Math Class Notes

MATH CLASS: GEOMETRY
BASIC:
⁃ POINT
⁃ LINE
⁃ PLANE
⁃ SOLID
LINE:
RAY: Has a starting point but no ending point
LINE SEGMENT: Has a starting and and ending point
Collinear Points: if three or more points lie on the same straight line
then the points are called co linear
otherwise they are called non collinear points.
Angles: formed by two rays originating at the same point. the two rays
making the angle are called the arms of the single and the common point
is called the vertex.
TYPES OF ANGLES:
Angles are classified based on their measure
An angle is measured in degrees or Radians
0. Acute Angle: FROM 0º TO > 90º

0. Right Angle: = 90º
0. Obtuse Angle: < 90º but >180º
0. Straight Angle: = 180º
0. Reflex Angle: <180º TO >360º
Complementary: two angle who’s sum is 90 degree are called compli-

mentary angles
Supplementary: two angles who’s sum is 180 degree are called supple-
mentary angles
Adjacent Angles: two angles are called adjacent angles if they (1)have
a common vertex, (2)a common arm and (3)their non common arms are
on different sides of the common arm. In the figure:
NOTE: while defining adjacent angels we have to make sure that all the
criteria of the definition are met.
Linear Pair: A pair of adjacent angles is called a linear pair if the non-
common arms form a straight line
NOTE: A linear pair of angles is always supplementary. A pair of supple-
mentary need not be a linear pair.
Vertically Opposite Angles: are formed when two lines intersect each
other, then two pairs of vertically opposite angles are formed.
Parallel Lines: Parallel lines are two or more straight lines in a plane
which never intersect. the distance between them remains the same.
Transversal: A line a which intersects two or more lines in a distinct

point is called a transversal
A pair of parallel lines cut by a transversal
A pair of non parallel lines cut by a transversal
4 lines cut by a transversal
ANGLES FORMED BY A PAIR OF LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL: 8

angles are formed
ANGLES FORMED BY PAIRS OF STRAIGHT LINES: if there is a pair of

straight lines, then (1) they intersect at a point if the distance between
them is not constant and becomes smaller.
When a pair of lines is cut by a transversal 8 angles are formed
these pair of lines may be parallel or non parallel.
NOTE: WHEN TWO PARALLEL LINES ARE CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL THEN

FROM THE PICTURE ABOVE: THE MENTIONED PAIR OF ANGLES ARE
RELATED TO EACH OTHER IN A CERTAIN MANNER:
0. Corresponding Angles: Taken in pairs when a transversal

intersects two lines we can form taken in pairs the angles are named as
corresponding angles (∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7, ∠ 4 and
∠8)
0. Alternate Interior Angles: ∠4 and ∠6 , ∠3 and ∠5

0. Alternate Exterior Angles: ∠1 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠8
0. Interior angles on the same side of a transversal: ∠4
and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠6
__________________________________________________________________________
______________
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS: P =>(implies) Q. If P then Q

P- Hypothesis (what’s given)
Q- Conclusion
IF THE SKY IS BLUE THEN THE SUN IS SHINING.

HYPOTHESIS IS- IF THE SKY IS BLUE
CONCLUSION- THE SUN IS SHINING BRIGHTLY
CONVERSE: Converse of the conditional statement is happens when the

hypothesis and the converse swapped.
FOR THE ABOVE STATEMENT THE CONVERSE WILL BE IF THE SUN IS

SHINING BRIGHTLY THEN THE SKY IS BLUE.
IF P IMPLIES Q AND Q IMPLIES P: THEN WE RIGHT P => AND IS IMPLIED

BY Q.
IN MATHEMATICS THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF A STATEMENT AND ITS

CONVERSE:
0. It is not always necessary that the converse of a statement is

true. -
———————————————————
ex. Conditional Statement:
• If it is raining, then the ground is wet.
Converse:
• If the ground is wet, then it is raining.
• This statement is not necessarily true because the ground
could be wet for other reasons (e.g., someone watering the garden, a
spilled drink, or melting snow).
• The original statement is true, but the converse is false, pro-
viding an example of a conditional statement where the converse does
not hold.
————————————————————————————
CORRESPONDING ANGLE AXIOM:

0. Conditional statement:
“If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then each pair of corre-
sponding angles are equal.”
Converse of the Corresponding Angle Axiom:
If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding an-
gles is equal then the two lines are parallel to each other.
0. Theorem:
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then each pair of alternate in-
terior angles equal.
Converse of the Theorem:
If a transversal intersect a pair of lines such that a pair of alternate inte-
rior angle are equal, then the two lines are parallel.
0. Theorem:
If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles on
the same side of the transversal is supplementary then the lines are par-
allel.
Converse of the Theorem:
LINES PARALLEL TO THE SAME LINE:

Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
TRIANGLES:
the simplest form of a closed shape. when three non-co linear points are
joined by straight line segments.
⁃ VERTICES: A, B AND C
⁃ SIDES: AB, BC, CA
⁃ ANGLES: ∠A, ∠B, ∠C
ANGLE SUM PRPERTY OF A TRIANGLE

the sum of the angles of a triangles are equal to 180 degrees.
CONGRUENCE OF GEOMETRCICAL
FIGURE:
0. Size
0. Shape
Two figures are said to be congruent when they are exactly alike.
ex. two $1 coins minted in the same year, HOW are they congruent?
+1: ONTOP OF ANOTHER THEY COVER EACH OTHER COMPLETELY.
FOR EXAMPLE THE FOLLOWING FIGURES ARE NOT CONGRUENT. WHY?
IS A SQUARE WHOSE SIDES ARE IS A RHOMBUS WHOSE SIDES

