1. A.

Type I Error
2. A. The average age of grade eleven students is 17 years old.
3. A. 0.05 (two-tailed)
4. C. confidence interval
5. The appropriate answer is:
● Ha: µ > 100
6. The appropriate answer is:
● Ha: µ < 17
7. B. t-tes
8.

Therefore, the appropriate test is:

- A. z-test

9. **Illustration of Rejection Region**:

- When the variance is known and the significance level is 0.05, the appropriate illustration
for the rejection region is a z-distribution, as it allows you to determine the critical z-value for
the given significance level.

Therefore, the appropriate illustration is:

- B.

10. **Critical Region for One-tailed Test**:

- For a one-tailed test at a significance level of 0.01 with known variance, you would refer
to the z-table to find the critical z-value. The value corresponding to a 0.01 significance level
is approximately 2.33.

Therefore, the appropriate critical region is:

- D. 2.33

11. **Critical Value for Energy Expenditure Test**:

- Since the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown,
you should use a t-distribution. To find the critical value, you would consult the t-table for a
one-tailed test at a 5% significance level with degrees of freedom equal to n-1 (where n=15).

Therefore, the appropriate critical value is not listed among the options provided.

12. **Critical Value for Mean Retail Price Test**:

- Since the sample size is 40 (greater than 30) and the population standard deviation is
known, a z-test is appropriate. At a 1% significance level, you would consult the z-table to
find the critical z-value.

Therefore, the appropriate critical value is:

- A. 1.96

13.
 Therefore, the appropriate value of the test statistic is:
- B. 20.56

14. **Conclusion based on Test Statistic**:

- Since the computed test statistic (20.56) is greater than the critical value (1.96), there is
sufficient evidence to conclude that this year's mean retail price is greater than the 1990's
mean of P500.

Therefore, the appropriate answer is:

- A. No there isn't since the computed test statistic is greater than the critical value.
15. **Decision when the computed test statistic is greater than the critical value**:
- When the computed test statistic is greater than the critical value, it means that the
sample data provide significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis (Ho). Therefore, the
appropriate decision is to reject Ho.

So, the correct decision is:

- B. reject Ho

16. **Decision based on the computed test statistic**:

- If the computed test statistic is 1.45 and the critical value is ±1.96 for a two-tailed test,
then the test statistic does not exceed the critical value. Thus, there is not enough evidence
to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

Therefore, the appropriate decision is:

- A. failed to reject Ho

17. **Conclusion concerning the complaint**:

- To determine whether the complaint about underfeeding is valid, we need to perform a
hypothesis test. Since the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is
greater than 30, a z-test can be conducted.

The null hypothesis (Ho) would be that the mean weight of boys in the children's home is
equal to 85 pounds (µ = 85). The alternative hypothesis (Ha) would be that the mean weight
is less than 85 pounds (µ < 85). By conducting the appropriate test, we can conclude
whether there is enough evidence to support the complaint.

Therefore, the appropriate decision is:

- B. The complaint that the boys living in a municipal children's home are underfed is false.

18. **Appropriate Ho and Ha**:

- For this problem, we are testing whether the proportion of drivers who use a seat belt has
changed after the advertising campaign.
- Ho: p = 0.14 (The proportion of drivers using seat belts remains the same as claimed)
- Ha: p < 0.14 (The proportion of drivers using seat belts decreases after the campaign)

Therefore, the appropriate Ho and Ha are:

- A. Ho: p=0.14; Ha: p < 0.14
19. **Appropriate Test-Statistic**:
- Since we are dealing with a proportion and the population standard deviation is not
relevant, we should use a test of population proportion. Therefore, the appropriate test
statistic is the Z test of population proportion.

So, the correct choice is:

- C. Z test of population proportion

20. **Critical Value for problem no. 18**:

- With a level of significance of 5%, the critical value for a one-tailed test can be found from
the standard normal distribution table, which is approximately 1.65.

Therefore, the appropriate critical value is:

- C. 1.65

21. **Value of the Test Statistic**:

- The test statistic can be calculated using the formula for the Z-test of population
proportion:
\[ Z = \frac{{\hat{p} - p}}{{\sqrt{\frac{{p(1-p)}}{n}}}} \]
Where \(\hat{p}\) is the sample proportion, \(p\) is the hypothesized population proportion,
and \(n\) is the sample size.

Therefore, the correct value of the test statistic is not listed among the options provided.

22. **Conclusion about the Campaign's Success**:

- To determine if the campaign was successful, we compare the computed test statistic
with the critical value. If the computed test statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject
the null hypothesis, indicating that the campaign was successful in increasing the proportion
of drivers using seat belts.

Therefore, the appropriate conclusion is:

- A. The campaign was successful since the computed test statistic is greater than the
critical value.

23. **Decision based on the computed test statistic**:

- The critical value given is for a one-tailed test. Since the computed test statistic is -2.5,
and it falls beyond the critical value of -1.65, we reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

Therefore, the appropriate decision is:

- B. reject Ho

24. **Test Statistic for Birth Ratio**:

- To determine if the birth of boys is more common than girls, we use the sample
proportion of boys (\( \hat{p} \)) and compare it with the hypothesized population proportion
(p). The test statistic formula for testing a population proportion is:
\[ Z = \frac{{\hat{p} - p}}{{\sqrt{\frac{{p(1-p)}}{n}}}} \]

Given the values:

 \[ \hat{p} = 0.5172, \, p = 0.5, \, n = 25468 \]

Calculate the test statistic using these values.

