F I R S T QUARTER

Chapter 1: Functions
❖Lesson 1: Functions as Models
Objective:
At the end of this lesson, leaners
should be able to…
❑ represent real-life situations using
functions, including piecewise
functions
M11GM-Ia-1
A. Review of Basic Reference
❑ Two Dimensional Coordinates or Cartesian System
As indicated in Figure 1, The plane is then referred to as the real plane.
The x and y-axes divide the plane into four regions, called quadrants.
In each of the quadrants, the signs of the coordinates of point are
completely determined as given in the Table 1.
Quadrant (x, y)
Y Table 1
y-axis I (+ , +)
Quadrant II Quadrant I
II (- , +)
A (0, b) B (a, b)
x-axis coordinates
III (- , -)
-X X
origin
D (0, 0) C (a, 0) IV (+ , -)
(x , y)
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
(Independent, Dependent)
Figure 1 -Y (Input, Output)
(Domain, Range)
2
Relation: a set of ordered pairs,
x and y. the set of first members,
the x values of the ordered pairs,
is called the domain of the
relation.
The set of second members, the
y values of the ordered pairs, is
called the range of the relation.
3
Function: a relation in which
each element of the domain
is paired with exactly one
element in the range.
Functions can be denoted by
f(x) “ read as f of x” and
y = f(x) 4
Domain: set of all admissible
values of x that make the
function defined under the set of
real numbers.
Range: set of all possible
resulting values of y.
:corresponding values of the
dependent variable y.
5
Chapter 1. Functions
A. Review of Functions from Junior High
➢ The following table shows how relations and functions are the same and
how they are different.

Relations Functions
A relation is a rule A function is a relation
that relates values where each element in
from a set of values the domain is related
(called domain) to a to only one value in
second set of values the range by some
(called the range) rule.

6
 Relations Functions
The elements of the The elements of the
domain can be domain can be
imagined as input imagined as input to
to a machine that a machine that
applies a rule to applies a rule so
these inputs to that each input
generate one or corresponds to only
more outputs. one output.

7
 Relations Functions
A relation A function is a set
of ordered pairs
is also a set (x, y) such that no
of ordered two ordered pairs
have the same x-
pairs (x, y) value but
different y-values.

8
Chapter 1. Functions A. Review of Functions from Junior High

Definition of a Function
A function f is a rule that assigns to each
element x in a set A exactly one element,
called f(x), in a set B.

A function is a rule. To talk about a

function, we need to give it a name.
We will use letters such as f, g, h, . .
. . to represent functions.
9
 A function is a rule that describes how one quantity
depends on another. Many real-world situations follow
precise rules, so they can be modeled by functions. For
example, there is a rule that relates the distance a
skydiver falls to the time he or she has been falling. So
the distance traveled by the skydiver is a function of
time. Knowing this function model allows skydivers to
10
determine when to open their parachute.
Functions All Around Us…
In nearly every physical phenomenon
we observe that one quantity depends
on another. For example, your height
depends on your age, the temperature
depends on the date, the cost of mailing
a package depends on its weight (see
Figure 1). We use the term function to
describe this dependence of one
quantity on another.
11
■ Height is a function of age.

12
■ Temperature is a function of date.

13
■ Cost of mailing a package is a function of
weight.

14
 What REAL
LIFE situations
that Functions
can be apply?
15
In mathematics, a function is originally the
idealization of how a varying quantity
depends on another quantity. ... If the
function is called f, this relation is denoted
y = f (x) (read f of x), the element x is the
argument or input of the function, and y is
the value of the function, the output, or
the image of x by f.

16
 25

Evaluate
f when
x = 25?
5
 A Function f is a rule that
associates with each input a
unique [“exactly one”] output.
If the input is written “x”, then
the output is written “f(x).

18
1. The Function as a machine
Mathematical relations will
represent as machines
with an input and output,
and that the output is
related to the input by
some rule.
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 Machine diagram 1

Input x output f(x)

square &
X add 4 X² + 4
input output

f(x) = x² + 4
Figure
20 1
 Machine diagram 2

Input 3 output f(3)

square &
3 add 4 13
input output

f(3) = 3² + 4 = 13
Figure
21 2
 Machine diagram 3
Input x-2 square & output f(x-2)

x-2 add 4 to x²-3x+6

input input output

f(x-2) = x²-3x+6
Figure
22 3
 Machine diagram 4

Input x+1 square & output f(x+1)

x+1 less (x+1)² - 𝒙 + 𝟏

𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
input output

f(x+1) = (x+1)² - 𝒙 + 𝟏
Figure
23 4
 Machine diagram 5
INPUT: Any
Input a letter from the output f(a)
alphabet
a OUTPUT: If
vowel, 5; if
5
input consonant, 9 output

f(a) = 5
Figure 5
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 Machine diagram 6

Input 2 INPUT: Any whole output f(2)

number from 1- to 10

2 OUTPUT: The input

number multiplied
1.48
by 0.74
input output

f(2) = 1.48 Figure

25
6
2. Functions and relations as a set ordered pairs
The following examples illustrates these concepts:
Example 1. Which of the relations are functions?