= 2 CM = 2CM
BUT THEY ARE NOT CONGRUENT, BECAUSE THEIR ANGLES ARE NOT
EQUAL!
---------- ----------------------- ---------------------

-- ----------------------- -------
CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES: The congruence of a triangle can

be proved only if the 6 parts are equal
⁃ a triangle has got 6 parts: 3 angles and 3 sides
⁃ so, when two triangles are congruent then each of these six
parts have to match.
THESE TRIANGLES HOWEVER, ARE THE SAME SHAPE AND SIZE. WHICH IS
WHY THEY ARE CONGRUENT.
NOTE:
0. Therefore, for the congruency of two geometrical figures
MUST be the same shape AND size.
0. The shapes+ sizes of two geometrical figures are dependent
on the angles and sides.
EXAMPLE:
IF CONGRUENT:
IF AB= PQ AND ∠A = ∠P
IF BC=QR AND ∠B = ∠Q
IF CA=RP AND ∠C = ∠R
THEN TRIANGLE ABC IS CONGRUENT TO TRIANGLE PQR
CONGRUENCE CRITERIA: CHECKING OUT

THE THREE PARTS TO PROVE CONGRUENCE IS CALLED THE CON-
GRUENCE CRITERIA FOR TRIANGLES.
0. AAA: THAT IS IF 3 ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE ARE EQUAL

TO THEIR CORRESPONDING ANGLES OF ANOTHER TRIANGLES,
CAN WE SAY THAT THEY ARE CONGRUENT?
NO, BECAUSE LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:

0. SSA: THAT IS IF 2 SIDES AND AN ANGLE (NOT NECES-
SARILY INCLUDED) OF A TRIANGLE IS EQUAL TO 2 SIDES AND AN
ANGLE (NOT NECESSARILY INCLUDED) OF ANOTHER CORRE-
SPONDING TRIANGLE, CAN WE SAY THEY ARE CONGRUENT.
NO, BECAUSE.
??
Therefore, if we have to show that one triangle

is congruent to another triangle we have to
choose the three plants correctly.
0. SAS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF TWO SIDES AND

THE INCLUDED ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE ARE EQUAL TO TWO SIDES AND
THE INCLUDED ANGLE OF ANOTHER TRIANGLE.
NOTE: it is very important that the angle which is chosen is the included
angle.
0. ASA: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF TWO ANGLES AND

THE INCLUDED SIDE OF ONE TRIANGLE ARE EQUAL TO TWO ANGLES
AND THE INCLUDED SIDE OF ANOTHER TRIANGLE
NOTE: it is not necessary that S has to be and include side.
WHY? This is because in case the side is not an included side, then we
have AAS and eventually AAS becomes ASA due to the angles use prop-
erty.
0. SSS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF THREE SIDES OF A

TRIANGLE ARE EQUAL TO THREE SIDES OF ANOTHER TRIANGLE.
0. RHS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF IN TWO RIGHT

TRIANGLES THE HYPOTENUSE AND ONE SID EOF A TRIANGLE ARE QUEAL
TO THE HYPOTENUSE AND ONE SIDE OF ANOTHER TRIANGLE.
NOTE: THIS RULE APPLIES ONLY TO RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES.

Math Class Notes

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Math Class Notes

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MATH CLASS: GEOMETRY

0. Acute Angle: FROM 0º TO > 90º

Complementary: two angle who’s sum is 90 degree are called compli-

Transversal: A line a which intersects two or more lines in a distinct

ANGLES FORMED BY A PAIR OF LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL: 8

ANGLES FORMED BY PAIRS OF STRAIGHT LINES: if there is a pair of

NOTE: WHEN TWO PARALLEL LINES ARE CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL THEN

0. Corresponding Angles: Taken in pairs when a transversal

0. Alternate Interior Angles: ∠4 and ∠6 , ∠3 and ∠5

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS: P =>(implies) Q. If P then Q

IF THE SKY IS BLUE THEN THE SUN IS SHINING.

CONVERSE: Converse of the conditional statement is happens when the

FOR THE ABOVE STATEMENT THE CONVERSE WILL BE IF THE SUN IS

IF P IMPLIES Q AND Q IMPLIES P: THEN WE RIGHT P => AND IS IMPLIED

IN MATHEMATICS THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF A STATEMENT AND ITS

0. It is not always necessary that the converse of a statement is

CORRESPONDING ANGLE AXIOM:

LINES PARALLEL TO THE SAME LINE:

ANGLE SUM PRPERTY OF A TRIANGLE

FOR EXAMPLE THE FOLLOWING FIGURES ARE NOT CONGRUENT. WHY?

IS A SQUARE WHOSE SIDES ARE IS A RHOMBUS WHOSE SIDES

---------- ----------------------- ---------------------

CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES: The congruence of a triangle can

THEN TRIANGLE ABC IS CONGRUENT TO TRIANGLE PQR

CONGRUENCE CRITERIA: CHECKING OUT

0. AAA: THAT IS IF 3 ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE ARE EQUAL

NO, BECAUSE LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:

Therefore, if we have to show that one triangle

0. SAS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF TWO SIDES AND

0. ASA: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF TWO ANGLES AND

0. SSS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF THREE SIDES OF A

0. RHS: TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT IF IN TWO RIGHT

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