Fundamental of Programming Language

Fundamental of Programming Language
Data
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a

formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation,
or processing by human or electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits
(0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
Information
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for
the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
Data processing
The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing.
Involves transforming raw data into meaningful information.
Essential for making decisions and gaining insights.
Stages of Data Processing
Input: Gathering data from various sources.
Processing: Performing calculations, transformations, and analysis.
Output: Presenting results in a useful format.

Different types of programming language
Programming languages can also be classified based on their structure and

organization. Here are some common classifications:
1. Structured Programming Languages:

Structured programming, or modular programming, is a programming paradigm that
facilitates the creation of programs with readable code and reusable components. All
modern programming languages support structured programming.
Structured programming encourages dividing an application program into a hierarchy

of modules, which, in turn, may contain other such elements. Within each element, code
may be further structured using blocks of related logic designed to improve readability
and maintainability. These may include case, which tests a variable against a set of
values, and repeat, while and for, which construct loops that continue until a condition is
met.
It is known as modular programming and minimizes the chances of function affecting

another.
Types of structured programming

There are three categories of structured programming:
1. Procedural programming. Defines modules as procedures or functions that

are called with a set of parameters to perform a task. A procedural language
begins a process, which is then given data.
2. Functional programming, technically, means that modules are written from
functions, and that these functions' outputs are derived only from their inputs.
3. Object-oriented programming (OOP). Defines a program as a set of objects or
resources to which commands are sent. An object-oriented language defines a
data resource and sends it to process commands.
The languages that support Structured programming approach are:
C, C++, Java, C# .etc
2. Unstructured Programming Languages:
Unstructured Programming is a type of programming that generally executes

in sequential order i.e., these programs just not jumped from any line of code
and each line gets executed sequentially.
In this, programmers are not allowed code divide programs into small units.
Instead, the program should be written as a single continuous block without
any breakage.
Assembly language is an example of an unstructured programming language,
although it's often used as a low-level language where structured
programming techniques may not be applicable.
This paradigm was used in earlier versions of BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN.
ANSI-C
ANSI C, short for American National Standards Institute C, refers to the
standardized version of the C programming language established by the
American National Standards Institute. ANSI C incorporates standardized
features and syntax rules to ensure portability and compatibility across
different systems and compilers. It defines a set of rules and guidelines for
writing C code, including standard libraries, data types, syntax conventions,
and function prototypes. ANSI C has become the de facto standard for C
programming, providing a common foundation for C developers and ensuring
consistency and interoperability in C code across various platforms and
environments.
In ANSI C, there are a total of 32 keywords. These keywords have predefined
meanings and cannot be used as identifiers (such as variable names or
function names) in a C program. Here is the list of keywords in ANSI C:
1. auto
2. break
3. case
4. char
5. const
6. continue
7. default
8. do
9. double
10.else
11.enum
12.extern
13.float
14.for
15.goto
16.if
17.int
18.long
19.register
20.return
21.short
22.signed
23.sizeof
24.static
25.struct
26.switch
27.typedef
28.union
29.unsigned
30.void
31.volatile
32.while

Fundamental of Programming Language

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Fundamental of Programming Language

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Fundamental of Programming Language

Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a

The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing.

Involves transforming raw data into meaningful information.

Essential for making decisions and gaining insights.

Stages of Data Processing

Input: Gathering data from various sources.

Processing: Performing calculations, transformations, and analysis.

Output: Presenting results in a useful format.

Programming languages can also be classified based on their structure and

1. Structured Programming Languages:

Structured programming encourages dividing an application program into a hierarchy

It is known as modular programming and minimizes the chances of function affecting

Types of structured programming

1. Procedural programming. Defines modules as procedures or functions that

2. Unstructured Programming Languages:

Unstructured Programming is a type of programming that generally executes

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