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Lecture 1 Introduction

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Lecture 1 Introduction

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suhaila.abdalla11
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App301: Commercial

Programming
Instructor: Suhaila A. Margani
Course Objectives

 Introduce students to SQL for querying and updating data in relational


database management systems (RDBMS).

 Develop proficiency in writing SQL queries on one or more tables and


manipulating data.

 Equip students with skills to create and manage database objects using Data
Definition Language (DDL).

 Enable students to update and manipulate data using Data Manipulation


Language (DML).
Course Objectives

 Familiarize students with Oracle and MySQL databases, including their


components and key differences.

 Provide hands-on experience with tools like SQL Developer, SQL*Plus, and
MySQL command-line client.

 Teach students how to create complex queries to extract data from multiple
tables.

 Enable students to generate reports, sort and restrict data, and utilize SQL
functions for custom data extraction.
Course learning outcomes

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

 Query, update, and manipulate data within relational databases using SQL.

 Extract row and column data from tables using the SELECT statement.

 Run complex queries across multiple tables and extract meaningful data.

 Create and manage schema objects using SQL Data Definition Language
(DDL).
Course learning outcomes

 Use SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) to update data in a database.

 Identify the major components of Oracle Database and MySQL database


systems.

 Understand and apply SQL functions to generate custom reports and extract
data.

 Execute data queries and perform data manipulation in both Oracle and
MySQL environments.
Course learning outcomes

 Recognize and explain syntax differences between Oracle and MySQL


databases.

 Utilize SQL tools like SQL Developer and MySQL Workbench to


interact with databases effectively.
Lecture 1: Introduction
System Development Lifecycle- SDLC

 SDLC- A systematic approach which explicitly breaks down the work


into phases that are required to implement either new or modified
Information System.

 Includes 5 main phases- Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation


and Maintenance.

 An effective SDLC delivers a high-quality system that meets customer


expectations, is completed time and within budget, and functions
efficiently in the current and future IT infrastructure.
SDLC- Phases
Data and Database concepts

 Data: Information that is collected, stored, and processed for a specific


purpose. It can be numbers, text, images, or any other form of raw
facts that can be used as a base to make decisions.

 Database: A structured collection of data that is organized and stored


in a way that makes it easy to access, manage, and update. It allows
users to efficiently retrieve and manipulate data for various
applications.
DBMS and RDBMS

 DBMS (Database Management System): A software tool that helps


users store, manage, and retrieve data in a database. It allows for
easy organization, access, and control of data, ensuring that data is
stored securely and consistently across different applications.

 RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): A type of


DBMS that organizes data into tables, or "relations," where data is
stored in rows and columns. It uses SQL (Structured Query Language)
to manage and query data, allowing for complex relationships between
tables and ensuring data integrity. Examples include Oracle, MySQL,
and PostgreSQL.
Existing (RDBMS) examples:
 Oracle Database
• Features: Advanced security, high availability, scalability
• Use Case: Large enterprises, mission-critical applications
 Microsoft SQL Server
• Features: Integration with Microsoft products, robust reporting tools
• Use Case: Enterprise applications, data warehousing
 MySQL
• Features: Open-source, high performance, ease of use
• Use Case: Web applications, small to medium-sized businesses
 PostgreSQL
• Features: Open-source, extensible, support for advanced data types
• Use Case: Complex applications, data analysis
Oracle RDBMS

 Oracle Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a


robust and versatile database management system developed by
Oracle Corporation.

 Designed to efficiently handle large volumes of data and complex


transactions, providing a reliable and secure environment for data
management.

 Supports various data models and advanced features, making it


suitable for a wide range of enterprise applications.
Advantages Compared to Other DBMS:
 Scalability and Performance:
▪ High Transaction Load Handling: Oracle RDBMS can efficiently manage large
volumes of transactions and data.
▪ Vertical and Horizontal Scaling: Supports scaling up (adding resources to a single
server) and scaling out (adding more servers) to accommodate growing data needs.
 Advanced Security:
▪ Comprehensive Security Features: Includes data encryption, robust user
authentication, and fine-grained access control to ensure data protection.
 Comprehensive Toolset:
▪ Integrated Management Tools: Includes Oracle Enterprise Manager for database
management and SQL Developer for development and administration.
▪ Advanced Analytics: Provides tools for complex data analysis and reporting.
DB Table Concept

 A database table is a structured way to store data in rows and


columns, like a spreadsheet.

 Each row represents a record (or an individual data entry), and each
column represents a specific type of information (like a name, date, or
number).

 Tables organize and hold data in a clear, accessible format, making it


easy to search, update, and manage.
DB Table Concept
Entity Relationship Model- ERM

 Data Model- conceptual tool to describe how data is


structured, stored, and organized in a database.

 Entity Relationship Model (ERM)- model how data is


structured and how entities (like tables) relate to one another.

 Helps designers map out the logical structure of a database,


and is key in creating an efficient relational database system.
ERM – Key components
1. Entities
Objects or concepts that store data (typically database tables). For
example: Employees, Departments,…etc.

2. Attributes
Describe properties or details of an entity (fields or columns in a table). For
example: employees might have attributes like employee_id,
employee_name, age, … etc.

3. Relationships
Defines how entities relate to each other. For example: an employee
works at a department.
Entity- Relationship Model- ERM
Entity- Relationship Model- ERM
ERM Conventions
Relating Multiple Tables
 Each row of data in a table can be uniquely identified by a
primary key.
 You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign
keys.
Relating multiple tables
Guidelines for Primary Keys and Foreign Keys:

 You cannot use duplicate values in a primary key.

 Primary keys generally cannot be changed.

 Foreign keys are based on data values and are purely logical (not
physical) pointers.

 A foreign key value must match an existing primary key value or unique
key value; otherwise, it must be null.

 A foreign key must reference either a primary key or a unique key


column.
Structured Query Language- SQL
 SQL- The standard language for operating relational databases.
 Efficient, easy to learn, and use.
 Functionally complete (With SQL, you can define, retrieve, and manipulate data
in the tables.).
Development Environments for SQL
 There are two development environments for this course:
 The primary tool is Oracle SQL Developer.
 SQL*Plus command-line interface can also be used.
SQL statements types
Database Schema

 Actual implementation of the structure of a database.

 Defines how data is organized in a database and specifies the tables,


columns, data types, constraints, and relationships between tables.

 Provides the concrete blueprint that is used to create and manage


the actual database in a database management system (DBMS).
HR Schema
BD Schema VS. Entity Relationship Model
Reading Assignment
 History of Oracle RDBMS
https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-
database/19/cncpt/introduction-to-oracle-
database.html#GUID-43F9DD5C-8D8C-4E61-A2B4-
5C05907D3CEC

 Evolution of Oracle RDBMS versions


https://redresscompliance.com/evolution-of-oracle-
database-versions-all-major-releases/

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