CSE Department

Unit 1
Programming for Problem Solving

Prof.Soumya Snigdha Mohapatra

Assistant Professor
Dept.of Computer Science & Engineering,
DRIEMS University,Odisha
Programming Language

• A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules (syntax) for instructing a computer

to perform specific tasks.

• Programming languages can be used to create computer programs.

• The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such

as BASIC, C, C++, Python, PHP, and JAVA.

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Types of Programming Language
• There are three types of programming language:
– Machine language (Low-level language)
– Assembly language (Low-level language)
– High-level language

• Low-level languages are closer to the language used by a computer, while high-
level languages are closer to human languages

• Low-level languages are machine dependent , while high-level languages are

machine independent.

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Machine Language
• Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer
reads and interprets.

• Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.

• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost

impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.

• It executes fast as computer don’t need any translation

• Example:- 00010001001, 1110000111

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Assembly Language
• Symbolic representation(mnemonics) of machine code.

• Close to machine code but the computer cannot understand

• Must be translated into machine code by a separate program called an

assembler.

• Example:
– Assembly language :
mov a1, #061h (Move the hexadecimal value 61 (97 decimal) into the
processor register named "a1".)
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High Level Language
• User friendly, Similar to natural languages.

• Platform independent.

• Easy to write, learn and work.

• It enables a user to write programs in a language which resembles English words

and familiar mathematical symbols.

• Programs written in a high-level language need to be translated into machine

language before they can be executed.

• Example: C, C++, Python, Java etc.

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Assembler
• The assembler is used to translate the program written in assembly language
into machine code.

• Basic Function:
• Translating mnemonic operation codes to their machine language equivalents

• Assigning machine addresses to symbolic labels

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Compiler
• A high level source program must be translated into a form machine
can understand. This done by software called the compiler.

• Source code => Machine language code(Object code)

• During the process of translation, the compiler reads the source programs
statement-wise and checks for syntax errors.

• In case of any error, the computer generates message about the error.
• Ex: C, C++, Java etc.

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Interpreter
• Like compiler, Interpreter is also a translator which translates high level to
machine level language.

• Translates and executes the program line by line.

• Each line is checked for syntax error and then converted to the equivalent
machine code.

• Ex. QBASIC, PERL, PHP, ASP, PYTHON, RUBY

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Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

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Linker
• A linker is special program that combines the object files, generated by
compiler/assembler, and other pieces of codes to make an executable file
have .exe extension.

• In the object file, linker searches and append all libraries needed for
execution of file.

• It also merges two or more separate object programs and establishes link
among them.

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Function of Linker

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Loader

• The loader is special program that takes input of object code from linker,
loads it to main memory, and prepares this code for execution by computer.

• It allocates the addresses to an executable module in main memory for

execution.

• It in charge of loading programs and libraries in operating system.

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Function of Loader

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Introduction to C Programming Language
• C is a procedural programming language as well as a general-purpose programming
language.
• Created in 1972 to write operating systems (Unix in particular)
• By Dennis Ritchie
• At AT & T's Bell Laboratories
• C language was created for a specific purpose i.e. designing the UNIX operating system
(which is currently base of many UNIX based OS).
• C is very powerful; it has been used to develop operating systems, databases, applications,
etc.
• C Language is a middle-level programming language that has features of both low-level
programming language and high-level programming languages.

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07-04-2024 C. V. Raman Global University, Odisha
Why is C Programming Language so popular
• C language is a good language to introduce yourself to the programming world, because it
is simple, easy to learn, and covers all the basic concepts of programming.
• The scope of C language is limited, so it is good for beginners to start programming.
• Initially, C language used for writing system-level programs, like designing Operating
Systems, OS kernels, etc.
• C language can be used to develop simple software, like Text Editors, Compilers, Network
Drivers, and many traditional PoS (Point of Sale) software like Restaurant Billing systems,
etc.
• Some popular applications build using C language are Adobe Photoshop, MySQL
Database, Chromium browser, etc.
• If you are in college, you can clear college placement interviews by learning C language,
and get a job in good service-based companies like TCS, Infosys, IBM, Accenture, etc.

