Structure 1

Models of the
particulate
nature of matter
Structure 1.4
Counting particles by mass: The mole
Source: expii.com

How do we quantify matter on the atomic scale?

S1.4.1 The mole and Avogadro constant
Learning outcomes
• Explain the use of the term mole to represent the amount of
elementary entities, which includes atoms, molecules and formula
units.
• Calculate amounts of substance n (given in moles) to the total
number of specified elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions and
electrons).
Understandings:
• The mole (mol) is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole
contains exactly the number of elementary entities given by the
Avogadro constant.
S1.4.1 The mole and Avogadro constant
Apply the mole concept to substances.

The mole concept applies to all kinds of elementary entities: atoms,

molecules, ions, electrons, formula units, and so on.

The amount of substance is measured in moles (mol).

The approximate value of Avogadro’s constant (NA) = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1.

(Chemistry Data Booklet section 2)
NOS
Measurement
The Avogadro constant is a very large number. But it is a good example
of a great tool that science has developed to help us measure matter at
the atomic scale.

How big is a mole?

TOK
The magnitude of the Avogadro constant of 6.02 × 1023 is well beyond
the scale of quantities of objects in our daily lives. Even the number of
stars in the Milky Way galaxy is estimated to be only 100–400 billion
stars.
To what extent does our ability to comprehend this magnitude limit our
understanding of the quantity of elementary entities in 1 mole?
S1.4.1 The mole and Avogadro constant
Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in
moles).

Depends on the particle (elementary entity)

asked:
1 mol of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
1 mol of molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
etc.
S1.4.1 The mole and Avogadro constant

n= N
NA

n = number of moles
N = number of particles
NA = Avogadro’s constant Source: stock.adobe.com
Intermezzo: significant figures
• All nonzero digits are significant.

• All zeros that are found between nonzero digits are significant.

• Leading zeros (to the left of the first nonzero digit) are not significant.

• Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal place are significant.

Intermezzo: significant figures
State the results of calculations to the appropriate number of
significant figures.
• Depends upon the significant figures of given data.
• In addition and subtraction, the final result should be reported to the
same number of decimal places as the number with the least number
of decimal places.
• In multiplication and division, the final result should be reported as
having the same number of significant figures as the number with
the least number of significant figures.

➢Do q. 1 and 2 Questions SF

➢See worked examples 1 → 4 in S.1.4.1

➢Do q. 1, 2, 3 file Avogadro’s constant and moles

➢Do the 5 section questions at the end of S1.4.1
Question
What is the total number of atoms in 0.50 mol
of 1,4-diaminobenzene, H2NC6H4NH2 ?
S1.4.2
Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass
Learning outcomes
• Explain that all atoms have a mass that is called relative atomic mass
(Ar) and is measured in comparison to the carbon-12 isotope.
• Determine the relative formula masses (Mr) from relative atomic
masses (Ar) using the periodic table.
Understandings
Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C and are
expressed as relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative formula mass (Mr) .
Concept
The current definition of the mole was announced in 2018 and is
recommended by the IUPAC.
The mole was previously defined as the amount of substance
containing the same number of particles as the number of atoms
contained in exactly 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12.
Of S1.4.2
➢do interactive 1
➢do worked examples 1 → 4
➢do interactive 2
➢do section questions
S1.4.2
Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass

• atomic/molar mass: g.mol-1

• relative mass: no unit
• Note: The mass of electrons can be neglected
• Section 7 Chemistry Data Booklet
• 2 decimal places!

➢Do q. 4, 5, 6 file Avogadro’s constant and moles

S1.4.3 Molar mass
Learning outcomes
Apply the concepts of the mole and Avogadro’s constant, and the
definition of molar mass (M), to solve problems involving the
relationships between number of particles, amount of substance in
moles and mass in grams.
Understandings
Molar mass (M) has the units g mol–1.
S1.4.3 Molar mass
Solve problems involving the relationship between the amount of
substance in moles, mass and molar mass.

n = m (Data Booklet
M section 1)

n = amount of substance (mol)

m = mass (g)
Source: stock.adobe.com
M = molar mass (g.mol-1)
S1.4.3 Molar mass
Question
How many molecules can be found in 180.18 g of CH3COOH?

And how many C-atoms?

