EE330: Power Systems

Module 2 Lecture 1
Two windings transformer

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EE330 1
 Previous module/ lecture
➢ Power systems – general introduction
➢ Basic circuit principles

EE330 2
 Transformer
➢ A static device which transfers power between two
electrically isolated voltage levels by magnetic coupling
➢ Two/ more windings are wound on a single laminated
ferromagnetic core
➢ Generation is typically at 15-25 kV
➢ Transformer steps up the voltage to 100’s kV to reduce loss
➢ At substations, voltage is stepped down to 11-33kV and
further to 110-440V at distribution level
➢ Transformers, generally, have high efficiency and low
voltage regulation
➢ Construction of transformer depends on its application
and voltage level at which it operates
EE330 2
 Two winding transformer
➢ The winding to which the external power supply is
connected is called the primary winding
➢ The winding to which the load is connected is called the
secondary winding
➢ Step up transformer
• Primary winding – LV
• Secondary winding - HV
➢ Step down transformer
• Primary winding – HV
Schematic
• Secondary winding - LV representation of a
two winding ideal
transformer

EE330 4
 Attributes of Ideal Transformer
1) Winding resistances are negligible – No copper loss
2) No leakage flux, all flux confined to core and windings
3) Permeability of core is infinite, no mmf is required to
establish core flux φ, im = 0, reluctance is 0
4) Core loss is negligible, ic = 0
➢ By 3) & 4), excitation current iΦ for flux setup in core is 0

+
+
-
-

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 Ideal Transformer contd.

+
+
-
-

➢ v1 induces time varying flux φ in core (by Faradey’s law)

➢ By Lenz’s law and assumption 1 d
e1 = N1 = v1
dt
d
➢ By assumption 2, all flux link winding 2 e2 = v2 = N 2
dt
➢ Hence, turns ratio e1 v1 N1
a= = =
e2 v2 N 2
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 Ideal Transformer contd.

+
+
-
-

➢ When loaded, i2 ≠ 0 which induces N2i2 mmf to oppose φ

➢ To balance φ, i1 must flow to induce N1i1 mmf in opposite
direction to balance N2i2 mmf
➢ By assumption 3,
N1i1 − N 2i2 =  = 0, i1 / i2 = N 2 / N1 = 1 / a
➢ mmf balancing lets primary know of secondary current
EE330 7
 Ideal Transformer contd.

+
+
-
-

➢ When unloaded, i2 = 0 and thus N2i2 = N1i1 = 0

➢ No current is required to induce flux φ when unloaded
➢ By assumptions 3 and 4, ic = 0, im = 0  i = 0
➢ Under all conditions, v1i1 = v2i2
➢ Power transferred via electrically isolated magnetically
coupled circuits with input VA same as output VA
EE330 8
 Ideal Transformer contd.
max
 = max sin(t ),  =
2
d
E=N , E = 4.44 Nfmax
dt E =V
E2=V2 2 2

E1=V1=aV2 θ E1=V1=aV2

I1

I2=aI1
φ φ
Phasor diagram of unloaded Phasor diagram of an
Ideal Transformer inductively loaded Ideal
Transformer

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 Apparent Impedance

+
+
-
-

V2
➢ Load impedance is ZL Z2 = ZL =
I2
➢ Apparent impedance as seen on primary
V1 aV2
Z1 = = = a 2 Z L = Z L
I1 I 2 / a
➢ Load matching transformer - By varying ‘a’, apparent load
impedance is matched with source impedance for max.
power transfer to load a2Z = Z * L source

