Probability and Statstics

Dr. Faisal Bukhari

Associate Professor
Department of Data Science
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
University of the Punjab
 Textbooks

Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists,

Ninth Edition, Ronald E. Walpole, Raymond H.
Myer

Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 6th

Edition, Ron Larson and Betsy Farber

Elementary Statistics, 13th Edition, Mario F. Triola

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 Reference books
 Probability Demystified, Allan G. Bluman

 Schaum's Outline of Probability and Statistics

 MATLAB Primer, Seventh Edition

 MATLAB Demystified by McMahon, David

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Reference
Readings for these lecture notes:

MATLAB Demystified, David McMahon

MATLAB® Primer, Seventh Edition, Timothy A. Davis Kermit Sigmon

Elementary Statistics PICTURING THE WORLD by Ron Larson and Betsy

Farber

https://www.blackjackinfo.com/knowledge-base/blackjack-theory-and-
math/a-question-for-the-statistics-experts/

http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/598808/if-you-roll-a-fair-six-
sided-die-twice-whats-the-probability-that-you-get-the

These notes contain material from the above resources.

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Referencing individual entries
Individual matrix and vector entries can be referenced
with indices inside parentheses. For example, A(2,3)
denotes the entry in the second row, third column of
matrix A.
A = [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; -1 7 9]
A(2,3)

Create a column vector, x, with:

x = [3 2 1]’

or equivalently:
x = [3 ; 2 ; 1]
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Relational operators
The relational operators in MATLAB are:

 < less than

 > greater than
 <= less than or equal
 >= greater than or equal
 == equal
 ~= not equal

Note that = is used in an assignment statement

whereas == is a relational operator.

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Logical operators:
Relational operators may be connected by logical
operators:
& and

| or

~ not

&& short-circuit and

 || short-circuit or

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fix()
fix(X) rounds the elements of X to the nearest integers
towards zero.

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Examples of fix()
>> fix(5.5)

ans =
5

>> fix(5.9)

ans =
5

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Example: Intervals on the real line, defined below,
appear very often in mathematics. Here a and b are real
numbers with a < b.

Open interval from a to b = (a,b) = {x : a < x < b}

Closed interval from a to b = [a,b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}

Open-closed interval from a to b = (a,b] = {x : a < x ≤ b}

Closed-open interval from a to b = [a,b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}

The open-closed and closed-open intervals are also

called half-open
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rand()
rand(): returns an n-by-n matrix containing
pseudorandom values drawn from the standard
uniform distribution on the open interval (0,1).

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Example 1 of rand()
>> n = rand(1,10) Columns 7 through 9
n=
Columns 1 through 3 0.4218 0.9157 0.7922

0.1576 0.9706 0.9572 Column 10

0.9595
Columns 4 through 6

0.4854 0.8003 0.1419

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Example 2 of rand()
>> n = fix(10*rand(1,10))

n=

Columns 1 through 6

8 9 1 9 6 0

Columns 7 through 10

2 5 9 9

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Simulation
o A simulation is the use of a mathematical or
physical model to reproduce the conditions of a
situation or process. Collecting data often involves
the use of computers.
o Simulations allow you to study situations that are
impractical or even dangerous to create in real life,
and often they save time and money.
o For instance, automobile manufacturers use
simulations with dummies to study the effects of
crashes on humans.
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Simulation of coin tosses [1]
Question: Simulate the outcomes of 1000 biased
coin tosses with p[Head] = 0.3

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Solution:
randomNumber = rand(1000,1);

headsOutOf1000 = randomNumber <= 0.3;

totalNumberOfHeads =
sum(headsOutOf1000);

probabilityOfHeads = totalNumberOfHeads
/1000;

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figure
figure: opens up a new figure window

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Example of figure command
>> figure

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hold on vs. hold off
hold on: holds current plot

hold off: releases current plot

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xlabel vs. ylabel
xlabel: Labels the x-axis

ylabel: Labels the y-axis

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>> figure
>> hold on
>> xlabel('x values')
>> ylabel('y values')

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bar()
bar: Bar graph.
bar(X,Y) draws the columns of the M-by-N matrix Y as
M groups of N vertical bars. The vector X must not
have duplicate values.

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Simulation of the sum of two fair dice
[1]

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Simulation of the sum of two fair dice
[2]
Simulate the sum of outcome of two dice, when two
are rolled 10, 000 times.

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% create die 1
Die1 = floor(6 * rand(10000, 1) + 1 );
% create die 2
Die2 = floor(6 * rand(10000, 1) + 1);
% sum of 2 dice
SumOfDice = Die1 + Die2;
% check if sum is 2
D2 = SumOfDice == 2;
% compute probability of 2
probD2 = sum(D2)/10000;
D3 = SumOfDice == 3;
probD3 = sum(D3) /10000;
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D4 = SumOfDice == 4;

probD4 = sum(D4) /10000;

D5 = SumOfDice == 5;

probD5 = sum(D5) /10000;

D6 = SumOfDice == 6;

probD6 = sum(D6) /10000;

D7 = SumOfDice == 7;

probD7 = sum(D7) /10000;

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D8 = SumOfDice == 8;

probD8 = sum(D8) /10000;

D9 = SumOfDice == 9;

probD9 = sum(D9) /10000;

D10 = SumOfDice == 10;

probD10 = sum(D10) /10000;

D11 = SumOfDice == 11;

probD11 = sum(D11) /10000;

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D12 = SumOfDice == 12;

probD12 = sum(D12) /10000;

probD1 = 0;
p = [probD1 , probD2, probD3, probD4,
probD5, probD6, probD7, probD8,
probD9, probD10, probD11, probD12 ]';

bar(p)
hold on
xlabel('Sum of two dice')
ylabel('Probability')

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Science, PU, Lahore