(a) f = { (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}

(b) g = { (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)}

(c) h = { (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), . . . ,

(n, 3n), . . .}
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2. Functions and relations as a set ordered pairs
(a) f = { (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
(b) g = { (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), )3, 7)}
(c) h = { (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), . . . . , (n, 3n), . . .}

Solution. The relations f and h are functions

because no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values, while g
is not a function because (1, 3) and (1, 4) are
ordered pairs with the same x-value but
different y-values.
27
3. Functions and relations as a table of values

(a) f = { (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}

x 1 2 3 4
f(x) 2 2 5 5
In example 1(a), (1,2) is an element of f. We can
use the notation f(1)=2. in general, we can use
notation f(x)=y for each ordered pair (x,y) in f.
We can also organize these ordered pair as a
table. The function f in example 1(a) can be
represented by the table of values below.
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4. Functions and relations as mapping diagrams

Relations and functions can be

represented by mapping diagrams
where the elements of the domain
are mapped to the elements of the
range using arrows. In this case, the
relation or function is represented
by the set of all the connections
represented by arrows.
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Example 2. Which of the following
mapping diagrams represent functions?
f h
1 3 11
2 5 g 7 13
5
3 9 2 17
4 17 0
6
7
19
5 33 1 23
8 1
9

Solution. The relations f and g are

functions because each x € X
corresponds to a unique y € Y. 30
 f h
1 3
g
5 11
2 5 0 7 13
3 9 6
7 17
4 17 2
8 1 19
5 33 9 1 23

Solution. The relation h is not a function

because there is at least one element in X for
which there is more than one corresponding
y-value. For example, x=7 corresponds to
y=11 or 13. Similarly, x=2 corresponds to both
y=17 or 19.
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5. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian plane
Recall from Grade 8 that a relation between two sets of
numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane,
and that a function passes the vertical line test (i.e., a vertical
line can be drawn anywhere and intersect the graph in at most
one point).
The Vertical Line Test
A graph represents a function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

If a vertical line x = a intersects a graph twice, say

at (a, b) and at (a, c), then the graph cannot
represent a function because two different y-
values correspond to x=a. 32
Which of the following graphs can
be graphs of functions?

(c)
(a) (b)

Figure 1
(d) (e)

Solution: Graphs (a), (b), (d) are graphs of functions while

(c) and (e) are not because they do not pass the vertical
34
line test.
5. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian plane

TIP: The x-variable is the input variable

and that the value of the y-variable is
computed based on the value of the x-
variable. A relation is a function if for
each x-value that corresponds only one
y-value.

Definition. The domain of a relation as the set of

all possible values that the variable x can take.
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5. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian plane
Example 4. Which of the following
represents a function? Use graphing apps…

a) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅) 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟏
𝟐
𝒃) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝒄) 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟏 e) y=
𝒙−𝟏
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Solution: All are relations. All are
functions except (c). Equation
(c) is not a function because we
can find an x-value that
corresponds to more y-value.
e.g. if x=0, then y can be +1 or -1
𝟐 𝟐
𝒄) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏
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❑ Functions versus Relation
(x , y)
(Independent, Dependent)
Y
(Input, Output) y-axis
Quadrant II Quadrant I
(Domain, Range) A (0, b) B (a, b)
x-axis
coordinates
-X X
D (0, 0) C (a, 0)
origin

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Cartesian plane
38
-Y
❑ Functions each x has ❑ Relations one, some, or
only one y all x’s can have more than
one y
Ex. (1 , 4) (2 , 4) (3 , 6) Ex. (3 , 2) (3 , 1) (7 , 6)
f f
1 3 1 3
2 5 2 5
3 9 3 9
4 17 4 17
5 33 5 33

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Functions as representations of real-life situations

Function can often be used

to model real situations.
Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to
a better understanding of
various phenomena.
40
Example 6. Give a function C
that can represent the cost of
buying x meals, if one meal
costs P40.
Solution. Since each meal costs
P40, then the cost function is

