Business Application Programming

Introduction:
C is a general-purpose programming language that is extremely popular, simple
and flexible. It is machine-independent, structured programming language which is used
extensively in various applications.
C was the basic language to write everything from operating systems (Windows and
many others) to complex programs like the Oracle database, Git, Python interpreter and
more.
It is said that 'C' is a god's programming language. One can say, C is a base for the
programming. If you know 'C,' you can easily grasp the knowledge of the other
programming languages that uses the concept of 'C'
It is essential to have a background in computer memory mechanisms because it is an
important aspect when dealing with the C programming language.
History of C language
 1. 1960 - ALGOL - Developed by International Group
2. 1967 - BCPL - Developed by Martin Richards
3. 1970 - B - Developed by Ken Thompson
4. 1972 - C - Developed by Dennis M. Ritchie
5. 1978 - K&R C - Developed by Brian w. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie
6. 1989 - ANSI C - Developed by ANSI Committee
7. 1990 - ANSI/ISO C - Standardaized by ISO

Languages such as C++/Java are developed from 'C'. These languages are widely used
in various technologies. Thus, 'C' forms a base for many other languages that are
currently in use.
The C programming language is developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell
Laboratories in 1972. It is named C because many features of C were derived from an
earlier language called B.
The history of C language goes back to 1960’s, when a number of computer
languages were being used for various purposes. COBOL (Common Business-Oriented
Language) was being used for commercial purposes, FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
was being used for scientific and engineering applications and so on.
Most of the modern languages including ANSI (American National Standards
Institute)/ISO (International Organization for Standardization) C are derived from the
algorithmic language called ALGOL which was developed by international group and
introduced in 1960’s.
Martin Richards in 1967 developed programming language called BCPL (Basic
Combined Programming Language) which was derived from ALGOL. Similarly,
BCPL influenced development of programming language called B by Ken
Thompson in 1970.
In 1972, Dennis Ritchie introduced “Traditional C” and it was confined to use
within Bell Laboratories until 1978.
 In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie published a book called “The C
Programming Language”. The book was so popular and the use of C started spreading. C
Language at that time is commonly referred to as “K&R C”.
In 1983, the American National Standards Institute formed a committee to produce a
C programming language standard. This “ANSI C” was completed in 1988, and was
approved in 1989. It was then approved by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1990.

Importance of C Programming
C programming language has following importances:
1. C is robust language and has rich set of built-in functions, data types and
operators which can be used to write any complex program.
2. Program written in C are efficient due to availability of several data types and
operators.
3. C has the capabilities of an assembly language (low level features) with the feature
of high level language so it is well suited for writing both system software and
application software.
4. C is highly portable language i.e. code written in one machine can be moved to
other which is very important and powerful feature.
5. C supports low level features like bit level programming and direct access to
memory using pointer which is very useful for managing resource efficiently.
6. C has high level constructs and it is more user friendly as its syntaxes approaches
to English like language.

Basic Structure of C Program

Here you will learn about basic structure of C program.
Any C program is consists of 6 main sections. Below you will find brief explanation of
each of them.

Basic Structure of C Program

Documentation Section
This section consists of comment lines which include the name of programmer, the
author and other details like time and date of writing the program. Documentation section
helps anyone to get an overview of the program.

Link Section
The link section consists of the header files of the functions that are used in the program.
It provides instructions to the compiler to link functions from the system library.

Definition Section
All the symbolic constants are written in definition section. Macros are known as
symbolic constants.

Global Declaration Section

The global variables that can be used anywhere in the program are declared in global
declaration section. This section also declares the user defined functions.

main() Function Section

It is necessary have one main() function section in every C program. This section
contains two parts, declaration and executable part. The declaration part declares all the
variables that are used in executable part. These two parts must be written in between the
opening and closing braces. Each statement in the declaration and executable part must
end with a semicolon (;). The execution of program starts at opening braces and ends at
closing braces.

Subprogram Section
The subprogram section contains all the user defined functions that are used to perform a
specific task. These user defined functions are called in the main() function.