EE330 10
 Attributes of Real Transformer
1) Winding resistances are not negligible – copper loss
occurs in windings
2) Flux leakage occurs in practice; its percentage is small by
proper design
3) Permeability of core is finite and a high value
4) Core (Eddy and Hysteresis) loss occurs
➢ By 1), lumped resistance in series with winding represent
winding resistance
➢ By 2), inductance in series with winding represent leakage
reactance
➢ By 3) and 4), excitation current iΦ for flux setup in core
drawn from source is non-zero and is an appreciable
percent of primary current
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 Exact Equivalent Circuit: Real Transformer
➢ The real transformer is a 2 winding transformer with turns
N1 and N2, respectively
a=N1/N2
+ I1 R1 X1=wLl1 Ie I’2 + + X2=wLl2 R2 I2 +
Ic Im
V1 E1 E2 V2
Xm=
Rc
wLm
- - - -
Ideal
Transformer
Exact Equivalent circuit representation

EE330 12
 Exact Equivalent Circuit: Real Transformer
➢ For no load, primary current is same as excitation current
I 2 = 0 (unloaded)
V2 = E2 − ( R2 + jX 2 ) I 2
E1 = aE2 , I 2 = I 2 / a
I c = E1 / Rc , I m = E1 / jX m
I e = I c + I m , I1 = I 2 + I e
V1 = E1 + ( R1 + jX 1 ) I1 V1

E1
θ1 Ic E2=V2=E1/a jI1X1
I1R1
Im I1=Ie

Phasor diagram for no load

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 Exact Equivalent Circuit: Real Transformer
➢ For load, primary current is sum of excitation current and
reflected secondary current
I 2 = V2 / Z L (loaded)
where Z L = Z L  L
with other equations as they were
V1

IIcc E111
EE2=E /a jI1X1
θLV2 V2jI2X2222 11 I1R1
I’I’I22θ2R12
Im Iee
I2
I1
Phasor diagram for lagging load

The power factors at the primary (source) and secondary

(load) ends are different
EE330 14
 Equivalent Circuit: Real Transformer
➢ A convenient equivalent circuit of transformer is to move
the ideal transformer either to secondary or primary
using impedance transformation
I’1=aI1
+ R1/a2 X1/a2 aIe I2 + X2 R2 +
aIc aIm E2=E’1=E1/a
V’1=V1/a V2
Rc/a2 Xm/a2
- - -
Equivalent circuit representation
with respect to secondary side

EE330 15
 Equivalent Circuit: Real Transformer
➢ Generally, the equivalent circuit is with respect to the
primary side (this however is not a strict restriction)

+ I1 R1 X1 Ie I’2=I2/a + a2X2 a2R2 +

Ic Im
V1 E1=E’2=aE2 V’2=aV2
Rc Xm

- - -

Equivalent circuit representation

with respect to primary side

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 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
➢ Transformers are so designed such that I1R1 and jI1X1
drops are small and hence E1 ≈V1
➢ Shunt branch can be moved to the primary side
➢ Such a circuit is useful in performance analysis

+ I1 Ie I’2=I2/a Xeq=X1+a2X2 Req=R1+a2R2 +

Ic Im
V1 V’2=aV2
Rc Xm

- -
Approximate Equivalent circuit with
respect to primary side

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 Nameplate rating of a transformer
➢ VA rating (apparent power) and voltage ratings (RMS, line
to line) of both windings
➢ For example 10kVA, 1100V/110V 1 φ transformer means
• It has two windings and each winding is capable of
handling a maximum of 10kVA apparent power
• HV winding is rated at 1100V while LV is rated at 110V
• Ideally, these are rated induced emfs while in practice,
these refer to terminal voltages
• Approximate turn ratio a=10:1
• Ideally, if 10kVA/1100V=9.09A current flows in HV, then
10kVA/110V=90.9A current should flow in LV
• In practice, primary winding carries an additional excitation
current along with rated secondary current
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 Determination of Approximate Equivalent
circuit parameters
➢ A transformer is a physical device whose resistive and
inductive parameters are not known apriori
➢ To analyze the performance of a transformer, it is
necessary to estimate these unknown parameters
➢ Two tests/ experiments are common in this respect
• Open Circuit test or No load test
• Short Circuit test

EE330 19
 Next module/ lecture
➢ Per-unit analysis

EE330 20