 2000
weighted avg 0.93 0.96 0.95 2000

--------------------------------------------------------

Decision Tree Classifier

Training Accuracy : 100.0 %

Model Accuracy Score : 99.3 %
--------------------------------------------------------
Classification_Report:
precision recall f1-score support

0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1921

1 0.85 0.89 0.87 19
2 0.82 1.00 0.90 9
3 0.92 0.75 0.83 16
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 3
5 0.97 0.97 0.97 32

accuracy 0.99 2000

macro avg 0.76 0.77 0.76 2000
weighted avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 2000
Random Forest Classifier

Training Accuracy : 100.0 %

Model Accuracy Score : 99.65 %
--------------------------------------------------------
Classification_Report:
precision recall f1-score support

0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1921

1 0.90 0.95 0.92 19
2 1.00 0.89 0.94 9
3 0.94 0.94 0.94 16
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 3
5 0.97 0.97 0.97 32

accuracy 1.00 2000

macro avg 0.80 0.79 0.79 2000
weighted avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 2000
SVM

Training Accuracy : 96.64 %

Model Accuracy Score : 96.05 %
--------------------------------------------------------
Classification_Report:
precision recall f1-score support

0 0.96 1.00 0.98 1921

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 19
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 9
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 16
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 3
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 32

accuracy 0.96 2000

macro avg 0.16 0.17 0.16 2000
weighted avg 0.92 0.96 0.94 2000
Model Buiding 📚
SAMPLE CODE:

#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Django's command-line utility for administrative tasks."""
import os
import sys
def main():
"""Run administrative tasks."""
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'Error_Prediction.settings')
try:
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
except ImportError as exc:
raise ImportError(
"Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and "
"available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you "
"forget to activate a virtual environment?"
) from exc
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

# ## Data Import and Analysis

# In[3]:

df=pd.read_csv('predictive_maintenance.csv')
df.head()

print(df.head())
# In[4]:

df.isnull().sum()

# In[5]:

df.info()

# In[6]:

df.describe()

# In[7]:

df['Product ID'].value_counts()

# In[8]:

df=df.drop(['Product ID','UDI'],axis=1)
print(df)
# In[9]:

df['Type'].value_counts()

# In[10]:

df['Failure Type'].value_counts()

# In[11]:

df['Target'].value_counts()

# In[12]:

df['Tool wear [min]'].value_counts()

# ## EDA(Exploratory Data Analysis)

# In[13]:

plt.figure(figsize=(6,4))
sns.pairplot(data=df)

# We can see target feature is heavily imbalanced which will make it very chanllenging to
train the model on the Failure Types that rarley occurred.

# In[14]:

plt.figure(figsize=(11,4))
# Font size for labels
label_fontsize = 5
sns.countplot( data=df, x='Failure Type')

# Exploring realtionship betwen numerical feaures and the target.

# In[15]:

sns.set(style="darkgrid")
label_fontsize = 4

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 7))

sns.barplot(data=df,x="Failure Type", y="Air temperature [K]",

palette="coolwarm",ax=axes[0,0])
axes[0,0].legend(loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
# Rotate x-axis labels
axes[0,0].set_xticklabels(axes[0,0].get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right")

sns.barplot(data=df,x="Failure Type", y="Process temperature [K]",

palette="coolwarm",ax=axes[0,1])
axes[0,1].legend(loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
# Rotate x-axis labels
axes[0,1].set_xticklabels(axes[0,1].get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right")

sns.barplot(data=df,x="Failure Type", y="Rotational speed [rpm]",

palette="coolwarm",ax=axes[1,0])
axes[1,0].legend(loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
# Rotate x-axis labels
axes[1,0].set_xticklabels(axes[1,0].get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right")

sns.barplot(data=df,x="Failure Type", y="Torque [Nm]", palette="coolwarm",ax=axes[1,1])

axes[1,1].legend(loc='upper left', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
# Rotate x-axis labels
axes[1,1].set_xticklabels(axes[1,1].get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right")
plt.tight_layout()

# In[16]:

sns.set(style="darkgrid")
label_fontsize = 4

#fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 7))

plt.figure(figsize=(5,2))

sns.barplot(data=df,x="Failure Type", y="Tool wear [min]",errorbar=None,

palette="coolwarm")
# Rotate x-axis labels
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.show()
# Looking at the Type column to see if there is anyting that catches the eye. We see that most
failures occured when type is L. We will also see this table on heatmap for a better visual.

