Voltage Variation Along

Transmission Lines
Voltage Variation Along Transmission Lines
• Let, 𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = series impedance per unit length of the line
𝑦 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 = shunt admittance per unit length of the line

• Consider a small segment of line ∆𝑥 at a distance 𝑥 from the receiving end of the
line.
IS I(x+Δx) I(x) IR

zΔx

V(x+Δx) V(x)
yΔx

Δx x

𝑽 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝜸𝒙 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒁𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒙 𝑰𝑹
𝟏
𝑰 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒙 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝜸𝒙 𝑰𝑹
𝒁𝒄
Voltage Variation Along Transmission Lines

• Consider a lossless transmission line, i.e. 𝒓 = 𝟎, 𝒈 = 𝟎.

𝐿
• Now, 𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔 𝐿𝐶 = 𝑗𝛽, 𝑍𝑐 = (This is now purely resistive)
𝐶
• Hence, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑥 = 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑥

𝑽𝑺 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒍 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒋𝒁𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒍 𝑰𝑹

𝟏
𝑰𝑺 = 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒍 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒍 𝑰𝑹
𝒁𝒄
• Surge impedance: the characteristic impedance with losses neglected is
commonly referred to as the surge impedance.
• Surge impedance load: the power delivered by a transmission line when it is
terminated by its surge impedance at rated voltage is known as the surge
impedance load.
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝑹 𝑽𝑳,𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟑 𝑽𝑹 𝒌𝑽𝑳,𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑰𝑹 = , 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑺𝑰𝑳 = 𝟑𝑽𝑹 𝑰∗ 𝑹 = = 𝑴𝑾
𝒁𝑪 𝟑 𝒁𝒄 𝒁𝒄
Voltage Variation Along Transmission Lines

• Consider a transmission line being terminated by the surge impedance.

𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅 𝑉𝑅

1 AND 𝐼𝑅 =
𝐼(𝑥) = 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑥 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽𝑥 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐
𝑍𝑐

𝑽 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒙 + 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒙 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑽𝑹 ∠𝜷𝒙

𝑰 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒙 + 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒙 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹 ∠𝜷𝒙

• At SIL, transmission lines exhibit the following special characteristics.

1) Voltage and current at any point along the line are equal in magnitude.
2) Voltage and current are in phase throughout the length of the line.
3) There is no reactive power absorbed or generated at either end of the line
(𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑅 = 0).
PV Curves
Scenario:
• A radial short length line feeds a complex load at the receiving end.
• A generator is connected at the sending end to maintain the voltage at that end.
• At the receiving end, there is no generator or capacitor bank connected.

𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅

𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑅 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑅

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 ∡00
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 ∡ − 𝜙 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑒 −𝑗𝜙
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝐿
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿 = 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 ∗
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 cos 𝜙 + 𝑗 sin 𝜙 = 𝑃𝐿 1 + 𝑗 tan 𝜙
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙
PV Curves
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅

𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑅 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑅

• Assume the line as a loss-less line.

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝐿 = sin 𝛿
𝑋
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙 = 𝑄𝑅 = − + cos 𝛿
𝑋 𝑋
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙 + = cos 𝛿
𝑋 𝑋
2 2 2
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆 2
𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛿
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
PV Curves
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅

𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑅 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑅

• Assume the line as a loss-less line.

2 2
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙 + = − 𝑃𝐿 2
𝑋 𝑋

2
𝑉𝑆 2 𝑉𝑆 4 2 tan 𝜙
𝑉𝑅 = − 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 tan 𝜙 ± − 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 + 𝑉𝑆
2 4

• Above equation computes the magnitude of the receiving end voltage (load
voltage), for a varying load at a given power factor and for a fixed magnitude of
sending end voltage and line reactance.
PV Curves
2 2
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆
𝑃𝐿 tan 𝜙 + = − 𝑃𝐿 2
𝑋 𝑋

2
𝑉𝑆 2 𝑉𝑆 4 2 tan 𝜙
𝑉𝑅 = − 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 tan 𝜙 ± − 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 𝑃𝐿 𝑋 + 𝑉𝑆
2 4
PV Curves
• The feeder has a maximum capability to supply a load.
• For each load there are two magnitudes of the load voltage at which it can be
theoretically supplied. However, the lower value of the load voltage magnitude
gives rise to unstable operation and may lead to a voltage collapse.
• Control of voltage is better as the power factor changes from lagging to leading.
Therefore, supplying reactive power at the load end has a distinct advantage.
 Examples
Z = 𝑗20 Ω

10 𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝐺

Above figure shows a three-phase, 33 kV line feeding a per-phase load of 10 MW.

(i) Determine the load angle and the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitive
source connected at the load end to maintain a line voltage of 33 kV at the load.
(ii) If the capacitive source is removed, what is the maximum real power load which
can be supplied. What will be the power angle and the voltage to supply the load?
 Examples
Z = 𝑗20 Ω

10 𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝐺

Per-phase sending end and receiving end voltage:

33
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 = = 19.0526 𝑘𝑉
3
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 −1
10 × 20
𝑃𝑅 = sin 𝛿 → 𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 33.430
𝑋 19.0526 × 19.0526
Reactive power to be transmitted from 2 to 1;
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆 19.05262 19.0526 × 19.0526
𝑄𝑅 = − + cos 𝛿 = − + cos 33.430
𝑋 𝑋 20 20
𝑄𝑅 = 3.0031 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟
 Examples
Z = 𝑗20 Ω

10 𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝐺

If the capacitive source is removed, only power transmitted along the line is real
power.
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅
𝑃= sin 𝛿
𝑋
𝑉𝑅 2 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 2
𝑄𝑅 = − + cos 𝛿 = 0 → cos 𝛿 =
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
2 2 2
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 2
sin 𝛿 + cos 𝛿 = 𝑃2 +
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝑉𝑅 4 − 𝑉𝑆 2 𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑋 2 𝑃2 = 0
𝑉𝑅 2 = 𝑣 → 𝑣 2 − 19.05262 𝑣 + 400𝑃2 = 0
Examples
19.05262 ± 19.05264 − 4 × 400 × 𝑃2
𝑣=
2
A solution exists when,

19.05264 − 4 × 400 × 𝑃2 ≥ 0
19.05264
𝑃≤ = 9.075 𝑊
4 × 400

19.05262
𝑣= = 181.5008
2
𝑉𝑅 = 181.5008 = 13.4722 kV

9.075 × 20
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 450
19.0526 × 13.4722