Variable, Data types, Constants

Variable
A variable is an identifier which is used to store some value. Constants can never
change at the time of execution. Variables can change during the execution of a program
and update the value stored inside it.
A single variable can be used at multiple locations in a program. A variable name must
be meaningful. It should represent the purpose of the variable.
Example: Height, age, are the meaningful variables that represent the purpose it is being
used for. Height variable can be used to store a height value. Age variable can be used to
store the age of a person
A variable must be declared first before it is used somewhere inside the program. A
variable name is formed using characters, digits and an underscore.
Following are the rules that must be followed while creating a variable:
1. A variable name should consist of only characters, digits and an underscore.
2. A variable name should not begin with a number.
3. A variable name should not consist of whitespace.
4. A variable name should not consist of a keyword.
5. 'C' is a case sensitive language that means a variable named 'age' and 'AGE' are
different.

Following are the examples of valid variable names in a 'C' program:

height or HEIGHT
_height
_height1
My_name
Following are the examples of invalid variable names in a 'C' program:
1height
Hei$ght
My name
For example, we declare an integer variable my_variable and assign it the value 48:
int my_variable;
my_variable = 48;
By the way, we can both declare and initialize (assign an initial value) a variable in a
single statement:
int my_variable = 48;
Data types
' C' provides various data types to make it easy for a programmer to select a suitable
data type as per the requirements of an application. Following are the three data types:
 1. Primitive data types
2. Derived data types
3. User-defined data types
There are five primary fundamental data types,
1. int for integer data
2. char for character data
3. float for floating point numbers
4. double for double precision floating point numbers
5. void
Array, functions, pointers, structures are derived data types. 'C' language provides more
extended versions of the above mentioned primary data types. Each data type differs from
one another in size and range. Following table displays the size and range of each data
type.
Data type Size in bytes Range
Char or signed char 1 -128 to 127
Unsigned char 1 0 to 255
int or signed int 2 -32768 to 32767
Unsigned int 2 0 to 65535
Short int or Unsigned short int 2 0 to 255
Signed short int 2 -128 to 127
Long int or Signed long int 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647
Unsigned long int 4 0 to 4294967295
float 4 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
Long double 10 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932
Note: In C, there is no Boolean data type.
Integer data type
Integer is nothing but a whole number. The range for an integer data type varies
from machine to machine. The standard range for an integer data type is -32768 to 32767.
An integer typically is of 2 bytes which means it consumes a total of 16 bits in memory.
A single integer value takes 2 bytes of memory. An integer data type is further divided
into other data types such as short int, int, and long int.
Each data type differs in range even though it belongs to the integer data type family. The
size may not change for each data type of integer family.
The short int is mostly used for storing small numbers, int is used for storing averagely
sized integer values, and long int is used for storing large integer values.
Whenever we want to use an integer data type, we have place int before the identifier
such as, int age; Here, age is a variable of an integer data type which can be used to store
integer values.
Floating point data type
Like integers, in 'C' program we can also make use of floating point data types.
The 'float' keyword is used to represent the floating point data type. It can hold a floating
point value which means a number is having a fraction and a decimal part. A floating
point value is a real number that contains a decimal point. Integer data type doesn't store
the decimal part hence we can use floats to store decimal part of a value.
Generally, a float can hold up to 6 precision values. If the float is not sufficient, then we
can make use of other data types that can hold large floating point values. The data type
double and long double are used to store real numbers with precision up to 14 and 80 bits
respectively.
While using a floating point number a keyword float/double/long double must be placed
before an identifier. The valid examples are,
float division;
double BankBalance;
Character data type
Character data types are used to store a single character value enclosed in single quotes.
A character data type takes up-to 1 byte of memory space.
Example,
Char letter;
Void data type
A void data type doesn't contain or return any value. It is mostly used for defining
functions in 'C'.
Example,
void displayData()
Type declaration of a variable
int main() {
int x, y;
float salary = 13.48;
char letter = 'K';
x = 25;
y = 34;
int z = x+y;
printf("%d \n", z);
printf("%f \n", salary);
printf("%c \n", letter);
return 0;}
Output:
59
13.480000
K
We can declare multiple variables with the same data type on a single line by separating
them with a comma. Also, notice the use of format specifiers in printf output function
float (%f) and char (%c) and int (%d).
Constants
Constants are the fixed values that never change during the execution of a
program. Following are the various types of constants:
Integer constants
An integer constant is nothing but a value consisting of digits or numbers. These values
never change during the execution of a program. Integer constants can be octal, decimal
and hexadecimal.
1. Decimal constant contains digits from 0-9 such as,
Example, 111, 1234
Above are the valid decimal constants.
2. Octal constant contains digits from 0-7, and these types of constants are always
preceded by 0.
Example, 012, 065
Above are the valid decimal constants.
3. Hexadecimal constant contains a digit from 0-9 as well as characters from A-F.
Hexadecimal constants are always preceded by 0X.
Example, 0X2, 0Xbcd
Above are the valid hexadecimal constants.
The octal and hexadecimal integer constants are very rarely used in programming with
'C'.
Character constants
A character constant contains only a single character enclosed within a single quote ('').
We can also represent character constant by providing ASCII value of it.
Example, 'A', '9'
Above are the examples of valid character constants.
String constants
A string constant contains a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes ("").
Example, "Hello", "Programming"
These are the examples of valid string constants.
Real Constants
Like integer constants that always contains an integer value. 'C' also provides real
constants that contain a decimal point or a fraction value. The real constants are also
called as floating point constants. The real constant contains a decimal point and a
fractional value.
Example, 202.15, 300.00
These are the valid real constants in 'C'.
A real constant can also be written as,
Mantissa e Exponent
For example, to declare a value that does not change like the classic circle constant PI,
there are two ways to declare this constant
1. By using the const keyword in a variable declaration which will reserve a storage
memory
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
const double PI = 3.14;
printf("%f", PI);
//PI++; // This will generate an error as constants cannot be changed
return 0;}
2. By using the #define pre-processor directive which doesn't use memory for
storage and without putting a semicolon character at the end of that statement
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14
int main() {
printf("%f", PI);
return 0;}
Object-Oriented Programming

