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Unit III

Research methodology

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views10 pages

Unit III

Research methodology

Uploaded by

Soham Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11-09-2023

STRATEGIES
OF
ARCHITECTURAL
RESEARCH
Architectural Research Methods
Lecture by
Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH

Apart from Qualitative Research, the study field of Architecture and Social Science have other

types of research strategies, such as:

1. Interpretative Historical Research

2. Case Studies Research


Strategies of Architectural Research

3. Correlational Research

4. Experimental Research

5. Quasi-Experimental Research

6. Simulation Based Research

7. Logical Argumentation Research

8. Combined Strategies Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 2
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

1
11-09-2023

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

History research brings into view something from the past.


Interpretation.
Narrative (historiography requires its own discipline).
The cultural turn.
The spatial turn.
Strategies
Strategies of Architectural Research

History as Constructed of Narrative Sentences


Historical Narratives in Relation to Literary Constructions
The Role of Imagination and Comprehension in Historical Narratives
Positivist Explanations of History: A “Covering Law” (Different schools of thoughts in Historic research)

History as the Movement of Absolute Spirit


Structuralist Approaches to History (explanation of self-contained, self-regulating, and self-transformative
system).
Poststructuralist Approaches to History (explanation of self-contained, self-regulating, and self-transformative
system).
Architectural Research Methods
Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 3
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Outcome
Determinative evidence
Contextual evidence
Inferential Evidence
Recollective evidence

Tactics of Historic Research


Strategies of Architectural Research

On‐site familiarity.
Use of documents.
Visual comparisons.
Material evidence.
Comparison with conditions elsewhere.
Local informants and lore.
Reenactment/testimonial.
Identification of remaining questions.
Architectural Research Methods
Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 4
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

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11-09-2023

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Examples

• Tracing the evolution of political ideologies

• Examining the history of race relations in the United States


Strategies of Architectural Research

• Competing Historical Perspectives at Centre Pointe, Lexington, Kentucky

• Visualizing Auschwitz: “Placing History” with GIS Technology

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 5
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

CASE STUDIES

STRATEGIES INVOLVED
Single or Multiple cases;

SUGGESTED OUTCOME
Documentation of a system (in terms of Spatial quality, flexibility, workability etc.) — quantitative
and / or qualitative analyses.
Strategies of Architectural Research

EXAMPLES
• Performance of Modular Prefabricated Architecture: Case Study-Based Review and Future
Pathways
• Space and place concepts analysis based on semiology approach in residential architecture:
The case study of traditional city of Bushehr, Iran
• Development of traditional architecture in Nigeria: a case study of Hausa house form

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 6
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

3
11-09-2023

COMMON STUDY METHODS INVOLVED


S. No. Category Research Domain Suggested outcome
01 Primary Study Personal study of an existing system; Documentation;
Collecting information of a system from various primary Study directed towards formation of a generalized
sources; theory;
Sociological / Demographic Study towards formation of policy (developmental)
guidelines.

02 Secondary Study History of Architectural / Structural/ Cultural styles; Documentation of History / historical development;
Evolution trends of a target population; Documentation of evolution process;
Philosophical. Philosophy of the works of an Architect, artist;
Religious /ethnic /canonic philosophy as reflected in
Strategies of Architectural Research

art and architecture.

03 Combined Study Historical and present study of a system (discursive and/or Documentation and understanding evolution process
analytical). (Physical and/or philosophical).
Methodology development Study towards formation of policy (developmental)
guidelines.
Formation of a methodology of “study”.

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 7
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

A Focus on Naturally Occurring Patterns.


The Measurement of Specific Variables.
Categorical Measurement.
Ordinal Scales.
Interval and Ratio Scales.
The Use of Statistics to Clarify Patterns of Relationships.
Strategies of Architectural Research

Two Type of Correlational Research (Outcomes will be oriented accordingly)


Relationship Studies
Causal Comparative Studies

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 8
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

4
11-09-2023

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Tactics of Correlational Research
Surveys
Observations
Mapping
Sorting
Archives
Other Multivariate Analyses using Statistics.
Strategies of Architectural Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 9
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Examples

• Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events

• Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five year longitudinal study.
Strategies of Architectural Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 10
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

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11-09-2023

EXPERIMENTAL and QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

The Use of a Treatment, or Independent Variable.


