Manual

Experiment 1 - Introduction of electronics laboratory and familiarize with different

component.
This experiment will provide exposure to various equipment used in electronics experiments.
The devices and components will be used include function generators, oscilloscopes,
breadboards, multimeter, resistors, diodes, capacitors, inductors, and transistors.
Theory:

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

The oscilloscopes are basically a graph displaying device. It draws the graph of an electrical
signal. It is employed for the study of several types of waveforms. Some of the waveforms are
displayed in figure 1. It can measure various quantities such as peak voltage, frequency, phase
difference, pulse-width, delay time, rise time, and fall time. The CRO comprises of a cathode-
ray tube (CRT), and input circuitry for focusing and amplification.

Function Generator
A function generator is a very versatile instrument that is used in electronics, mechanics,
bioengineering, physics, and many other fields. A wide variety of synthesized electrical signals
and waveform can be created for testing, repairing and diagnostic applications. It produces
different types of waveforms such as sine, square, triangle and saw-tooth over a wide range of
frequencies.

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Dual Power Supply

Scientech 4075 DC Dual Power Supply is designed as a Constant Current (CC) and Constant
Voltage (CV) source for use in laboratories, industries, and field testing. With compact size,
light weight, and low power loss, it provides DC output voltages for Analog and Digital testing.
A special automatic overload (current) protection circuit limits the maximum current to 2 A.
Two displays (one 3-digit display for voltage & other 3-digit for current) are used to read the
values. These two can be switched simultaneously for either of the DC outputs.
Scientech 4075 has excellent line and load regulation and is provided with protective circuits
to ensure trouble free operation.

Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument combination of different measuring devices
used to measure resistance, current, voltage. Mainly the multimeter are of two types:
i) Analog multimeter
ii) Digital multimeter

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Analog multimeters use a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all
the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the
measured value in numerals, Digital
multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still
preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value. A multimeter
can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench
instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to
troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as
electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring
systems.
The Digital multimeter is a portable professional measuring instrument with large LCD to show
three lines of readings, as well as back light for easily reading. The digital multimeter can
perform measurements of AC/DC voltage and current, resistance, frequency, duty cycle,
capacitance, as well as continuity and diode test. Both the reading and unit of measurement are
displayed on the LCD. The humidity and temperature functions are suitable for measuring
ambient humidity and temperature, as well as temperature of objects.

Resistors
A resistor is a component that resists the flow of current. It’s one of the most basic components
used in electronic circuits. Resistors come in a variety of resistance values (how much they
resist current, measured in units called ohms and designated by the symbol Ω and power ratings
(how much power they can handle without burning up, measured in watts).

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The resistors value is encoded as pattern of different colours as shown above. The value of
resistance can be computed by using the colour code scheme shown below:

Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e.,
insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminium foil or disks, etc. The
'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be
glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between
its plates
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached
across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge (+Q)

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to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the other plate. If a battery has
been attached to a capacitor for enough time, no current can flow through the capacitor.
However, if an accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor,
a displacement current can flow.

Diodes
A multimeter’s Diode Test mode produces a small voltage between test leads. The multimeter
then displays the voltage drop when the test leads are connected across a diode when forward
biased. The Diode Test procedure is conducted as follows: Make certain a) all power to the
circuit is OFF and b) no voltage exists at the diode. Voltage may be present in the circuit due
to charged capacitors. If so, the capacitors need to be discharged. Set the multimeter to measure
ac or dc voltage as required. Turn the dial (rotary switch) to Diode Test mode. It may share a
space on the dial with another function. Connect the test leads to the diode. Record the
measurement displayed. Reverse the test leads. Record the measurement displayed.
Diode test analysis
A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 volts for the most
used silicon diodes. Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 V.
The multimeter displays OL when a good diode is reverse-biased. The OL reading indicates
the diode is functioning as an open switch. A bad (opened) diode does not allow current to flow
in either direction. A multimeter will display OL in both directions when the diode is opened.

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Transistors
A transistor is an electronic device having three terminals where small current at one terminal
is used to control current at the other terminals. Transistors are mainly used for the
amplification of the electronic signal.

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