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

 Procedural programming is about writing procedures or functions that perform
operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects
that contain both data and functions. ...
OOP provides a clear structure for the programs.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming language model that
revolves around objects and not actions.
Historically, it was viewed as a procedure that takes input, processes the data and
gives output.
Web developers across the world learn Object-Oriented Programming with
Python to achieve many goals.

Some features of OOP

- Emphasis on data rather than procedure
- Programs are divided into entities known as objects
- Data Structures are designed such that they characterize objects
- Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in data structures
- Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions
- Objects communicate with each other through functions
- New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary
- Follows bottom up design in program design

Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

Abstraction
It is the process of picking out (abstracting) similar characteristics of procedures and
objects.
Class
It means categorizing objects. A class defines all the common traits of the numerous
objects that fall under it.
Encapsulation
It is defined as wrapping the data under a single, consolidated unit. In OOP, it is defined
as binding data with a function that manipulates it.
Inheritance
It is defined as the ability of one class to derive its characteristics from another class.
Interface
It comprises the languages and the codes used by various applications to communicate
with each other.
Object
It is an entity that is self-contained. It consists of data as well as procedures.
Polymorphism
It refers to a programming language’s ability to process objects uniquely according to
their data type and/or class.
Procedure
It is a part of a program performing a specific task.
Message Passing
It is a form of communication that is used in parallel programming and OOP.

Advantages of OOP

Re-usability:
“Write once and use it multiple times” you can achieve this by using class.

Redundancy:
Inheritance is the good feature for data redundancy. If you need a same functionality in
multiple class you can write a common class for the same functionality and inherit that
class to sub class.

Easy Maintenance:
It is easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small
differences to existing ones.

Security:
Using data hiding and abstraction only necessary data will be provided thus maintains the
security of data.

Disadvantages of OOP

Size:
Object Oriented Programs are much larger than other programs.
Effort:
Object Oriented Programs require a lot of work to create.

Speed:
Object Oriented Programs are slower than other programs, because of their size.

