Cloud Computing

Introduction of Cloud Computing

What is Cloud?
"The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software and

databases that run on those servers. Cloud servers are located in data centres all over the

world. By using cloud computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical

servers themselves or run software applications on their own machines.

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data

storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.

Cloud computing (also called simply, the cloud) describes the act of storing, managing and

processing data online - as opposed to on your own physical computer or network.

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources

include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.
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Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing services over the internet on a pay-

as-you-go basis.

Rather than managing files on a local storage device, Cloud Computing makes it possible to

save them over internet.

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Cloud computing definition

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computing resources (such as storage and

infrastructure), as services over the internet. It eliminates the need for individuals and businesses

to self-manage physical resources themselves, and only pay for what they use.

Cloud Computing Providers

Major cloud service providers are Cisco, Citrix, Google, IBM (SoftLayer), Oracle, Microsoft

(Azure), and SAP, Rackspace, Verizon etc.

Features of Cloud Computing

 Virtual: Imagine racks of servers, humming along in a data center.

 Scalable: Cloud are super flexible, giving you what you need at the moment
 Secure: Create a private cloud on dedicated hardware.
 Affordable: get the greatest cost savings in the public cloud.
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Types of Cloud Computing

There are four types of 4 Types of Cloud Computing are available which are given below;

 Public Cloud: Multi-tenant environment with pay-as-you-grow scalability

 Private Cloud: Scalability plus the enhanced security and control of a single-
tenant environment
 Dedicated Servers: For predictable workloads that require enhanced security and
control
 Hybrid Cloud: Connect the public cloud to your private cloud or dedicated servers
- even in your own data center.

Benefits of Cloud Computing

These are the Benefits of Cloud Computing

Flexibility

Cloud-based services are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating bandwidth

demands. If your needs increase then you can easily to scale up your cloud capacity.

Improved Mobility

Data and applications are available to employees no matter where they are in the world.

Workers can take their work anywhere via smart phones.

Cost Effective

Due to cloud computing companies don’t have to spend significant money on hardware,

facilities, utilities and other aspects of operations.

Always on Availability

Most cloud providers are extremely reliable in providing their services. The connection is

always on and as long as workers have an internet connection, they can get to the

applications they need . Some applications even work off-line.

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Collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing dispersed groups of people to meet

virtually and easily share information in real time and via shared storage. This capability can

reduce time-to-market and improve product development and customer service.

Features of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is getting more and more popularity day by day. The main reason behind

this is need of the place to store their data. There are many services and features of cloud

computing are given below.

Important Features of Cloud Computing

 Low Cost
 Secure
 Agility
 High availability and reliability
 High Scalability
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Important Features of Cloud Computing

 Multi-Sharing
 Device and Location Independence
 Maintenance
 Services in pay-per-use mode
 High Speed
 Global Scale
 Productivity
 Performance
 Reliability
 Easy Maintenance
 On-Demand Service
 Large Network Access
 Automatic System
 Resources Pooling
 Pay as you go

Low Cost

Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting

up and running on-site data centers.

On-Demand Service

This is most important and valuable features of cloud computing. On-demand computing is a

delivery model in which computing resources are made available to the user as needed.

Global scale

The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale elastically. In cloud

speak, that means delivering the right amount of IT resources-for example, more or less

computing power, storage, bandwidth-right when it is needed and from the right geographic

location.

Reliability

Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and

less expensive because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud

provider's network.
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Application of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a internet-based computing where central remote servers maintain all the

data and applications. Cloud computing allow Consumers to rent physical infrastructure from

a third party provider (cloud service provider).

Cloud Computing is one of the most dominant field of computing resources online because

sharing and management of resources is easy using cloud. Application of cloud computing

are given below;

Uses of Cloud Computing

 E-Learning
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Backup
 E-Governance
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS)
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 Private cloud and hybrid cloud

 Test and Development
 Big data Analytics
 File Storage
 Disaster Recovery
 Resolve Downtime and Load Balancing Problems
 24*7 Availability and Performance Oriented Infrastructure

E-Learning

Using cloud computing Students, faculty members, researchers can connect to the cloud of

their organization and access data and information from there.

E-Governance

Cloud computing can improve the functioning of a government by improving the way it

provides the services to its citizens, institutions and cooperation with other governments.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Use of Cloud in ERP comes into existence when the business of any organization grows. The

work of managing applications, human resources, payroll etc becomes expensive and

complex. To overcome it service providers can install ERP in the cloud itself.

