Assignment - 1

Module -1

1. What is SDLC
➢ SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle
➢ SDLC structured imposed on the development of
software product
➢ It defines the process of planning implementation,
testing Documentation, deployment and maintenance.
➢ A software development lifecycle is essentially a series
of steps or phases that provide a model for the
development and lifecycle management of an application
of software.
➢ The software development lifecycle is the cost-effective
and time-efficient process that development terms use
design and high quality software.

2.What is Software Testing?

➢ Software Testing is Prosses used to identify the
correctness, completeness, quality of developed
computer software.
➢ Software testing is the process of finding errors in the
developed product.
➢ It also checks the real outcomes can match expected
results, defect, missing requirement or gaps.
➢ Testing can be defined as a process of analysing
software items to defect the difference between
existing and required (that is defect/error/bugs).

3. What is agile methodology?

➢ Agile SDLC model is combination of iterative and
incremental process models with focus process
adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery
of working software product.
➢ Agile methods breaks the product into small
incremental builds.
➢ These builds are provided in iterations.
➢ Each iterations typically lasts from about 1 to 3 weeks.
➢ Every iterations involves cross functional terms working
on various area like planning, requirement analysis,
design, coding, unit testing and acceptance testing.
➢ At the end of the iterations working product is
displayed to the customer and important stakeholders.

4. What is SRS
➢ SRS stands for software requirement specification
➢ It includes set of use cases that describe all of the
iteractions that users will have with the software.
➢ Use cases are also known as functional requirement
which impose constraints design or implementation
(such as performance requirement, quality standards or
design)
➢ These standards describes possible structures and
qualities of software requirement specifications.
➢ Requirements are categorized in several ways
Customer Requirement
Functional Requirement
Non-Functional Requirement

5. What is Oops
➢ Oops stands for Object Oriented Programming Language
➢ Oops is a programming technique in which program are
C++
PHP
Java
➢ An object based programming language is one which
easily supports object-orientation.
➢ Object oriented programming style of programming that
focus on using objects to design and build application.

6. Write Basis concepts of oops

1. Object : Any entity which has own state
Eg: Pen, Paper
2. Class : Class is a collection of object
Eg: human body
3. Abstaction : Hiding internal details and showing
functionalities
Eg: login Page

4. Encapsulation : wrapping up of data or binding of data

 Eg : Capsual
5. Inheritance : When on object acquire an the properties
and behaviour of pare and class
Eg : Father-son
6. Polymorphism : The ability to change from is known as
polymorphism

7. What is Object
➢ An object represents an individual , identifiable item ,
unit or entity , either real or abstact with a well-defined
role in the problem domain.
➢ That is both data and function that operates

8. What is class
➢ Class is a collection of data members and members
function.
➢ A class represent and abstraction the object and abstract
the properties and behaviour of that object.
➢ An object is a particular instance of class which has
actual existence and there can be many object for a class

9. What is Encapsulation
➢ Encapsulation is the practice of including in an object
everything it needs from other objects.
➢ The internal state is usually not accessible by other
objects.
 ➢ Encapsulation is placing the data the function that work
on that data I the same place.
➢ Encapsulation enables data hiding, hiding irrelevant
information from the users of the class and exposing only
the relevant details required by the users.

10.What is Inheritance
➢ Inheritance means that ones class inherits the
characteristics of another class. This is a relationship.
➢ Inheritance describes the relationship between two
classes.
➢ A class can get some of it characteristics from a parent
class and then add unique features of its own.
11.What is Polymorphism
➢ Polymorphism means having many forms.
➢ It allows different objects to the same message in different
ways. The response specific to the type of the object.
➢ The ability to us an operate or function in different ways in
others words giving different meaning or function to the
operators or function is called polymorphism.
➢ The ability to change form is known as polymorphism.
➢ There are two types of polymorphism.
1.Compile time polymorphism(Overloading)
2.Runtime time polymorphism(Overriding)

12.What is SDLC phases with basic Introduction

➢ There are six phases of SDLC

1) Requirement Gathering
➢ Requirement Analysis is a process used to determine the
needs and expectations of a new product.
➢ It involves frequent communication with stakeholders
and end- users of the product to define expectations ,
resolve , conflict and document all key requirement.

2) Analysis
➢ The analysis phase defines the requirement of the
system, independent of these requirement will be
accomplished
➢ This phase defines the problem that the customer is
trying to solve.