# In[17]:

dfcat=df.groupby('Type')['Failure Type'].value_counts().unstack().fillna(0)

dfcat

#sns.countplot(data=df,x='Type',hue='Failure Type',dodge=False)

# In[19]:

plt.figure(figsize=(12,2))
sns.heatmap(data=dfcat,annot=True)
plt.xticks(rotation=45)

# Let's look at distributions of the numerical features. Mostly looks normal or close to
normal.

# In[20]:

# Histogram for Air Temp

plt.figure(figsize=(12,3))

plt.subplot(1, 5, 1)
plt.hist(df['Air temperature [K]'], color='blue',bins=20, edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
plt.title('Air Temp')
#plt.xlabel('Air Temp')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True)

# Histogram for Process Temp

plt.subplot(1, 5, 2)
plt.hist(df['Process temperature [K]'],bins=20, color='green', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
plt.title('Process Temp')
#plt.xlabel('Process Temp')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True)

# Histogram for Rotational Speed

plt.subplot(1, 5, 3)
plt.hist(df['Rotational speed [rpm]'], bins=20, color='yellow', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
plt.title('Rotational Sp')
#plt.xlabel('Rotational Sp')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True)

# Histogram for Torque

plt.subplot(1, 5, 4)
plt.hist(df['Torque [Nm]'], bins=20, color='olive', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
plt.title('Torque')
#plt.xlabel('Torque')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True)

# Histogram for Torque

plt.subplot(1, 5, 5)
plt.hist(df['Tool wear [min]'], bins=20, color='orange', edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
plt.title('Tool wear [min]')
#plt.xlabel('Tool wear')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

# In[21]:

df['Failure Type'].value_counts()

# In[22]:

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, classification_report
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
from imblearn.under_sampling import RandomUnderSampler
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from imblearn.pipeline import Pipeline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

# ## FEATURE ENGINEERING
# Label encoding the target so we can apply SMOTETomek

# In[23]:

# Initialize the LabelEncoder

label_encoder = LabelEncoder()

# Perform label encoding

df['Failure Type_encoded'] = label_encoder.fit_transform(df['Failure Type'])

df['Failure Type_encoded'].value_counts()

# One hot encoding teh Type column

# In[24]:

# Perform one-hot encoding with drop_first=True

df_encoded = pd.get_dummies(df, columns=['Type'], prefix='Type', drop_first=True)
df_encoded.head()

# In[25]:

df=df_encoded
df.info()

# In[26]:
df['Type_L'].value_counts()

# Reviewing Correlation between numerical features and the target

# In[27]:

# Select only the numeric columns

numeric_columns = df.select_dtypes(include=['float64','int64','int32'])

# Calculate the correlation matrix for numeric features

correlation_matrix = numeric_columns.corr()

corrfinal = correlation_matrix['Failure Type_encoded'].to_frame()

# Set up the heatmap using seaborn

plt.figure(figsize=(5, 3))
sns.heatmap(corrfinal, annot=True, cmap='coolwarm', center=0)

# ## MODEL Prep - Train Test Split and Balancing

# Applying SMOTETomek and a visual of before/after

# In[29]:

from imblearn.combine import SMOTETomek

# Define features and target
X = df.drop(['Failure Type','Target','Failure Type_encoded'], axis=1).values
y = df['Failure Type_encoded'].values

# Split data into train, validation, and test

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
#X_train, X_val, y_train, y_val = train_test_split(X_train, y_train, test_size=0.3,
random_state=42)

# Count the original class distribution

print("Class distribution before balancing:")
print(df['Failure Type_encoded'].value_counts())

smt=SMOTETomek(sampling_strategy='auto',random_state=42)

X_trainresampled, y_trainresampled = smt.fit_resample(X_train, y_train)

# Convert the resampled dataset to a DataFrame

df_resampled = pd.DataFrame(X_trainresampled, columns=[f'feature_{i}' for i in
range(X_trainresampled.shape[1])])
df_resampled['Failure Type_encoded'] = y_trainresampled

# Count the class distribution after balancing

print("\nClass distribution after balancing:")
print(df_resampled['Failure Type_encoded'].value_counts())

