Computer Vision:

1 mark questions:
1) Computer Vision is a domain of Artificial Intelligence that deals with images.

2) Computer Vision involves the concepts of image processing and machine learning models
to build a Computer Vision based application.

3) Security being the most important application involves use of Computer Vision for
facial recognition.

4) Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of
information that make up a picture.

2 marks questions
1) Define computer vision?
Ans : Computer Vision domain of Artificial Intelligence, enables machines to see
through images or visual data, process and analyse them on the basis of algorithms
and methods in order to analyse actual phenomena with images.
2) Write some benefits of computer vision?
Ans: Computer Vision Benefits:
● Faster and simpler process - Computer vision systems can carry out repetitive

and monotonous tasks at a faster rate, which simplifies the work for humans.

● Better products and services - Computer vision systems that have been trained

very well will commit zero mistakes. This will result in faster delivery of high-quality

products and services.

3) What is the resolution?

Ans : Resolution is The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution. When
term is used to describe pixel count, one convention is to express resolution as the width by the
height, for example a monitor resolution of 1280x1024. This means there are 1280 pixels from
side to the other, and 1024 from top to bottom.
4) Write about pixel?
Ans: The word “pixel” means a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of
pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that make up a picture.
The most common pixel format is the byte image, where this number is stored as an 8-bit intege
giving a range of possible values from 0 to 255. Typically, zero is to be taken as no colour or b
and 255 is taken to be full colour or white.

5) Write about Grayscale images?

Ans :Grayscale Images: Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of
gray without apparent colour. The
darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of
pixel.The lightest possible shade is white, which is the total presence of colour or 255
value of a pixel .

Intermediate shades of gray are represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary
colours.

A grayscale has each pixel of size 1 byte having a single plane of 2d array of pixels.

The size of a grayscale image is defined as the Height x Width of that image.
6) Write about RGB Image?
Ans: RGB Images -All the images that we see around are coloured images. These images are mad
up of three primary colours Red, Green and Blue. All the colours that are present can be made by
combining different intensities of red, green and blue.

7) Write about Computer Vision Applications.

Ans: One field of Machine Learning where fundamental ideas are already included in

mainstream products is computer vision. The applications include:

Self-Driving Cars: With the use of computer vision, autonomous vehicles can

understand their environment. Multiple cameras record the environment surrounding

the vehicle, which is then sent into computer vision algorithms that analyzes the

photos in perfect sync to locate road edges, decipher signposts, and see other

vehicles, obstacles, and people. Then, the autonomous vehicle can navigate streets and
highways on its own, swerve around obstructions, and get its passengers where they

need to go safely.

Facial Recognition: Facial recognition programs, which use computer vision to recognize

individuals in photographs, rely heavily on this field of study. Facial traits in photos

are identified by computer vision algorithms, which then match those aspects to stored

face profiles. In order to verify the identity of the people using consumer electronics,

face recognition is increasingly being used. Facial recognition is used in social

networking applications for both user detection and user tagging. For the same reason,

law enforcement uses face recognition software to track down criminals using

surveillance footage.

Healthcare: Computer vision has contributed significantly to the development of health

tech. Automating the process of looking for malignant moles on a person's skin or

locating indicators in an x-ray or MRI scan is only one of the many applications of

computer vision algorithms.

Computer vision in retail: Retailers can use Computer Vision techniques to track

customers’ movements through stores, analyse navigational routes and detect walking

patterns.

Face Filters: The modern-day apps like Instagram and snapchat have a lot of features

based on the usage of computer vision. The application of face filters is one among them.

Through the camera the machine or the algorithm is able to identify the facial

dynamics of the person and applies the facial filter selected.

Google’s Search by Image:

The maximum amount of searching for data on Google’s search engine comes from textual data,
at the same time it has an interesting feature of getting search results through an image. This
uses Computer Vision as it compares different features of the input image to the database of
images and gives us the search result while at the same time analysing various features of t
image.

8) Write some examples of computer vision?

Examples The following are some examples of well-established activities using

computer vision:

Categorization of Images

A computer program that uses image categorization can determine what an image is of

(a dog, a banana, a human face, etc.). In particular, it may confidently assert that

an input picture matches a specific category. It might be used by a social networking

platform, for instance, to filter out offensive photos that people post.