3) Design
➢ The design phase of sdlc is a critical step in developing
the conceptual of software project.
➢ The design phase is stage of software developers of the
product depending on the project, these can include
screen designs, databases, sketches, system interfaces
and prototypes.
➢ Client use the these details to make final product design
choices.
4) Implementation
➢ This phases is intiated after the system has been tested
and accepted by the user.
➢ The implementation phase deals with issue of quality,
performance, baselines and debugging.
➢ The end deliverablr is the product itself. There are
already many established techniques associated with
implementation.

5) Testing
➢ The testing phase is a different team after the
implementation is completed.
➢ The developer builds the software then its deployed in
the testing environment.
➢ Then the testing team tests the functionality of the
entire system, the testing is done to ensure that entire
applications works according to the customer
requirements.

6) Maintenance
➢ Software maintenance is one of the activities in software
engineering and is the process of enhancing and
optimizing deployed software as well as fixing defects.
➢ Software maintenance is also one of the phases in the
system development lifecycle, it applies to software
development
➢ The maintenance phase is the phase which comes after
deployement of the software into the field.
 ➢ There are three types in maintenance
1.Correctiveness maintenance
2.Adaptive maintenance
3. Perfective maintenance

13.Explain phases of waterfall model

➢ The classical software Lifecycle models the software
development as a step-by-step “waterfall” between the
various development phases.
➢ The waterfall is unrealistic for many reasons eapcially.
 Requirement Analysis
➢ The collect complete needs and then analyse and
define needs that must be met by the program to be
built
➢ In this phase all requirement of the project are
analysed and document I am specification document
and a feasibility analysis is done to check if these
requirement are valid.

System Design
➢ The goal of this phase is a convert the requirement
acquired in the SRS into a format that can be coded in a
programming Language.
 ➢ It includes high-level and detailed design as well as the
overall software architecture.
➢ A software design document is used to document all of
this effort (SDD)

Implementation
➢ The implementation phases is when programmers
assimilates the requiarmant and specification from the
previous phase and produce actual code

Testing
➢ Testing is a type pf software testing in which the
different testing levels are performed one after the
other.
➢ Testing is waterfall development is sequential and
through, consisting of unit testing, integration testing.

Deployement
➢ Once the function and non-functional testing is done;
the product is deployed in the customer enviroment or
released into the market.

Maintenance
➢ Maintenance is the most important phase of a software
life cycle.
➢ The effort spent on maintenance is 60% of the total
effort spent to develop a full software.

14. Write Phases of Spiral Model

➢ The spiral model is one of most important software
development life cycle models,which provides support
for risk handling.
➢ The exact number of loop of the spiral is known and can
vary from project to project.
➢ Each loop of the spiral is called a phase of the software
development process.s
➢ The spiral model is a software development life cycle
(SDLC ) model that provides a systematic and iterative
approach to software development.
➢ The spiral model is a risk-driven model,meaning that the
focus is on managing risk through multiple iterations of
the software development process.
1. Planning : The First phase of the spiral model is the planning
phase, where the scope of the project is determined and a plan
is created for the next iteration of the spiral.

2. Risk Analysis : In Risk Analysis phase,the risks associated with

the project are identified and avaluated.

3. Evaluation : In the Evaluation phase, the software is evaluated

to determined if it meets the customers requirement and if it is
of high quality.

4. Engineering : In the engineering phase, the software is

developed based on the requirement gathered in the previous
iteration.
15. Explain Working Methodology of Agile model and also
write prons and cons.
➢ Agile SDLC model is a combination of iterative and
incremental process models with focus on process
adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery
of working software product.
➢ Agile Methods break the product into small incremental
builds.
➢ These builds are provided in iterations.
➢ Each iteration typically lasts from about one to three
weeks. Every iteration involves cross functional teams
working simultaneously on various areas like planning,
requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and
acceptance testing.
➢ At the end of the iteration a working product is
displayed to the customer and important stakeholders.

Prons-

➢ Is a very realistic approach to software development.

➢ Promotes teamwork and cross training.
➢ Resource requirements are minimum.
➢ Suitable for fixed or changing requirements
➢ Delivers early partial working solutions.
➢ Little or no planning required.
 ➢ Easy to manage.
➢ Gives flexibility to developers.

Cons-

➢ Not suitable for handling complex dependencies.

➢ More risk of sustainability, maintainability and extensibility.
➢ An overall plan, an agile leader and agile PM practice is a must
without which it will not work.
➢ Strict delivery management dictates the scope, functionality to
be delivered, and adjustments to meet the deadlines.
➢ Depends heavily on customer interaction, so if customer is not
clear, team can be driven in the wrong direction.
16. Draw Usecase on Online book Shopping.
17. Draw Usecase On Online bill payment system.
18. Draw Usecase On Online Shopping product using COD.
19. Draw Usecase On Online Shopping using payment
gateway.