Resolve Downtime and Load Balancing Problems

With the help of cloud managed services downtime problems can be transformed into

approximately 99.99% uptime. Moreover, load balancing is also taken care as the servers are

more capable of storing unlimited data from the existing as well as establishing clients, while

re-balancing and scaling your servers in real time.

Big data Analytics

One of the aspects offered by leveraging cloud computing is the ability to tap into vast

quantities of both structured and unstructured data to harness the benefit of extracting

business value.
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Types of Cloud Computing

 Public Cloud Computing

 Private Cloud Computing
 Hybrid Cloud Computing

Public Cloud Computing

A cloud platform that is based on standard cloud computing model in which service provider

offers resources, applications storage to the customers over the internet is called as public

cloud computing. The hardware resources in public cloud are shared among similar users and

accessible over a public network such as the internet. Most of the applications that are offered

over internet such as Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings such as cloud storage and

online applications uses Public Cloud Computing platform. Budget conscious startups, SMEs

not keen on high level of security features looking to save money can opt for Public Cloud

Computing.
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Advantage of Public Cloud Computing

 It offers greater scalability

 Its cost effectiveness helps you save money.
 It offers reliability which means no single point of failure will interrupt your service.
 Services like SaaS, (Paas), (Iaas) are easily available on Public Cloud platform as
it can be accessed from anywhere through any Internet enabled devices.
 It is location independent – the services are available wherever the client is
located.

Disadvantage of Public Cloud Computing

 No control over privacy or security

 Cannot be used for use of sensitive applications
 Lacks complete flexibility as the platform depends on the platform provider
 No stringent protocols regarding data management
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Private Cloud Computing

A cloud platform in which a secure cloud based environment with dedicated storage and

hardware resources provided to a single organization is called Private Cloud Computing. The

Private cloud can be either hosted within the company or outsourced to a trusted and reliable

third-party vendor. It offers company a greater control over privacy and data security. The

resources in case of private cloud are not shared with others and hence it offer better

performance compared to public cloud. The additional layers of security allow company to

process confidential data and sensitive work in the private cloud environment.

Advantage of Private Cloud Computing

 Offers greater Security and Privacy

 Offers more control over system configuration as per the company’s need
 Greater reliability when it comes to performance
 Enhances the quality of service offered by the clients
 Saves money

Disadvantage of Private Cloud

 Expensive when compared to public cloud

 Requires IT Expertise
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Hybrid Cloud Computing

Hybrid Cloud computing allows you to use combination of both public and private cloud. This

helps companies to maximize their efficiency and deliver better performance to clients.

In this model
companies can use public cloud for transfer of non-confidential data and switch on to private
cloud in case of sensitive data transfer or hosting of critical applications. This model is
gaining prominence in many business as it gives benefits of both the model.

Advantage of Hybrid Cloud Computing

 It is scalable
 It is cost efficient
 Offers better security
 Offers greater flexibility
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Disadvantage of Hybrid Cloud Computing

 Infrastructure Dependency
 Possibility of security breach through public cloud

What is Public Cloud Computing?

In public cloud, the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public.

Public Cloud vendors offer a range of IT services and resources accessible to anyone who

subscribes and pays for them. It's a type of external cloud which is made available for the use

of public and is essentially owned and provided by the external organizations. e.g. Amazon

Web Services, Microsoft Azure and so on.It's a type of external cloud which is made available

for the use of public and is essentially owned and provided by the external organizations. e.g.

Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and so on.

Advantage of Public Cloud Computing

 Infrastructure: Multi-Tenant: Shared network hosted off site and managed by

your service provider.
 Business Requirement: Affordable solutions that provide room for growth.
 Best Use: Disaster recovery and application testing for smaller, public facing
companies.
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 Scalability: Depends on the Service Level Agreement but usually easy via a self-
managed tool the customer will use.
 Support and maintenance: Cloud Service Provider’s technical team.
 Cost: Affordable option offering a pay as you go service fee. OpEx – Pay as you
go, scale up, scale down as needed, charged by the minute.
 Security: Basic security compliance. Some may offer bolt-on security options.
 Performance: Competing users can reduce performance levels.

What is Private Cloud Computing?

In Private cloud can be managed by the organization or a third party.