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Features of C Language

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My first C Program
/* This is my first program*/
#include <stdio.h>

int main() /* This is main function*/

{

printf(“Hello World\n”);
return0;
}

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Documentation Section
• The documentation section is the part of the program where the programmer gives the
details associated with the program.

• Provides name of program, the author, algorithms, methods used and other details.

• Acts as a communication between members of the development team.

• Acts as user manual.

• Ex:-

• /* This program adds two numbers */

• /*…. */ denotes comments in C

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Link Section (Preprocessor directives)

• This part of the code is used to declare all the header files that will be used
in the program.

• This leads to the compiler being told to link the header files to the system
libraries.

• A C program line begins with # provides an instruction to the C preprocessor

#include<stdio.h>
• Links input/output functions like printf() and scanf() with the program.

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Definition Section (Preprocessor directives)
• Preprocess directives is executed before the actual compilation is done.

• In this section all symbolic constants are defined.

• Ex.
• #define PI 3.1416
• #define AGE 10

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Global Declaration Section

• The variables which are used in more than one functions or blocks are called
global variables.

• This section also declares all the user-defined functions.

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main() Function Section
• Every C program starts with a main() function . Every program must have exactly one main function. C permits different
form of main statements.eg. main(), int main(),void main(),main(void),void main(void), int main(void).

• Declaration part and executable part

• Declaration part declares all the variables used in the execution part. The initialization has been done in this part.

• Variable s declared inside main() are called local variable and they are used only in the block in which they are declared.

• int n1;

• int n2=5;

• Execution part has executable operations like:

• n1= n1 +1;

• n2=n1*5

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Subprogram Section

• This section contains all the user-defined functions.

• All the sections except the main function section.

ram()

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Comments
• Comments in C language are used to provide information about lines of code. It is
widely used for documenting code. There are 2 types of comments in the C
language.
• Single Line Comments

• Multi-Line Comments : Multi-Line comments are represented by slash asterisk /*

... */. It can occupy many lines of code, but it can't be nested.

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Preprocessor in C
• One of the unique feature of C language is preprocessor.

• Preprocessors are programs that process our source code before compilation.

• The preprocessor works on the source code and creates “expanded source code”.

• The preprocessor offers several features called preprocessor directives.

• Pre processor directives are mainly divided into 2 common categories:

• 1. Macro substitution directives (#define)

• 2. File inclusion directives (#include)

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Preprocessor in C

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File inclusion
• This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code
program.
• #include<stdio.h>

• #include<conio.h>

• These files contains definition of pre-defined functions like printf(), scanf(), getch(),
clrscr() etc.

• These files must be included for working with these functions.

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printf() and scanf() in C
• The printf() and scanf() functions are used for input and output in C language.

• Both functions are inbuilt library functions, defined in stdio.h (header file).
• printf() function
• The printf() function is used for output. It prints the given statement to the console.

• Eg printf(“………………..”); or printf(“%d”,number);

• scanf() function
• The scanf() function is used for input. It reads the input data from the console.

• Eg scanf (“……”,&variable);

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C Format Specifier
• The Format specifier is a string used in the formatted input and output functions. The
format string determines the format of the input and output. The format string always
starts with a '%' character.
• The commonly used format specifiers in printf() function are:
Specifier Description

%c Reads the single character

%d Read a decimal Integer

%f Read a floating point number

%s Read the string

%x Reads an octal number

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Example of Program
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10, b=20;
int sum;
sum=a+b;
printf("Sum: %d", sum);
return 0;
}