C (x) = 40x
41
Example 7. One hundred meters of
fencing is available to enclose a
rectangular area next to a river
(see figure a). Give a function A that can
represent the area that can be
enclosed, in terms of x.
river
y
Figure a x
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Solution. The area of the rectangular is A = xy. We
will write this as a function of x.
Since only 100 m of fencing is available,
then x + 2y = 100 or river
(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒙) y y
y=
𝟐 x
Figure a
y = 50-0.5x
from area formula of the rectangle A= xy

thus, A(x) = x(50-0.5x)

A(x) = 50x-0.5x²
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 ❑ Piecewise Functions
Some situations can only be more than one
formula, depending on the value of the
independent variable.
A piecewise defined function
is defined by different
formulas on different parts of
its domain.
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 ❑ Piecewise Functions

Piecewise Function – a
function defined by
two or more functions
over a specified
domain. 45
What do they look like?
f(x) = x+1 ,x0
2

x–1 ,x0
You can EVALUATE piecewise
functions.
You can GRAPH piecewise
functions.
 Evaluating Piecewise Functions

Evaluating piecewise
functions is just like
evaluating functions
that you are already
familiar with.
 Let’s calculate f(2).
x2 + 1 , x  0
f(x) = x–1, x0
You are being asked to find y
when x = 2. Since 2 is  0, you
will only substitute into the
second part of the function.

f(2) = 2 – 1 = 1
 Let’s calculate f(-2).

f(x) =
2,x0
x +1
x–1 ,x0
You are being asked to find y
when x = -2. Since -2 is  0, you
will only substitute into the
first part of the function.
f(-2) =(-2) + 1 = 5
2
 Graphing Piecewise Functions:
x2 + 1 , x  0
f(x) = x–1 , x0

Determine the shapes of the graphs.

Parabola and Line
Determine the boundaries of each graph.
• •
Graph the line
where
parabolax iswhere x •
• • •
greater thanzero.
is less than
equal to zero.
or

• •
•
•
•
•
Graphing Piecewise Functions
3x + 2 , x  -2 How

f(x) = -x , -2  x  1
to
read?

x2 – 2 ,x1

Determine the shapes of the graphs.

Line, Line, Parabola •

•
•
• • •
Determine the •
boundaries of •
•  •
each graph. • •
•

•
❑ Piecewise Functions
Application in real life
situations.

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 Piecewise Functions: real life applications
A user is charged P300
Example 8.
monthly for a particular mobile
plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Message in excess of 100
are charged P1 each. Represent the
amount a consumer pays each
month as function of the number of
message m sent in a month.
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Example: A user is charged P300 monthly for a
particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free
text messages. Message in excess of 100 are
charged P1 each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as function of the
number of message m sent in a month.
Solution. Let t(m) represent the amount paid
by the consumer each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function
300 ,if 0 < m ≤ 100
t(m) =
300 + m ,if m > 100
54
Example 9. A
jeepney ride costs
P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers,
and each additional integer
kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare.
Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in
terms of the distance d in
kilometers.
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Example 9. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers,
and each additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use
a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of
the distance d in kilometers.

Solution. The input value is distance, and

the output is the cost of jeepney fare. If
F(d) represents the fare as a function of
distance, the function can be represented
as follows:
8 if 0 < d ≤4
F(d) =
8 + 1.5 d if d > 4
56
A videoke machine can be rented for
P1,000 for three days, but for the
fourth day onwards, an additional
cost of P400 per day is added.
Represent the cost of renting a
videoke machine as a piecewise
function of the number of days it is
rented and plot its graph.
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A videoke machine can be rented for P1,000 for three
days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost
of P400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting a
videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number
of days it is rented and plot its graph.

Solution:
Let x be the number of days
1000 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
f(x) =
1000 + 400 (x-3 ) if x > 3