Private Cloud Here infrastructure or services can be located on-premise or off-premise and

is operational solely for the use of a single organization which would be the owner of the

cloud. All cloud configurations are directly influenced by the owner. It can be managed by the

organization itself or can also be outsourced to any third party.

Advantage of Private Cloud Computing

 Infrastructure: Single-Tenant: Dedicated hardware and network for your business

managed by an in-house technical team.
 Business Requirement: High performance, security, and customization and
control options.
 Best Use: Protect your most sensitive data and applications
 Cloud Computing

 Scalability: Can be managed in house. Extreme performance - fine-grained

control for both storage and compute.
 Support and maintenance: Your technical administrators.
 Cost: Large upfront cost to implement the hardware, software and staff resources.
Maintenance and growth must also be built into ongoing costs. CapEx.
 Security: Isolated network environment. Enhanced security to meet data
protection legislation.
 Performance: High performance from dedicated server.

What is Hybrid Cloud Computing?

Hybrid cloud is combination of two or more public or private cloud wherein these clouds are

coupled together by standardized middleware enabling the portability between different

systems. Such cloud provides access to both internal and external services provided by

internal and external cloud respectively..

Hybrid Cloud Hybrid cloud covers best of both worlds; hence hybrid cloud is combination of

two or more public or private cloud wherein these clouds are coupled together by

standardized middleware enabling the portability between different systems. Such cloud

provides access to both internal and external services provided by internal and external cloud

respectively.
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Advantages of Hybrid Clouds

 Control: your organisation can maintain a private infrastructure for sensitive

assets.
 Flexibility: you can take advantage of additional resources in the public cloud
when you need them.
 Cost-effectiveness: with the ability to scale to the public cloud, you pay for extra
computing power only when needed.
 Ease: transitioning to the cloud does not have to be overwhelming because you
can migrate gradually—phasing in workloads over time.

Layers of clouds

 Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

SaaS

SaaS stands for Software as a Service, provides a facility to the user to use the software from

anywhere with the help of an internet connection.

 In SaaS, cloud providers host and manage the software application on a pay-as-
you-go pricing model
 Users: End Customers
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A service provider delivers software and applications through the internet. Users subscribe to

the software and access it via the web or vendor APIs.

PaaS

PaaS stands for Platform as a Service, this service providing the facility to make, publish, and

customize the software in the hosted environment.

 PaaS provides cloud platforms and runtime environments to develop, test and
manage software
 Users: Software Developers

A service provider offers access to a cloud-based environment in which users can build and

deliver applications. The provider supplies underlying infrastructure.

IaaS

IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a Service, Using this service the user can use IT hardware

and software just by paying the basic price of it.

 IaaS is a cloud service that provides services on ―pay-for-what-you-use‖ basis

 IaaS providers include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and Google
Compute Engine
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 Users: IT Administrators

A vendor provides clients pay-as-you-go access to storage, networking, servers and other

computing resources in the cloud.

SAAS Software as a Service Models

SaaS stands for Software as a Service, provides a facility to the user to use the
software from anywhere with the help of an internet connection.
SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a cloud
service provider and made available to customers over internet.

Advantages of SaaS cloud Computing Layer

 SaaS is easy to buy

 Less hardware required for SaaS
 No special software or hardware versions required
 Low Maintenance required for SaaS
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Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

 Less Secure
 Latency issue
 Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
 Total Dependency on Internet

IAAS Infrastructure as a Service Models

IaaS provides the infrastructure such as virtual machines and other resources like
virtual- machine disk image library, block and file-based storage, firewalls, load
balance, IP addresses, virtual local area networks etc. Infrastructure as service or IaaS
is the basic layer in cloud computing model.

In SaaS, cloud providers host and manage the software application on a pay-as-you-
go pricing model. Amazon(AWS) is a leading vendor in providing IaaS.

A service provider delivers software and applications through the internet. Users
subscribe to the software and access it via the web or vendor APIs.

Infrastructure as a Service provides an environment for the developers to develop

applications that the user can use. Iaas include

 User create virtual machines(VMs) on demand

 From a library of VM images
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Advantages of IaaS cloud Computing Layer

 You can dynamically choose a CPU, memory and storage configuration as per
your needs.
 You easily access the vast computing power available on IaaS cloud platform.
 IT infra will be handled by the IaaS cloud computing platform vendors.
 You can eliminate the need of investment in rarely used IT hardware.

Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

 IaaS cloud computing platform model is dependent on internet availability.

