PART A

1. Program to swap 2 numbers with and without using temporary

variable.
a. Swap Numbers (Using Temporary Variable)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
int temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;
cout << "After swapping (with temporary variable):\n";
cout << "First number: " << num1 << endl;
cout << "Second number: " << num2 << endl;
return 0;
}

b. Swapping without a Temporary Variable (using Arithmetic Operations)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
num1 = num1 + num2;
num2 = num1 - num2;
num1 = num1 - num2;
cout << "After swapping (without temporary variable):\n";
cout << "First number: " << num1 << endl;
cout << "Second number: " << num2 << endl;

return 0;
}
2. Program to convert the Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice-versa.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int choice;
double fahrenheit, celsius;

cout << "Temperature Conversion Program" << endl;

cout << "1. Fahrenheit to Celsius" << endl;
cout << "2. Celsius to Fahrenheit" << endl;
cout << "Enter your choice (1 or 2): ";
cin >> choice;

if (choice == 1)
{
cout << "Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: ";
cin >> fahrenheit;
celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5.0 / 9.0;
cout << "Temperature in Celsius: " << celsius << "°C" << endl;
} else if (choice == 2)
{
cout << "Enter temperature in Celsius: ";
cin >> celsius;
fahrenheit = (celsius * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32;
cout << "Temperature in Fahrenheit: " << fahrenheit << "°F" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Invalid choice. Please select 1 or 2." << endl;
}

return 0;
}
3. Program to compute to add and multiply two complex numbers.
#include <iostream>
#include <complex>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
complex<double> num1, num2, sum, product;
double real1, imag1;
cout << "Enter the real and imaginary parts of the first complex number: ";
cin >> real1 >> imag1;
num1 = complex<double>(real1, imag1);
double real2, imag2;
cout << "Enter the real and imaginary parts of the second complex number: ";
cin >> real2 >> imag2;
num2 = complex<double>(real2, imag2);
sum = num1 + num2;
product = num1 * num2;
cout << "Sum: " << sum.real() << " + " << sum.imag() << "i" << endl;
cout << "Product: " << product.real() << " + " << product.imag() << "i" << endl;

return 0;
}

Or

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int real1, real2, img1, img2, realsum, imgsum, realmul, imgmul;

cout << "Enter a and b where a + ib is the first complex number.";

cout << "\na = ";
cin >> real1;
cout << "\nb = ";
cin >> img1;
cout << "Entered complex number is " << real1 << " + " << img1 << "i";

cout << "Enter c and d where c + id is the second complex number.";

cout << "\nc = ";
cin >> real2;
cout << "\nd = ";
cin >> img2;
cout << "Entered complex number is " << real2 << " + " << img2 << "i \n";

realsum = (real1 + real2);

imgsum = (img1 + img2);

cout << "Entered complex number sum is " << realsum << " + " << imgsum << "i \n";
 realmul = (real1 * real2);
imgmul = (img1 * img2);

cout << "Entered complex number sum is " << realmul << " + " << imgmul << "i \n";

return 0;
}

4. Program to demonstrate functions of simple calculator.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

char op;
float num1, num2, result;
cout << "Select operation:\n";
cout << " + for addition\n";
cout << " - for subtraction\n";
cout << " * for multiplication\n";
cout << " / for division\n";
cout << "Enter operation: ";
cin >> op;
cout << "Enter first number: ";
cin >> num1;
cout << "Enter second number: ";
cin >> num2;

switch(op)
{
case '+':
result = num1 + num2;
cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
break;
case '-':
result = num1 - num2;
cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
break;
case '*':
result = num1 * num2;
cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
break;
case '/':

if (num2 != 0)
 {
result = num1 / num2;
cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
}
break;
default:
cout << "Error: Invalid operator!" << endl;
break;
}

return 0;
}

5. Program to display multiplication table of a given number.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int number;

cout << "Enter a number to display its multiplication table: ";

cin >> number;

cout << "Multiplication Table of " << number << ":\n";

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i)
{
cout << number << " * " << i << " = " << (number * i) << "\n";
}

return 0;
}

6. Program to check whether a number is a palindrome or not.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int num, reversed = 0, original, remainder;
 cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
original = num;

while (num != 0)
{
remainder = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + remainder;
num /= 10;
}

if (original == reversed)
{
cout << original << " is a palindrome." << endl;
} else
{
cout << original << " is not a palindrome." << endl;
}

return 0;
}

7. Program to generate Fibonacci series.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the number of terms: ";
cin >> n;

if (n <= 0)
{
cout << "Please enter a positive integer." << endl;
return 1;
}

int first = 0, second = 1, next;

 cout << "Fibonacci Series: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (i == 0) {
cout << first << " ";
continue;
}
if (i == 1) {
cout << second << " ";
continue;
}
next = first + second;
first = second;
second = next;
cout << next << " ";
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