#Visualize the class distribution before and after balancing

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.bar(df['Failure Type'].unique(), df['Failure Type'].value_counts())
plt.title("Class Distribution Before Balancing")
plt.xlabel("Class")
plt.ylabel("Count")
plt.xticks(rotation=45)

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.bar(df_resampled['Failure Type_encoded'].unique(), df_resampled['Failure
Type_encoded'].value_counts())
plt.title("Class Distribution After Balancing")
plt.xlabel("Class")
plt.ylabel("Count")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

# Scaling

# In[30]:

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# Scale the data after SMOTETomek

scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_trainresampled)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# In[31]:

X_train_scaled.shape
# ## MODEL TRAINING AND EVALUATION

# Train and ModelEval Random Frst and XGB Boost

# In[32]:

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, classification_report

from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
import joblib

# In[33]:

rfc = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42)
scores=cross_val_score(rfc,X_train_scaled,y_trainresampled,cv=5,scoring='f1_macro')
print("RandomForest CrossValscores:",scores)
print("RandomForest meanCV score:",scores.mean())

# In[34]:

rfc.fit(X_train_scaled, y_trainresampled)

predictionstrain = rfc.predict(X_train_scaled)
print(classification_report(y_trainresampled,predictionstrain))
print(confusion_matrix(y_trainresampled,predictionstrain))
predictionstest = rfc.predict(X_test_scaled)
print(classification_report(y_test,predictionstest))
print(confusion_matrix(y_test,predictionstest))
accuracy_train = accuracy_score(y_trainresampled, predictionstrain)
accuracy_test = accuracy_score(y_test, predictionstest)
# Print the accuracy scores
print("Random Forest Training Accuracy:", accuracy_train)
print("Random Forest Test Accuracy:", accuracy_test)
joblib.dump(rfc, 'rfc_model.pkl')
import xgboost as xgb
xgbmodel=xgb.XGBClassifier(objective='multi:softmax', num_class=6,random_state=42)
xgbmodel.fit(X_train_scaled, y_trainresampled)
predictionstest=xgbmodel.predict(X_test_scaled)
print(classification_report(y_test,predictionstest))
print(confusion_matrix(y_test,predictionstest))
joblib.dump(xgbmodel, 'xgb_model.pkl')

# ## MODEL COMPARISON
.from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score
# Define your classifiers here
classifiers = [
("Random Forest", RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42)),
("XGB Boost", xgb.XGBClassifier(objective='multi:softmax',
num_class=6,random_state=42))
]
results = []
for name, clf in classifiers:
clf.fit(X_train_scaled, y_trainresampled)
y_pred = clf.predict(X_test_scaled)
accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
 precision = precision_score(y_test, y_pred,average='weighted')
recall = recall_score(y_test, y_pred,average='weighted')
f1 = f1_score(y_test, y_pred,average='weighted')
results.append([name, accuracy, precision, recall, f1])
# Convert the results to a DataFrame
results_df = pd.DataFrame(results, columns=["Classifier", "Accuracy", "Precision", "Recall",
"F1-Score"])
# Sort the DataFrame by F1-Score in descending order
results_df = results_df.sort_values(by="F1-Score", ascending=False)
# Create a heatmap to compare metrics
plt.figure(figsize=(7, 3))
sns.heatmap(results_df.set_index("Classifier"), annot=True, fmt=".3f", cmap="YlGnBu",
xticklabels=["Accuracy", "Precision", "Recall", "F1-Score"])
plt.title("Model Perf on Test Dataset-Weighted Prec/Recall/F1")
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.yticks(rotation=0)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
# In[39]:
df
# ## PLOTTING FEATURE IMPORTANCE
# Adding the column names back so we can see the actual column names in the plot.
# In[40]:
dfdropped=df.drop(['Failure Type','Target','Failure Type_encoded'],axis=1)
# In[41]:
# Convert the resampled dataset to a DataFrame
orig_feature_namesx = list(dfdropped.columns)
df_convertedx = pd.DataFrame(X_train_scaled, columns=orig_feature_namesx)
df_convertedx.rename(columns = {'Air temperature [K]':'Air Temp','Process temperature
[K]':'Process Temp','Rotational speed [rpm]':'Rotational Sp','Torque [Nm]':'Torque','Tool wear
[min]':'Tool Wear'}, inplace = True)
# Convert Pandas series to DataFrame.
my_series = pd.Series(y_trainresampled)