 It is also dependent on the availability of virtualization services.
 IaaS cloud computing platform can limit the user privacy and customization
options.

PAAS Platform as a Service Models

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is platform delivered over web, for the creation of the
software. PaaS cloud computing platform is a developer programming platform which
is created for the programmer to develop, test, run and manage the applications.

PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) and IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) are both part of

the fastest growing categories of cloud computing, alongside SaaS (Software-as-a-
Service). In short, PaaS is a platform on which you can develop or run custom
software, whereas IaaS if a virtual data centre. This is somewhat similar to Iaas but
the difference is;

 Developers provide an application which the platform runs

 They don't directly create VMs
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Where PaaS works?

 All the all technical stack requirements are met by platform offerings.
 Automation is paramount in testing, build, release.

Advantages of PaaS cloud Computing Layer

 Lower risk
 Simplified Development
 Scalability
 Instant community
 Prebuilt business functionality

Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer

 Data Privacy
 Vendor lock-in
 Integration with the rest of the systems applications
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Cloud infrastructure components:

A different component of cloud infrastructure supports the computing requirements of a
cloud computing model. Cloud infrastructure has number of key components but not
limited to only server, software, network and storage devices. Still cloud infrastructure is
categorized into three parts in general i.e.

1. Computing
2. Networking
3. Storage

The most important point is that cloud infrastructure should have some basic
infrastructural constraints like transparency, scalability, security and intelligent
monitoring etc.

The below figure represents components of cloud infrastructure

Components of Cloud Infrastructure

1. Hypervisor:

Hypervisor is a firmware or a low level program which is a key to enable virtualization. It

is used to divide and allocate cloud resources between several customers. As it monitors
and manages cloud services/resources that are why hypervisor is called as VMM (Virtual
Machine Monitor) or (Virtual Machine Manager).
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2. Management Software:

Management software helps in maintaining and configuring the infrastructure. Cloud

management software monitors and optimizes resources, data, applications and
services.

3. Deployment Software:

Deployment software helps in deploying and integrating the application on the cloud. So,
typically it helps in building a virtual computing environment.

4. Network:

It is one of the key components of cloud infrastructure which is responsible for

connecting cloud services over the internet. For the transmission of data and resources
externally and internally network is must require.

5. Server:

Server which represents the computing portion of the cloud infrastructure is responsible
for managing and delivering cloud services for various services and partners,
maintaining security etc.

6. Storage:

Storage represents the storage facility which is provided to different organizations for
storing and managing data. It provides a facility of extracting another resource if one of
the resource fails as it keeps many copies of storage.

Along with this, virtualization is also considered as one of important component of cloud
infrastructure. Because it abstracts the available data storage and computing power
away from the actual hardware and the users interact with their cloud infrastructure
through GUI (Graphical User Interface).
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Infrastructural Constraints
Fundamental constraints that cloud infrastructure should implement are shown in the
following diagram:

Transparency

Virtualization is the key to share resources in cloud environment. But it is not possible to
satisfy the demand with single resource or server. Therefore, there must be
transparency in resources, load balancing and application, so that we can scale them on
demand.

Scalability

Scaling up an application delivery solution is not that easy as scaling up an application

because it involves configuration overhead or even re-architecting the network. So,
application delivery solution is need to be scalable which will require the virtual
infrastructure such that resource can be provisioned and de-provisioned easily.

Intelligent Monitoring

To achieve transparency and scalability, application solution delivery will need to be

capable of intelligent monitoring.

Security

The mega data center in the cloud should be securely architected. Also the control node,
an entry point in mega data center, also needs to be secure.
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What is cloud infrastructure?

Cloud infrastructure consists of all of the hardware and software elements needed for

cloud computing including:

1. Compute (server)

2. Networking

3. Storage

4. Virtualization resources

Cloud infrastructure types usually also include a user interface (UI) for managing these
virtual resources.

Infrastructure as a Service, or IaaS, is a prominent and accessible example of this

model. With IaaS, a team or enterprise acquires the computing infrastructure it needs
over the Internet, including computing power (whether on physical or, more likely, virtual
machines), storage and plenty of related needs such as load balancers and firewalls.
They do this in lieu of provisioning and managing their own physical
infrastructure. Instead, they lease the resources they need from the IaaS provider.

While this is a well-known example, cloud infrastructure, or cloud

architecture, encompasses a larger range of platforms and environments, including
private and hybrid clouds.