8. Program to compute sum of principle diagonal, lower diagonal and

upper diagonal elements of a matrix.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the size of the square matrix: ";
cin >> n;

int matrix[n][n];

cout << "Enter the elements of the matrix:\n";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
cin >> matrix[i][j];
}
}
 int sumPrincipalDiagonal = 0;
int sumLowerDiagonal = 0;
int sumUpperDiagonal = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (i == j) {
sumPrincipalDiagonal += matrix[i][j];
}
if (i > j) {
sumLowerDiagonal += matrix[i][j];
}
if (i < j) {
sumUpperDiagonal += matrix[i][j];
}
}
}

cout << "Sum of principal diagonal elements: " << sumPrincipalDiagonal << endl;
cout << "Sum of lower diagonal elements: " << sumLowerDiagonal << endl;
cout << "Sum of upper diagonal elements: " << sumUpperDiagonal << endl;

return 0;
}

9. Program to reverse a given string without using built-in function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
string str;
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin >> str;

int start = 0;
int end = str.length() - 1;
char temp;
while (start < end)

temp = str[start];
str[start] = str[end];
 str[end] = temp;

start++;
end--;
}

cout << "Reversed string: " << str << endl;

return 0;
}
10.Program to demonstrate the usage of any five Math.h library functions.

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath> // Include the cmath library for math functions
using namespace std;

int main()
{

// 1. Square root function: sqrt() Returns square root of x.

int a;
cout<<"enter the number to calculate square root"<<"\n";
cin>>a;
cout << "Square root of " << a << " is " << sqrt(a) << endl;

// 2. Power function: pow() Returns the base raised to power exponent.

int num1,num2;
cout<<"enter the number to calculate power of number"<<"\n";
cin>>num1>>num2;
cout << num2 << " raised to the power of " << num1 << " is " << pow(num2, num1) << endl;

//3. absolute value of a given number : abs() Returns absolute value of x.

double num;
cout<<"enter the number to find absolute value"<<"\n";
cin>>num;
cout << " absalute value of " << num << " is " << abs(num) << endl;

//4. to find the maximum of two numbers fmax() Returns larger value of the arguments x and
y. If one number is NaN, other is returned.
double x,y;
cout<<"enter the 2 number to find maximun value"<<"\n";
cin>>x>>y;
cout << " maximum value of " << x << " and " << y << "is" << fmax(x,y) << endl;

//5. round of a number round() Returns integral value that is nearest to x.

 double value;
cout<<"enter the number to find round of value"<<"\n";
cin>>value;
cout << " round of value of " << value << " is " << round(value) << endl;

// 6.to find the remainder Returns floating point remainder of numer/denom rounded to nearest
value. remainder();
double p,q;
cout<<"enter the number to find remainder of value"<<"\n";
cin>>p>>q;
cout << "remainder of " << p << " and " << q << " is " << remainder(p,q) << endl;
return 0;
}
 PART B
1. Program to demonstrate call by value and call by reference.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void callByValue(int a);

void callByReference(int &a);

int main()
{
int value = 10;
int reference = 20;

cout << "Before call by value: value = " << value << endl;
callByValue(value);
cout << "After call by value: value = " << value << endl;

cout << "Before call by reference: reference = " << reference << endl;
callByReference(reference);
cout << "After call by reference: reference = " << reference << endl;

return 0;
}
void callByValue(int a)
{
a = a * 2;
cout << "Inside callByValue function: a = " << a << endl;
}

void callByReference(int &a)

{
a = a * 2;
cout << "Inside callByReference function: a = " << a << endl;
}
2. Program to generate factorial of a given number using recursion.
#include <iostream>

int factorial(int n) {
 if (n <= 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

int main()
{
int number;
std::cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
std::cin >> number;

if (number < 0) {
std::cout << "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers." << std::endl;
} else {
int result = factorial(number);
std::cout << "The factorial of " << number << " is " << result << "." << std::endl;
}

return 0;
}

3. Program to create a Class for representing student details with

appropriate member functions to accept and display the details.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student
{
private:
string name;
int rollNumber;
float grade;

public:
void acceptDetails()
{
cout << "Enter student name: ";
getline(cin, name);
 cout << "Enter roll number: ";
cin >> rollNumber;
cout << "Enter grade: ";
cin >> grade;
cin.ignore();
}

void displayDetails() const

{
cout << "Student Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << endl;
cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
}
};

int main()
{
Student student;
student.acceptDetails();
cout << "\nStudent Details:\n";
student.displayDetails();

return 0;
}

4. C++ Program to demonstrate function overloading.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int add(int a, int b)