➢Do q. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 file Avogadro’s constant and moles
➢Do the 5 section questions at the end of S1.4.3
S1.4.4
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Learning outcomes
• Interconvert the percentage composition by mass and the empirical
formula of a compound.
• Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical
formula and molar mass.
Understandings
The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest ratio of atoms
of each element present in that compound. The molecular formula
gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a
molecule.
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Calculate percentage composition by mass.

See worked examples 1 (H2O) and 2 (H2SO4) S1.4.4.

Check:
• NaOH
• (NH4)2S
S1.4.4
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular
formula.
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Determine the empirical formula from the percentage
composition or from other experimental data.

Example question (Worked example 4):

A compound was collected and analysed to contain 25.94%
nitrogen and the rest being oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of the nitrogen oxide that is
being formed.
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Determine the empirical formula from the percentage
composition or from other experimental data.

• Determine mass of element in grams.

• Determine moles of element by dividing the grams by the
atomic mass (can be found in the periodic table).
• Divide each amount of moles by the smallest number of
moles.
• Multiply the numbers found with a factor to get the simplest
whole number ratio.
 Empirical formula and molecular formula
Determine the molecular formula when given both the empirical formula and
experimental data.

Relative molecular mass must be given.

Example question (Worked example 5):

Empirical formula = AlCl3
The relative formula mass of the compound, Mr, is 267. Use this value to calculate
the molecular formula of the compound.

➢Do q. 1, 2 and 3 in file Questions empirical formula.

➢Do 5 section questions at the end of S1.4.4
Empirical formula and molecular formula
Example of an experiment to determine the empirical
formula of magnesium oxide:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuFqtxZJRvM
Intermezzo: IA
Accuracy:
Refers to how close a measured or processed value is to the true value.

Precision:
Precise values are close to each other.
Challenging question:
5.6 g of a pure hydrocarbon forms 17.6 g of carbon
dioxide and 7.20 g of water when it undergoes
complete combustion.
Determine its empirical formula.
S1.4.5 Molar concentration
Learning outcomes
• Describe solutions qualitatively as dilute and concentrated.
• Solve problems involving molar concentration, amount of solute and
volume of solution.
• Identify laboratory equipment required to accurately prepare a
solution of known concentration.
Understandings
The molar concentration is determined by the amount of solute and
the volume of solution.
Molar concentration

Source: chem.libretext.org
Molar concentration
Mass concentration:

Unit: g.dm-3
Worked examples 1 and 2 S1.4.5a Source: quizlet.com

➢Do q. 1 in Worksheet concentrations

Molar concentration
Molar concentration (molarity):

concentration = moles c=n n = c x V (Data booklet

volume V section 1)

Unit: mol.dm-3

Source: stock.adobe.com
Molar concentration
one molar solution (1 M solution): 1 mol.dm-3

[HCl] = 1 mol.dm-3

1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

Worked examples 3, 4 and 5 S1.4.5a

➢Do q. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in Worksheet concentrations
S1.4.6 Avogadro’s law of combining volumes
Learning outcomes
• Describe the factors that affect the number of particles of gas in a
sealed container.
• State Avogadro’s law that there are equal volumes of all gases at
constant temperature and pressure conditions.
• Solve problems using the mole ratio for gaseous reactants and
products in reaction equations.
Understandings
Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases measured under
the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules.
Avogadro’s law of combining volumes
Apply Avagadro’s law to calculate reacting volumes of gases.

Equal volumes of gases, measured at the same temperature and

pressure, contain the same number of molecules.

If the number of molecules of a mass of gas is doubled, then the

volume(at constant temperature and pressure) of the gas is doubled.
Intermezzo: Balancing equations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDVswHfZJzY

➢Do the question in the Worksheet balancing equations

Intermezzo: Mole ratios
Identify the mole ratio of any two species in a chemical equation.

Mole Ratio = coefficient asked substance

coefficient known substance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42Mk1B2u0hk
Question:
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
200 cm3 ? cm3

mole ratio = 5/1

200 x 5/1 = 1000 cm3

Note that Avogadro’s law only applies to gases. Since liquid water is
formed you cannot make a statement about its volume!
Question:
2 C4H10 (g) + 13 O2 (g) → 8 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (l)
0.500 dm3 ? dm3

0.500 x 8/2 = 2.00 dm3

➢Do the section questions at the end of S1.4.6