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Lecture 1 Introduction

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18 views

Lecture 1 Introduction

Uploaded by

Craig Peri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Embedded
Computer Systems
Applications of
Microprocessors
•Two categories of applications
• general purpose computers
• embedded computers.

•Both types have a CPU, memory and ports

•Each type is constructed in such a way to suit


the application.
General Purpose Computers

• Run a number of different programs concurrently.


• Lots of RAM in Von Neumann architecture.
• Storage is hard drive or solid state drive
• Software made up of an OS and user programs.
General Purpose Computers

• Have standard I/O ports


• USB ports, parallel ports, SD interface, Bluetooth etc.
• Have general purpose I/O devices
• keyboard, VDU, mouse (touch pad/touch screen)
General Purpose Computers
• Circuitry for these functionalities built onto a mother
board - CPU, memory, ports, support circuits
Embedded Computers
• Are computers built as part of, and to control operation
of a piece of equipment or machinery.
Embedded Computers
• Are computers built as part of, and to control operation
of a piece of equipment or machinery.
Embedded Computers
• Are computers built as part of, and to control operation
of a piece of equipment or machinery.
Embedded Computers
• Are computers built as part of, and to control operation
of a piece of equipment or machinery.
Embedded Computers
• Are computers built as part of, and to control operation
of a piece of equipment or machinery.
Embedded Computers
• Computer circuitry placed on a PCB built as part of the
equipment or machine, hence the name.
Embedded Computers
• Generally run one user program at a time and have no OS.

• In general, embedded processors are microcontrollers.


• These are devices with CPU, memory, ports and various
other peripherals built onto the same IC chip.

• Most of microcontroller interface pins are general


purpose I/O ports for connecting to I/O devices
• sensors, actuators, switches, simple displays etc.

• Most of the instructions operate on bits


Clock
Microcontrollers
ROM Ports
CPU

RAM
Serial
Comm
Timers
ADC Parallel
Interrupts Comm
Internal Architecture
Interrupts,
resets Data RAM

Port A

Port B
CPU core
Program Port C
memory
Stack Port D

Port E

Timer 1
SPI USART PSP
Timer 2

CCP 1 ADC / Timer 3


CCP 2
Comparator
EEPROM
Memory in Microcontrollers
• Program memory – involatile (ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, or
flash RAM)

• Data memory to store data, configurations – volatile (RAM)

• Stack memory – involatile (RAM).

• Storage memory for long tem storage of data – involatile


(EEPROM, flash RAM; may use program memory)

• Generally, the Harvard architecture is used for addressing


the memory blocks.
Von Neumann
architecture
55 0C
A3 0B Data
47 0A
45 09
08
07
06
26 05
23 04
6F 03 Program
01 02
44 01
4B 00
Von Neumann
architecture
55 0C
A3 0B
47 0A
45 09 Harvard
08
07 architecture
06
26 05
23 04
6F 03 A B C D
01 02
44 01
4B 00
Microcontroller Families
• The Intel 8051 family

• The Microchip PIC series

• The ARM series


Intel 8051 Microchip PIC

ARM μc
Case study approach
• The Microchip PIC16F877 will be studied as the case
study device.

• Chosen because it has a wide variety of


microcontroller features

• Knowledge gained can then be extended to other


microcontrollers.
PIC 16F877 Features
Digital I/O Ports and On-chip Peripherals
• 33 I/O pins distributed into 5 ports.
• 8-bit wide parallel Slave Port (PSP)
• Two 8-bit timer/counter modules
• One 16-bit timer/counter module
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
• 8-channel 10-bit ADC.
• Two analog comparator modules.
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI)
• Synchronous Serial Port with SPI and I2C
PIC 16F877 Features
High Performance RISC Features
• 35 single-word instructions.
• All the instructions are 14-bits wide.

• Operating speed of up to 20 MHz clock input:


• Each fetch and execute is 4 clock cycles long = 200ns
• Two-stage pipelined architecture results in all
instructions executing in one machine cycle except
program branches.
1FFF

• 8 x 14 bit LIFO RAM


• Stores only return addresses Flash RAM
• Inaccessible by programmer Program
Memory • 256 bytes of
1FF more
• 8k x 14 bits permanent
Data RAM • Stores storage
(Register files) program
• May be used
to store data FF
512 × 8-bit file
registers EEPROM Data
08 Memory
Stack
00 00

RAM Flash RAM EEPROM


Packages

QFN - 8mm x 8mm


TQFP - 12mm x 12mm
PLCC - 17.53mm x 17.53mm

PDIP - 52.26mm x 13.84mm


Pin out
Pin out

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