The Measurement of One or More Outcome Variables.
The Designation of a Unit of Assignment.
The Use of a Comparison or Control Group.
A Focus on Causality.
Strategies of Architectural Research

Strategies
Random Assignment in Experimental Research
Nonrandom Assignment in Quasi‐Experimental Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 11
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

EXPERIMENTAL and QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL


Strategies of Architectural Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 12
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

6
11-09-2023

EXPERIMENTAL and QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

Examples:

Environmental Performance of Automated Blinds in Office Buildings: Using a Behavioral Survey Prior to
Lab Experiment.

Occupant Comfort from Air Movement: Using a Lab Setting, Physical Treatments, Instrumentation,
and Subjective Measures.

Experimental Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Simulation of Energy Usage: Using a Purpose‐Built
Testing Prototype, Physical Treatments, Instrumented Measures, and Numerical Simulations.
Strategies of Architectural Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 13
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

SIMULATION RESEARCH

Simulation research comes out of a broader human fascination with the replication of real‐world
objects and settings.
Simulation’s very goal is to create “copies” of reality.
How accurate are the copies?
What do copies of real things leave out about those real things?
For simulation researchers, these are basic questions.
Strategies of Architectural Research

In particular, the combination of experiment and simulation in sequenced phasing is commonly


deployed.

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 14
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

7
11-09-2023

SIMULATION RESEARCH

Simulation of Complex Human Factors


Evacuation of Buildings during a Fire.
Simulation in Earlier Stages of Architectural Design Process
Virtual Reality in Schematic Design and Design Development; Rapid Prototyping.
Integration of Simulation Software
UrbanSim, ESRI ArchGIS; Virtual City Template.
Real‐Time Simulation
Strategies of Architectural Research

Sentient Buildings.
Strategies
Representation versus Simulation
What Is a Model?
Prediction versus Projection/Pattern
Simulation Research in Relation to Experimental and Correlational Research
Simulation Research in Relation to Qualitative and/or Historical Research
Simulation without Computers (Operational simulation with actors)

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 15
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

SIMULATION RESEARCH
Examples:

• Making of Simulation-based decision support tool for early stages of zero-energy building design.

• A framework for simulation-based real-time whole building performance assessment

• An object-oriented framework for simulation-based green building design optimization with


genetic algorithms

• Sensitivity analysis of building energy performance: A simulation-based approach using OFAT and
Strategies of Architectural Research

variance-based sensitivity analysis methods

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 16
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

8
11-09-2023

LOGICAL AUGMENTATION RESEARCH

STRATEGIES INVOLVED
Primary logical systems and Secondary Research;
Mathematical Representations and/or Computer modeling;
Analogy;
Categorization and elaboration ;
Cross-Categorization and elaboration;
Argument from Metaphilosophical Traditions;
Strategies of Architectural Research

Updating in Light of New Development or Data.

SUGGESTED OUTCOME
Space syntax analyses;
Shape Grammar;
Analysis of existing systems;
Mathematical arguments for Discursive / Cultural Systems;
“Iso-vist” Analyses.

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 17
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

LOGICAL AUGMENTATION RESEARCH

EXAMPLES

• Finding First Principles in Designing a “Total Health Environment” (NBBJ)

• Defining Relationships: Syllogistic Frameworks for Relations between Terms

• Categories as a Tactic in Logical Argumentation: The Four Stages of the Experience Economy
Strategies of Architectural Research

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 18
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

9
11-09-2023

COMBINED STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES INVOLVED
Combined Strategy: A Two-phase Design;
Combined Strategy: A Dominant-Less dominant Design;
Combined Strategy: A Mixed Methodology Design.

SUGGESTED OUTCOME
Formation of a methodology of study / Research.
Strategies of Architectural Research

EXAMPLES
• Challenges for identifying functionally important genetic variation: the promise
of combining complementary research strategies

• Instructional components that predict treatment outcomes for students with learning disabilities: Support
for a combined strategy and direct instruction model

Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 19
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur
Strategies of Architectural Research

THANK YOU !!! Architectural Research Methods


Vivek Agnihotri | Assistant Professor | 20
Department of Architecture | National Institute of Technology Raipur

10

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