Therefore, the correct value of the test statistic is:

- A. 3.49

25. **Interpretation based on Test Statistic**:

- Since the computed test statistic (3.49) is greater than the critical value (-1.65), we reject
the null hypothesis, indicating that newborn babies are more likely to be boys than girls.

Therefore, the most appropriate interpretation is:

- C. Newborn babies are more likely to be boys than girls since the computed test statistic
is greater than the critical value.

26. **Example of Bivariate Data**:

- Bivariate data involves two variables. Among the given options, "A. child's age and
height" represents bivariate data as it involves two variables: age and height.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

- A. child's age and height

27. **Placement of Variables in Scatter Plot**:

- In a scatter plot, the variable of interest that is considered as the independent variable, or
predictor, is typically placed on the x-axis. Since Ella wants to investigate the association
between life expectancy (age in years) and cigarette smoking (number of cigarettes smoked
per day), the number of cigarettes smoked per day (the predictor) would be placed on the
x-axis.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

- B. number of cigarettes smoked per day

28. **Description of Scatter Plot**:

- In a scatter plot, the association between variables can be described based on the
direction and strength of the relationship. "D. There is a weak positive linear association
between the variables." best describes a scenario where there's a positive trend between the
variables, but it's not very strong.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

- D. There is a weak positive linear association between the variables.

29. **Correlation between Gestational Age and Birth Weight**:

- Based on the scatter plot, it appears that there is a positive relationship between
gestational age and birth weight. Infants with longer gestational ages tend to have higher
birth weights. Since the relationship is positive but not very strong, it can be described as a
weak positive correlation.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

 - C. weak positive correlation
30. **Coefficient of Correlation (r) exceeding 1**:
- The coefficient of correlation (r) represents the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two variables. However, it is not possible for the value of r to exceed 1.
Therefore, if Lily computed r=1.2, it's likely there was an error in the calculation.

Therefore, the appropriate conclusion is:

- D. No conclusion can be made since the computed r exceeds 1.

31. **Correlation between Absences and Exam Grade**:

- To determine the correlation between the number of absences and the final exam grade,
we would calculate Pearson's sample correlation coefficient (r). Based on the data provided,
we can compute the correlation to determine the relationship between these variables.

Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the options provided.

32. **Expected Value of r for Shoe Size and Math Ability**:

- Since the researcher is testing the hypothesis that shoe size and mathematical ability are
correlated, he expects a correlation coefficient (r) between 0 and 1, indicating a positive
correlation between the variables.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

- B. 0 < r < 1

33. **Independent Variable in problem no. 32**:

- The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
In this case, the researcher is measuring shoe size as the potential predictor of
mathematical ability.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

- A. shoe size

34. **Equation of the Best-fit Line**:

- The equation of the best-fit line, often represented as \( Y = a + bX \), where \( a \) is the
y-intercept and \( b \) is the slope, can be determined using regression analysis based on the
given data.

Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the options provided.

35. **Values of y-intercept and Slope**:

- The y-intercept (a) and slope (b) of the regression line represent the point where the line
intercepts the y-axis and the rate of change of the dependent variable (Y) with respect to the
independent variable (X), respectively. These values can be derived from the equation of the
best-fit line.

Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the options provided.

36. **Interpretation of Slope and y-Intercept**:

 - The slope of the regression line represents the change in the dependent variable (y) for a
one-unit change in the independent variable (x). In this case, a one-unit increase in hours of
in-house training (x) is associated with a 4.3 unit increase in job skills test score (y).
- The y-intercept represents the predicted value of the dependent variable (y) when the
independent variable (x) is equal to zero. In this case, it suggests that with zero hours of
in-house training, the predicted job skills test score is 130.

Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the options provided.
37. **Amount of Carbon Monoxide when Nicotine Level Increases by 1 mg**:
- According to the linear model \( C = 3.0 + 10.3N \), where \( C \) represents carbon
monoxide emission and \( N \) represents nicotine level, the coefficient of \( N \) (10.3)
indicates the increase in carbon monoxide emission for each 1 mg increase in nicotine level.

Therefore, the correct amount of carbon monoxide emitted when the nicotine level
increases by 1 mg is:
- A. 10.3 mg

38. **Amount of Carbon Monoxide with 10 mg of Nicotine**:

- Substituting \( N = 10 \) mg into the formula \( C = 3.0 + 10.3N \), we can find the amount
of carbon monoxide emitted when the nicotine level is 10 mg.

Therefore, the correct amount of carbon monoxide emitted when the nicotine level is 10
mg is:
- C. 103 mg

39. **Amount of Ground Covered by Trees with 1230 mm of Rainfall**:

- Substituting \( R = 1230 \) mm into the formula \( T = -24.70 + 0.0211R \), we can find the
amount of ground covered by trees when the yearly rainfall is 1230 mm.

Therefore, the correct amount of the ground covered by trees with 1230 mm of rainfall per
year is:
- B. 52.3

40. **Amount of Rainfall with 30 Units of Ground Covered by Trees**:

- Given \( T = 30 \), we can solve for \( R \) in the linear model \( T = -24.70 + 0.0211R \).

Therefore, the correct amount of rainfall per year received in the area when the ground
covered by trees is 30 units is:
- C. 257 mm