Advantages of OOP
1. Re-usability
2. Data Redundancy
3. Code Maintenance
4. Security
5. Design Benefits
6. Better productivity
7. Easy troubleshooting
8. Polymorphism Flexibility
9. Problems solving

Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based upon
objects (having both data and methods) that aims to incorporate the advantages of
modularity and reusability. Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to
interact with one another to design applications and computer programs.
The important features of object–oriented programming are −

• Bottom–up approach in program design

• Programs organized around objects, grouped in classes
• Focus on data with methods to operate upon object’s data
• Interaction between objects through functions
• Reusability of design through creation of new classes by adding features to
existing classes
Some examples of object-oriented programming languages are C++, Java, Smalltalk,
Delphi, C#, Perl, Python, Ruby, and PHP.
 Grady Booch has defined object–oriented programming as “a method of
implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects,
each of which represents an instance of some class, and whose classes are all
members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationships”.

Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm

• The major motivating factor in the invention of object-oriented approch is to

remove some of the flaws encountered in the procedural approch.
• OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development and does not
allow it to flow freely around the systems.
• It ties data more closely to the functions that operate on it, and protects it from
accidental modification from outside functions.
• OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called objects
and then builds data and functions around these objects.
• The data of an object can be accessed only by the function associated with that
object.
• However, functions of one object can access the the functions of other objects.

Some of the striking features of object-oriented programming are

• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

• Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
• Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• Follows bottom-up approch in program design.

Applications of Object Oriented Programming

Main application areas of OOP are:

 • User interface design such as windows, menu.
• Real Time Systems
• Simulation and Modeling
• Object oriented databases
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation systems etc.

Benefits of OOP

• It is easy to model a real system as real objects are represented by programming

objects in OOP.
• The objects are processed by their member data and functions.
• It is easy to analyze the user requirements.
• With the help of inheritance, we can reuse the existing class to derive a new class.
This saves time and cost of program.
• In OOP, data can be made private to a class such that only member functions of
the class can access the data.
• This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build a secure program .
• With the help of polymorphism, the same function or same operator can be used
for different purposes. This helps to manage software complexity easily.
• Large problems can be reduced to smaller and more manageable problems.
• It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
• It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any
interference i.e. each object has its own separate member data and function.

Structure of C++ program

Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by writing a program.
Therefore, here is our first program:

Syntax:

#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
 .........;
return 0;
}

Example:

#include<iostream.h>
//main() is where program execution begins.
int main()
{
cout << "This is my first C++ Program!";
return 0;
}

Output:
Command Prompt

This is my first C++ Program!

1. The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is
either necessary or useful to your program. For this
program, #include<iostream.h> header is needed. this header file is included for
Standard I/O (input output) function.
2. The next line //main() is where program execution begins. is a single-line
comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end
of the line.
3. The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.
4. The next line cout << "This is my first C++ program!"; causes the message
"This is my first C++ program" to be displayed on the screen.
5. The next line return 0; terminates main() function and causes it to return the value
0 to the calling process.
Applications of C++

1. C++ is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers in essentially every

application domain.
2. C++ is being highly used to write device drivers and other softwares that rely on
direct manipulation of hardware under realtime constraints.
3. C++ is widely used for teaching and research because it is clean enough for
successful teaching of basic concepts.
4. Anyone who has used either an Apple Macintosh or a PC running Windows has
indirectly used C++ because the primary user interfaces of these systems are
written in C++.
5. C++ is used to create computer programs! Anything from art applications, music
players and even video games.
PPT CONSTRUCTOR and DESTRUCTOR
 Question Bank

1. The first computer language to use a block structure was ALGOL.

2. C programming is a procedure-oriented language.
3. A Function is a subroutine that may include one or more statement.
4. The Document section consists of a set of comment line giving the name of
the program, author and other details.
5. The Definition Section defines all symbolic constants.
6. The Link section provides instruction to the compiler to link function from
the system library.
7. An Octal integer constant consists of any combination of digits from the set
0 through 7, with a leading 0.
8. Single Character Constant contains one character within a pair of single
quote marks.
9. ‘\t’ constant is used to create horizontal tab.

10. 32 Keyword are used in C programming.

11. Floating point number is stored in 32 bits.
12. Double data type number uses 64 bits.
13.Void data type has no return type values.
14.Variableis a data name that may be used to store a data value.
15.Globalvariables are used in more than one function.
16.The Declaration part declares all the variables used in the executable part.
17. The Closing Brace of the main function section is the logical end of the
program.
18. The structure and unions are referred as user defined data type.
19.The subprogram section contains all the user defined function that is called
in main function.
20. Array and function are referred as deriveddata type.