What is cloud infrastructure management?

Cloud infrastructure management comprises the processes and tools needed to
effectively allocate and deliver key resources when and where they are required. The
UI, or dashboard, is a good example of such a tool; it acts as a control panel for
provisioning, configuring and managing cloud infrastructure. Cloud infrastructure
management is useful in delivering cloud services to both:

1. Internal users, such as developers or any other roles that consume cloud
resources.
2. External users, such as customers and business partners.
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Why cloud infrastructure management?

Cloud infrastructure management is a must for achieving the significant promise of cloud
computing overall. Properly managed and optimized, the cloud offers enterprises greater
flexibility and scalability for their applications and infrastructure, while keeping
costs under control. Because organizations and end users consume virtual resources via
the cloud—and can even pay for these resources on an as-needed basis—they
minimize the costs required to buy and maintain the physical infrastructure these virtual
resources mirror.

That said, without appropriate visibility, monitoring and governance, cloud computing
costs can increase unnecessarily. A typical scenario would be an engineer who leaves a
cloud development environment up and running 24/7, even if they only need it for
several hours of work. In a pay-as-you-go model—which is common in Infrastructure-as-
a-Service platforms—that kind of waste can lead to runaway cloud bills?

Cloud infrastructure management is becoming increasingly important as cloud

strategies continue to evolve into multi-cloud and hybrid cloud models. In these more
distributed infrastructure approaches, enterprises must allocate and manage resources
not just from a single shared pool or platform, but across multiple heterogeneous
environments. Cloud infrastructure management interface (CIMI), an open standard
API, can help streamline this management through a system called Representational
State Transfer (REST).

What does cloud infrastructure management do?

Cloud infrastructure management is the discipline, backed by technology tools, that

brings appropriate oversight to cloud usage. It enables businesses to create, configure,
scale and retire cloud infrastructure as needed.

Cloud infrastructure management is like a command center or central nervous

system for cloud environments. Cloud infrastructure management allows for
maximized operational flexibility and agility while maintaining cost efficiencies, by
providing the capabilities needed to securely manage consolidated resources.

Cloud infrastructure management is ultimately what makes the potential of multi-cloud

and hybrid cloud strategies both attainable and sustainable. Without it, these distributed
infrastructure models create operational complexity that is challenging for people to
manage manually on their own. Effective cloud infrastructure management allows even
smaller teams to deliver web-scale services.
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Cloud infrastructure management tools

Cloud infrastructure management tools give engineers and other IT professionals the
means to manage the day-to-day operations of their cloud environments.

While cloud providers often offer their native management controls, they usually only
enable control over their particular platform and services. Third-party cloud
management tools typically promise a ―360-degree view‖ and management capabilities
across all environments, which may be necessary in multi-cloud and hybrid
cloud environments.

In either scenario, cloud infrastructure management tools offer some combination of the
following features:

Provisioning and configuration:

Developers, systems engineers and other IT professionals use these tools to set up and
configure the hardware and software resources they need. This would include:

 Spinning up a new server

 Installing an operating system or other software
 Allocating storage resources and other cloud infrastructure needs

This also includes features for enabling and managing self-service provisioning, in which
end users use a dashboard or other mechanisms for standing up their own resources as
needed, based on predetermined rules.

Visibility and monitoring:

Cloud infrastructure management tools allow operators to ―see‖ their environments.

More importantly, they include or integrate with monitoring tools that:

 Check system health

 Deliver real-time alerts and notifications
 Create reporting and analytics
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Resource allocation:

Related to cost optimization, resource allocation features enable granular control over
how users consume cloud infrastructure, including self-service provisioning. This is
similar to budgeting: dividing up shared resources appropriately and in some cases
creating criteria for going over budget.

Cost optimization:

Managing costs is a critical capability of cloud infrastructure management tools. Without

this component, enterprises run an increased risk of ―sticker shock‖ when the cloud bill
arrives. Proactively monitoring costs via strategies such as turning off unused or
unnecessary resources is key to maximizing the ROI of cloud infrastructure.

Automation: Cloud infrastructure management tools sometimes offer automation

capabilities for various operational tasks, such as configuration management, auto-
provisioning and auto-scaling.

Security: Cloud infrastructure management tools are another part of a holistic cloud
security strategy. They are one mechanism for properly configuring a cloud provider’s
native security controls based on a particular setup and needs.

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