2.

2 pg1
2.2 ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS: GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

• A LIBRARY OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

• VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS
• REFLECTIONS, STRETCHES, AND SHRINKS
• PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• APPLICATIONS
A LIBRARY OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
Identity function Quadratic function Absolute value function Square root function
2
f ( x) = x 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = | 𝑥𝑥 | 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥

Cubic function Cube root function

3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥

EXTRAS:__________________________________________________________________________________
Quartic Function Reciprocal Reciprocal Squared Exponential Logarithmic
1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log 2 𝑥𝑥
 2.2 pg2
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS
When a new function is formed by performing an operation on a given function, the graph of the new function

is called a ____________________________________ of the graph of the original function.

Vertical transformation  The graph of y = f(x) + k shifts f(x) k units up/down EX: g (=
x) x +4

Horizontal transformation  The graph of y = f(x - h) shifts f(x) h units left/right EX: g ( =
x) x+4

Example 1 Use the graph of f(x) = |x| to graph:

( x) f ( x) − 3
a) g= b) g (=
x) f ( x − 3) c) h( x)= f ( x + 2) + 1

g ( x=
) x −3 g ( x)= x −3 h( x ) = x + 2 + 1

Example 2
Consider the following graph of f ( x) . a) Graph y= f ( x − 2) − 3 b) Graph
= y f ( x) + 2.5

Example 3
The following graph is the result of applying a sequence of transformation to
the graph of one of the six basic functions. Identify the function and describe
the transformation verbally, then write an equation for the given graph.
 2.2 pg3
STRETCHES, SHRINKS, AND REFLECTIONS
The graph of y= A ⋅ f ( x) can be obtained from the graph of f ( x) by multiplying each y-value by A and
graphing the new points obtained. The x-values are not affected and don’t change.
*** A > 1 is a vertical stretch *** 0 < A < 1 , is a vertical shrink *** A < 0 , a reflection over the x-axis ***

Example 4 : Consider the graph of f ( x) = x 2 .

1
y = − f ( x) y = 3 f ( x) y=f ( x)
a) Graph b) Graph c) Graph 3
y = − x2 y = 3x 2 1
y = x2
3

ACTIVITY1:

a) The graph of a function 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is formed by reflecting the graph of f ( x) = 3 x in

the x-axis, stretching by 2, shifting 3 units to the left and then down 2 units. Find
a formula for 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) and graph it.

1
− ( x − 1) − 2
2
b) n( x) = c) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2√𝑥𝑥 − 2 − 1 d) q ( x)= x + 2 −1
3
y y y

5 5 5

-5 5 x -5 5 x -5 5 x

-5 -5 -5
 2.2 pg4
APPLICATION
Example 5
A retail chain sells keychains. The price demand function p(x) of a certain model (in dollars) is given by
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 4.8 − 0.3√𝑥𝑥 where x is the weekly demand and 9 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 144.
a) Describe how the graph of the function p(x) can be obtained from the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥

b) Find the price if the weekly demand is 100 keychains.

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Functions whose definitions involve more than one expression are called piecewise-defined functions.
A graph of a continuous function can be sketched without picking up the pencil. No breaks or holes in graph.
Example 6 You are looking at renting a VBRO house in Florida. The house costs $450 per night for the first two nights,
$300 per night for the next 4 nights, and $200 per night for each remaining night. The total cost, 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥), is a function of
the number of nights, 𝑥𝑥, that the house is booked. Write a piecewise defined function for 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥).


 ________________________ if _____ ≤ x ≤ ____


T ( x) = 
 ________________________ if _____ < x ≤ ____


 ________________________ if x > ____

Example 7 A single person’s taxable income is $103,000. Calculate their income tax owed.

 0.10( x) if $0 ≤ x ≤ $11, 000



 $1,100 + 0.12( x − 11000) if $11,000 < x ≤ $44, 725

T ( x) 
$5147 + 0.22( x − 44725) if $44,725<x ≤ $95,375



 $16070 + 0.24( x − 95375) if $95,375<x ≤ $182,100
 2.2 pg5
Determine the domain. Evaluate. Graph. Is f continuous?

2𝑥𝑥 + 1 if − 3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 0 y
Example 8 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = �
𝑥𝑥 − 1 if 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3 5

a) Domain: c) Graph

-5 5 x

b) 𝑔𝑔(−3) =

-5

𝑔𝑔(0) =

𝑔𝑔(1) = d) is the graph Continuous?

Example 9 Write the piecewise defined function for the graph.