1. A built in multiway decision statement used in C language is known as

Switch.
2. The body of the loop is executed at least once when do..while statement is
used.
3. Break statement at the end of each block signal the end of a particular case
and causes an exit from the switch statement.
4. The While statement is an Entry-Controlled Loop statement.
5. The Do..While statement is an Exit controlled loop statement.
6. Go to statement helps to branch unconditionally from one point to another
point in the program.
7. If Statement is basically a two-way decision statement.
8. Array is a collection of similar data type in which each element is located
in special memory allocation.
9. Single variable name with single subscript value is called One-dimensional
array.
10 The array that forms more than three dimensions is called Multi-
dimensional array.
11 A String is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item.
12 Double Quotation is used to define group of characters.
13 In array individual value is referred as element.
14 The header file that contains many string manipulation functions is
<string.h>
15 strcat() function is used to concatenates two strings.
16 Strcmp() function is used to compare two strings.
17 Strcpy() function is used to copy one string over another.
18 Strlen()function is used to find the length of a string.
19 The header file used for standard I/O functions is<stdio.h>.
20 Strings cannot be manipulated with operators.
1. Objects are the basic run-time entities an object-oriented system.
2. Class is a collection of object.
3. The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit is called
Encapsulation.
4. The act of representing essential features without including the background
details is referred as Data Abstraction.
5. Attributes are sometimes called Data Member.
6. Data are sometimes called Member Function.
7. Inheritance provides the idea of Reusability.
8. New classes derived from old classes are called Inheritance.
9. A single function name to perform different types of tasks is known as
Function Overloading.
10.Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing inheritance.
11.Message Passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of
the function and the information to be sent.
12.Encapsulation and object identity primarily supports Object-Based
programming.
13.<string.h>header file is used to string processing function.
14.<iostream.h>header file is used for standard input and standard output
function.
15.The <<operator is called insertion or put to operator.
16.The>>operator is called extraction or get from operator.
17.The smallest individual units in a program are called Tokens.
18.The declared keyword can’t be used as a Variable Name.
19.A Constant refers to fixed values that do not change during the execution of
a program.
20.Fundamental data types are used to support all Built-In data type.
1 ::operator refers to scope resolution operator.
2 ::*operator refers to pointer-to- member declarator.
3 ->* operator refers to pointer-to- member operator.
4 Endl operator refers to line feed operator.
5 New operator refers to memory release operator.
6 Setw operator refers to field width operator.
7 Delete operator refers to memory release operator.
8 Manipulators operators are used to format the data display.
9 Relational Expression is known as Boolean expression.
10 Logical expression combines two or more relational expression.
11 Bitwise expressions are used to manipulate data at bit level.
12 Called function creates a new set of variables and copies the values of
arguments.
13 Function prototype is a declaration statement in calling program.
14 Char data type holds the values in one bytes.
15 Int data type holds the values in two bytes.
16 Float data type holds the values in four bytes.
17 A minus operator when used as a unary, take just one operand.
18 The friend function will have only one argument for unary operators.
19 The friend function will have two arguments for binary operators.
A structure is a convenient tool for handling a group of logically related
data items.
1. A constructor is a ‘special’ member function whose task is to initialize the
objects of its class.
2. The constructor name is the same as the class name.
3. The constructors that can take arguments are called parameterized
constructors.
4. The constructor functions should be declared in the public section
5. A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another
object.
6. The constructor is used to allocate memory while creating objects.
7. A destructor is used to destroy the objects.
8. A destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value.
9. A derived class with only one base class is called single inheritance.
10.A derived class with several base classes is called multiple inheritance .
11.The mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is known as
multilevel inheritance.
12.The combination of multilevel and multiple inheritance is called hybrid
inheritance.
13.The old class is referred as the base class.
14.The new class is referred as the derived class.
15.The virtual function has destructor.
16.A file is a collection of related data stored in a particular area on the disk.
17.The filename is used to initialize the file stream object.
18.The if stream provides support for input operations.
19.The of stream provides support for output operations.
20.The end-of-file condition is necessary for preventing any further attempt to
read data from the file.