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Macro expansion
• Macros are a piece of code in a program which is given some name.
• Whenever this name is encountered by the compiler the compiler replaces
the name with the actual piece of code.
• The ‘#define’ directive is used to define a macro.
• Ex #include <stdio.h>
#define height 100
#define number 3.14
int main()
{
printf("value of height : %d \n", height );
printf("value of number : %f \n", number );
return 0;
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}
Escape Sequence in C
• C have escape sequences as a standard feature. They enable the inclusion of special
characters and control patterns in strings and character constants that are difficult to
represent or write directly. Whenever this name is encountered by the compiler the
compiler replaces the name with the actual piece of code.
• Ex \b(Back space),\n(new line),\t(horizontal tab),\\backslash,\0(null character)
• The character set in C are grouped into following catagories.
1. Letters: upper case and lower case(Alphabets from A to Z and a to z)
2. Digits(Numbers, from 0 to 9)
3. Special characters(comma , semicolon etc)
4. Delimeters: Language pattern of C uses special kind of symbols which are called delimeters.
E.g. ;(Terminal Statement),()(Useful in function and expression),[](used for array declaration),{ }(Scope of
Statement),:(Used for labels),#(Preprocessor Directive),Comma(variable separator)

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Escape Sequence in C

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Data types in C
• Data type specifies which type of data that we are storing in a variable.
• Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or
functions of different types.
• The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and
how the bit pattern stored is interpreted .
• The data-type in a programming language is the collection of data with
values having fixed meaning as well as characteristics.
• A data type is used to
• Identify the type of a variable when the variable is declared
• Identify the type of the return value of a function
• Identify the type of a parameter expected by a function
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Classification of Data Types

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Integer data types
• Integer is nothing but a whole number.
• Keyword int is used for declaring the variable with integer type.
• For example-- int var1;
• Ex: int age;
• Here, age is a variable of an integer data type which can be used to store integer values.
• 'C' provides three different classes of integers.
• a) int
• b) short int
• c) long int

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Standard Data types with their storage
sizes and value ranges

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C. V. Raman Global University, Odisha
Floating point data type
• All numeric data type items with fractional part belong to float

• The keyword float is used to declare variables of float type.

• For example-- float var1;

• For example-- float age= 10.5; float a= 124.556;

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Standard floating-point types with
their storage sizes and value ranges

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Character data type
• Character data types are used to store a single character value enclosed in
single quotes.
• In C, char type takes 1 byte of memory and it supports ASCII characters.
• We can store only one character using character data type.
• “char” keyword is used to refer character data type.
• Example: char b = 'G‘, char group = ‘A’
• A signed char is same as an ordinary char and has a range from -128 to +127
• An unsigned char has a range from 0 to 255

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Data Types Range and Sizes

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C. V. Raman Global University, Odisha
Variables
• Variables are memory locations(storage area) in the C programming language.
• A variable is an identifier which is used to store some value.
• Variables can change during the execution of a program and update the value stored
inside it.
• It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily
identified.
• Variable Declaration: data_type VariableName
• Example: int num; float area; char name
• Variable Definition: assigning a value to the declared variable
• Example: int num = 5; float area=10.5; char name=‘a’;
• Variable Initialization:
• Variable declaration is the act of informing the compiler about the existence and data type of a
variable. It informs the compiler that a variable with a specific name and data type will be used in
the program, but that memory for the variable still needs to be allocated. 44
Rules to declare the variables
• They must begin with letter or underscore(_)
• First character may be followed by letters or digits.
• Both lowercase and uppercase letters are distinct.
• Example: Total and total are not same
• It should not be a keyword
• White space, Dollar sign are not allowed.
• Example: John, delhi, First_tag, int_type ---- valid
• Price$, char, group one, 123, (area) ------- Invalid

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Scope of the variables
• The scope of variable determines the area of the program where that variable is valid i.e the part of the
program that has access to that variable
• The variables may also be categorized, depending on the place of their declaration as :
a)Global variable b)Local variable
a)Global variable
• They are declared outside the function .
• Its scope is through out the program .
• Its life span is through out the entire program.
• They are automatically initialized to zero.
b)Local variable
• The declaration is placed after the opening curly braces of any function including main() and before any
function statement.
• Scope of the variable is limited to the function in which it is declared.
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span of the local variable is within the block in which it is declared. 46
Example of Scope of the variables
•

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Thank You

Prof.Soumya Snigdha Mohapatra

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