{
return a + b;
}

int add(int a, int b, int c)

{
return a + b + c;
}
 double add(double a, double b)
{
return a + b;
}

double add(int a, double b)

{
return a + b;
}

int main() {
int int1 = 5, int2 = 10, int3 = 15;
double double1 = 5.5, double2 = 6.5;

cout << "Sum of two integers (5 + 10): " << add(int1, int2) << endl;
cout << "Sum of three integers (5 + 10 + 15): " << add(int1, int2, int3) << endl;
cout << "Sum of two doubles (5.5 + 6.5): " << add(double1, double2) << endl;
cout << "Sum of an integer and a double (5 + 6.5): " << add(int1, double2) << endl;

return 0;
}

5. Program to demonstrate friend function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Box;

void displayVolume(const Box& b);

class Box
{
private:
double length;
double width;
double height;

public:
Box(double l, double w, double h) : length(l), width(w), height(h) {}
 friend void displayVolume(const Box& b);
};

void displayVolume(const Box& b)

{
double volume = b.length * b.width * b.height;
cout << "Volume of the box: " << volume << endl;
}

int main() {
Box box(3.5, 2.0, 1.5);

displayVolume(box);

return 0;
}

6. Program for single inheritance.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:
void eat()
{
cout << "This animal is eating." << endl;
}

void sleep()
{
cout << "This animal is sleeping." << endl;
}
};

class Dog : public Animal {

public:

void bark()
 {
cout << "The dog is barking." << endl;
}
};

int main()
{

Dog myDog;

myDog.eat();
myDog.sleep();

myDog.bark();

return 0;
}

7. Program to demonstrate multilevel inheritance.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:

void eat()
{
cout << "This animal is eating." << endl;
}

void sleep() {
cout << "This animal is sleeping." << endl;
}
};

class Mammal : public Animal {

public:
void walk()
{
cout << "This mammal is walking." << endl;
}
};
 class Dog : public Mammal
{
public:

void bark()
{
cout << "The dog is barking." << endl;
}
};

int main() {

Dog myDog;

myDog.eat();
myDog.sleep();
myDog.walk();
myDog.bark();

return 0;
}

8. Program to demonstrate operator overloading.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex
{
private:
float real;
float imag;

public:

Complex(float r = 0, float i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}

Complex operator+(const Complex& other) const {

return Complex(real + other.real, imag + other.imag);

}

void display() const

{
 cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << endl;
}
};

int main() {

Complex c1(3.5, 2.5);

Complex c2(1.5, 4.5);

Complex result = c1 + c2;

cout << "Sum of ";

c1.display();
cout << "and ";
c2.display();
cout << "is ";
result.display();

return 0;
}

9. Program to demonstrate the usage of default and parameterized

constructors.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

class Circle
{
private:
double radius;

public:

Circle() : radius(1.0)
{
cout << "Default constructor called: Circle with radius " << radius << endl;
}

Circle(double r) : radius(r)
{
cout << "Parameterized constructor called: Circle with radius " << radius << endl;
}
 double area() const
{
return M_PI * radius * radius;
}

void display() const {

cout << "Radius: " << radius << ", Area: " << area() << endl;
}
};

int main()
{

Circle circle1;
Circle circle2(5.0);

cout << "Details of circle1:" << endl;

circle1.display();

cout << "Details of circle2:" << endl;

circle2.display();

return 0;
}

10.Program to read and display the contents of a text file.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream> // For file stream operations
#include <string> // For std::string

using namespace std;

int main() {
// Define the filename
const string filename = "example.txt";

// Create an input file stream object

ifstream file(filename);

// Check if the file was opened successfully

 if (!file) {
cerr << "Error: Could not open the file " << filename << endl;
return 1; // Return an error code
}

// Read and display the contents of the file

string line;
while (getline(file, line)) {
cout << line << endl;
}

// Close the file

file.close();

return 0; // Success
}