Object Detection

By first classifying images into categories, object detection may then utilize this

information to search for and catalog instances of the desired class of images. In the

manufacturing industry, this can include finding defects on the production line or

locating broken equipment.

Observation of Moving Objects

If an item is discovered, object tracking will continue to move in the same location. A

common method for doing this is by using a live video stream or a series of

sequentially taken photos. For example, driverless cars must not only identify and
categorize moving things like people, other motorists, and road systems in order to

prevent crashes and adhere to traffic regulations.

9) What is the use of Computer Vision Algorithms

Computer vision algorithms include the different methods used to understand the

objects in digital images and extract high-dimensional data from the real world to

produce numerical or symbolic information. There are many other computer vision

algorithms involved in recognizing things in photographs.

10) Write about Computer Vision Tasks:-The various applications of Computer Vision are bas
on a certain number of tasks which are performed to get certain information from the input
image which can be directly used for prediction or forms the base for further analysis. The ta
used in a computer vision application are :
Classification:Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label f
a fixed set of categories.
Classification + Localisation:
This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is present in the ima
and at the same time identifying at what location that object is present in that image. It is u
only for single objects.
Object Detection:
Object detection is the process of finding instances of real-world objects such as faces,
bicycles, and buildings in images or videos.
Instance Segmentation:
Instance Segmentation is a computer vision task that involves identifying and separating indivi
objects within an image, including detecting the boundaries of each object and assigning a un
label to each object.

11) Write about Challenges of computer vision?

Challenges of Computer Vision: Creating a machine with human-level vision is

surprisingly challenging, and not only because of the technical challenges involved in

doing so with computers. We still have a lot to learn about the nature of human

vision.

To fully grasp biological vision, one must learn not just how various receptors like the

eye work, but also how the brain processes what it sees. The process has been

mapped out, and its tricks and shortcuts have been discovered, but, as with any study

of the brain, there is still a considerable distance to cover.

 Data science

1) What is data?

Data is a collection of raw facts which can be processed to make Information out of it. The
data can be in the form of numbers, words, symbols, or even pictures

2) What is the dataset?

DataSet is a collection of different kinds of Data.For example :

If someone posts something on Facebook he may get Likes, Shares, Dislikes, Comments,
etc. All of this is Data, This collection is one Dataset

3) Write some differences between data and information

4) Write about big data ?

Big Data holds rich information and knowledge which can be of high business value. Five
characteristics of big data are Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity and Value.

5) Write about data science?

Ans :Data Science is one of the important concepts to provide some features like
statistics, data analysis, machine learning and deep learning. Data science helps to
understand and analyse the actual scenario and help to take fruitful decisions.
6) Write applications of data science ?

Fraud and Risk Detection :

In Finance

Data Science plays a key role in Financial Industries. Financial Industries always
have an issue of fraud and risk of losses. Thus, Financial Industries needs to
automate risk of loss analysis in order to carry out strategic decisions for the
company. Also, Financial Industries uses Data Science Analytics tools in order to
predict the future. It allows the companies to predict customer lifetime value
and their stock market moves.

For Example, In Stock Market, Data Science is the main part. In the Stock Market,
Data Science is used to examine past behavior with past data and their goal is to
examine the future outcome. Data is analyzed in such a way that it makes it
possible to predict future stock prices over a set timetable.

Genetics & Genomics:

Data Science applications also enable an advanced level of treatment

personalization through an advanced level of treatment personalization through
research in genetics and genomics

The goal is to understand the impact connections between genetics,diseases,

and drug response.

Data Science techniques allow integration of different kinds of data with

genomic data in disease search, which provides a deeper understanding of
genetic issues in reactions to particular drugs and diseases.

In Transport

Data Science is also entered in real-time such as the Transport field like
Driverless Cars. With the help of Driverless Cars, it is easy to reduce the number
of Accidents.

For Example, In Driverless Cars the training data is fed into the algorithm and
with the help of Data Science techniques, the Data is analyzed like what as the
speed limit in highways, Busy Streets, Narrow Roads, etc. And how to handle
different situations while driving etc.

In Search Engines

The most useful application of Data Science is Search Engines. As we know when
we want to search for something on the internet, we mostly use Search engines
like Google, Yahoo, Safari, Firefox, etc. So Data Science is used to get Searches
faster.