58
A courier company charges ₱100
per package weighing 2 kg or
less. They charge ₱15 for each
additional kilogram or fraction of
a kilogram up to 5 kg. Write a
piecewise function that gives the
cost C for shipping a package
weighing k kilograms.
59
A courier company charges ₱100 per package
weighing 2 kg or less. They charge ₱15 for each
additional kilogram or fraction of a kilogram up
to 5 kg. Write a piecewise function that gives the
cost C for shipping a package weighing k
kilograms.
100 if 0 < k ≤ 2
115 if 2 < k ≤ 3
C(k) = 130 if 3 < k ≤ 4
145 60
if 4 < k ≤ 5
The given problem involved certain pieces of input
use of one formula to figure the output; other
pieces use another. It shows a sequence of
interval. It is called a piecewise function. The
function consists of a set of different intervals of x
to define y. Thus, the function that gives the cost C
of a package is as follows:
100 if 0 < k ≤ 2
115 if 2 < k ≤ 3
C=
130 if 3 < k ≤ 4
145 if 4 < k ≤ 5
61
A truck driver earns $21.00 per hour
for the first 40 hours worked in one
week. The driver earns time-and-a-
half, or $31.50, for each hour
worked in excess of 40. the pair of
function rules below represent the
drivers wage, w(h), as a function of
the hours worked in one week, h.
62
A truck driver earns $21.00 per hour for the first
40 hours worked in one week. The driver earns
time-and-a-half, or $31.50, for each hour worked
in excess of 40. the pair of function rules below
represent the drivers wage, w(h), as a function of
the hours worked in one week, h.

21h if 0 < h ≤ 40
w(h) =
31.5(h - 40)+840 if h> 40
63
❖ Activity No. 1: Applications of functions
Note: Individual work to evaluate learner mastery of the topics.

Activity 1. The cost of hiring a catering

service to serve food for a party is P150
per head for 20 persons or less, P130
per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110
per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100
or more persons, the cost is at P100 per
head. Represent the total cost as a
piecewise function of the number of
attendees of the party. 64
Activity 1. The cost of hiring a catering service to serve
food for a party is P150 per head for 20 persons or less,
P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110 per head for
51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is at
P100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piecewise
function of the number of attendees of the party.

Solution: 150x ,if 0 ≤ x ≤ 20

130x ,if 21 ≤ x ≤ 50
f(x) = 110x ,if 51 ≤ x ≤ 100
100x ,if x > 100
65
 ❖ Activity No. 1: Applications of functions
Note: Individual work to evaluate learner mastery of the topics.

Activity 2. The fee for hiring a guide to

explore a cave is P700. A guide can only
take care of a maximum of 4 persons,
and additional guides can be hired as
needed. Represent the cost of hiring
guides as a function of tourist who
wish to explore the cave and plot its
graph
66
 ❖ Activity No. 1: Applications of functions
Time Frame: 12 minutes
Note: Individual work to evaluate learner mastery of the topics.

Activity 2. The fee for hiring a guide to explore a

cave is P700. A guide can only take care of a
maximum of 4 persons, and additional guides
can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of
hiring guides as a function of tourist who wish to
explore the cave and plot its graph
Solution:

f(x) =
x
700 | | , x ∈ℕ
4 67
 ∈ (mathematics) means that it is an
element in the set of… For
eg...x ∈ ℕ denotes that x is within the set
of natural numbers. The relation "is
an element of", also called set
membership, is denoted by the symbol
"∈"
ℕ - natural number
the positive integers (whole numbers) 1, 2, 3,
etc., and sometimes zero as well.
68
A cell phone plan costs $39 a month. The
plan includes 2 gigabytes (GB) of free data
and charges $15 per gigabyte for any
additional data used. The monthly charges
are a function of the number of gigabytes of
data used, given by
39 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
C(x) =
39 + 15(x-2) if x > 2

Find C(0.5), C(2) , and C(4) .

69
 ❖ Long Quiz No. 1: Functions and their Graphs
Time Frame: 5 minutes
Date: June 28, 2020
Solution:
39 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
C(x)=
39 + 15(x-2) if x > 2

Find C(0.5), C(2) , and C(4) .

Since 0.5 ≤ 2, we have C(0.5) = 39
Since 2 = 2, we have C(2) = 39
Since 4 >2, we have C(4) = 39 + 15(4 – 2)= 69
❖ Thus the plan charges $39 for 0.5 GB, $39 for 2 GB,
and $69 for 4 GB.

70
A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00
per piece. However, if you buy
more than 10 pieces, they will be
marked down to a price of P32.00
per piece. Use a piecewise function
to represent the cost in terms of
the number of chocolate bars
bought. 71
A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece.
However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they
will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per
piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the
cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars
bought.
Solution: Let n=no. of chocolate
35n , if 0 ∠ n ≤ 10
f(n)=
32n , if n > 10
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❑A function f is a rule that assigns to each
element x in a set A exactly one element, called
f(x), in a set B.

❑ A relation is a rule that relates values from

a set of values (called domain) to a second
set of values (called the range)

73