For Example, When we search for something suppose “Kvs or central school ”
then at that time on Internet Explorer we get the first link of Kendriya Vidyalya
Sangathan. This happens because the Kendriya Vidyalya Sangathan website is
visited most in order to get information regarding central school. So this analysis
is done using Data Science, and we get the Topmost visited Web Links.

Airline Routing Planning

With the help of Data Science, Airline Sector is also growing like with the help of
it, it becomes easy to predict flight delays. It also helps to decide whether to
directly land into the destination or take a halt in between like a flight can have a
direct route from Delhi to the U.S.A or it can halt in between after that reach at
the destination.

Data Science in Gaming

In most of the games where a user will play with an opponent i.e. a Computer
Opponent, data science concepts are used with machine learning where with
the help of past data the Computer will improve its performance. There are
many games like Chess, EA Sports, etc. will use Data Science concepts.

Targeting Recommendation:

Targeting Recommendation is the most important application of Data Science.

Whatever the user searches on the Internet, he/she will see numerous posts
everywhere. This can be explained properly with an example: Suppose I want a
mobile phone, so I just Google search it and after that, I changed my mind to buy
offline. In Real -World Data Science helps those companies who are paying for
Advertisements for their mobile. So everywhere on the internet in the social
media, in the websites, in the apps everywhere I will see the recommendation of
that mobile phone which I searched for. So this will force me to buy online.

In E-Commerce
E-Commerce Websites like Amazon, Flipkart, etc. uses data Science to make a
better user experience with personalized recommendations.

For Example, When we search for something on the E-commerce websites we

get suggestions similar to choices according to our past data and also we get
recommendations according to most buy the product, most rated, most
searched, etc. This is all done with the help of Data Science.

Types of data
For data science models or projects, generally, data is collected in the form of tables
in different formats:

1. CSV: It is a common and simple file format to store data in tabular form. It can
be opened through any spreadsheet software (MS Excel), documentation
software (MS Word )and any text editor (Notepad). Everyone contains a record,
each record has a number of fields, and these fields are separated by a
comma.
2. Spreadsheet: A spreadsheet contains rows and columns to represent data in
tabular form. Mostly spreadsheets are used to calculate data, manipulate data,
analyse data and maintain data records. Ms Excel is well known and popular
spreadsheet software.
3. SQL: It stands for Structured Query Language. It is used to handle the data
stored in DBMS (Database Management Software) System. It provides basic
commands to create, alter, delete and manage transactions for database
management.

Sources for data collection

There are various sources for data collection found nowadays in the market. The
major kinds of sources for data collection are:

1. Online
2. Offline

Online Sources Offline Sources

Open-Sources web portals run by Government Sensors

Reliable private websites such as Kaggle Surveys

Word Organizations Open-source websites Interviews

Observations
Online Sources
The online sources provide the data collection facility by various websites, portals
and apps. Users need to browse the web portal or download the app and follow the
instructions. This method is not that popular as compared to offline sources right
now but in future it become popular.

Offline Sources
The offline sources are more likely effective and useful for data collection. The
offline sources give a clear picture to make a decision. Here are a few ways for the
same.

1. Sensors: They are IoT-based devices which collect data from the physical
world and transform it into digital form. They are connected through gateways
to relay the data into the cloud and server.
2. Surveys: Surveys can be conducted by using different questionnaires. It is
most popular for a large amount of data. It should be handled carefully. The
surveys are less expensive and easy to process. Surveys are mostly
conducted by using forms. These forms can be online or offline.
3. Interviews: Interviews are the best and most popular way to data collection. A
list of questions is prepared to conduct interviews and collect data. It is one of
the primary collection methods. It is the most expensive process. It can be also
conducted over the phone, through a web chat interface.
4. Observations: It includes collecting information without asking questions. It
requires researchers, and observers, to add their judgement to data. It can
determine the dynamics of a situation and cannot be measured through other
data collection techniques. It can be combined with additional information
such as video.

The following point should be remembered while accessing data from any data
sources:

1. Data which is available for public usage only should be taken up.
2. Personal datasets should only be used with the consent of the owner.
3. One should never breach someone’s privacy to collect data.
4. Data should only be taken from reliable sources as the data collected from
random sources can be wrong or unusable.
5. Reliable sources of data ensure the authenticity of data which helps in the
proper training of the AI model.