Programming in C

Laboratory Manual

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 Table of Contents
1. Getting started with C…………………………………………….…………………….. 6
2. Input Output……………………………………………………………………………...9
3. Operator………………………………………………………………………………….10
4. Conditional statements…………………………………………………………………...12
5. Control Statements ………………………………………………………………………14
6. Function………………………………………………………………………………….16
7. Array & Strings…………………………………………………………………………..17
8. Pointer,Storage class and dynamic memory allocation………………………………….19
9. Structure , Union and Enums…………………………………………………………….20
10. FILE, I/O and Command Line Argument ……………………………………………….21

Rules:
1. The above mentioned 10 laboratories must be completed in a semester.
2. Each laboratory must be completed in two labs (One practice lab followed by an
evaluation lab). In practice lab the lab assistants, faculty will assist the student whereas in
evaluation lab no assistance from any of the staffs will be entertained.
3. Each laboratory (Excluding Laboratory-0) carries 100 marks.
a. Attending practice lab……………….20 Marks Continuous Evaluation
b. Record………………………………..20 Marks
c. Evaluation Lab……………………….30 Marks
d. Lab Test..……………………………..30 Marks
One-time Evaluation at
i. Programming Ability Test……20 Marks
the end of 10 laboratories
ii. Viva/Quiz Test………………...10 Marks
4. All practice lab and evaluation lab questions will be asked from the lab manual.
5. Absenteeism in any lab means corresponding marks will be deducted.
6. Discipline has the highest priority.

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 Laboratory 0
Basic Linux Commands
Login to your system using the user name and password given to you. Open Terminal.
Press ESC key to go to the ESCAPE mode else you are working in the command mode.
Check outputs of all commands listed in the following.

Sl.No Command Explanation Syntax Option

1 ls Dives short listing of files presents Is [ option ] [file] - 1 - long listing
in a directory. - d - directory
- a - for hidden files

2 mkdir Creates a directory mkdir [ name]

3 cd change to a named directory cd [dir name] cd . - stays at current directory

cd .. - go to parent directory
cd - changes to home directory
4 pwd Display the path of the current Pwd
directory
5 vi Create/Edit a file vi < filename > or vim After editing go to escape
mode and press :w - to save
the content , :q - to q u i t w q -
to quit after saving the content

6 cp Copies the content of one file to cp <sourceFileName> - i - interactively ,

another file. <destinationFileName> -r - recursively for directory etc.

7 mv Move or rename one file to another mv <oldname>

<newname>
8 rm Remove a file from the current rm <filename> - l interactively, - f forcefully , r
directory - recursively
9 rmdir Removes a directory rmdir<dirname>

10 cat Displays the content of a file cat <filename >

11 grep Searches a file for a keyword grep “ keyword” <file>
12 wc counts no of word/characters/ line wc < filename > - w - for word , - 1 for line
in a file
13 echo Echos a particular string or content echo Hello World will
of a shell variable display Hello World in
the prompt
14 > Redirect standard output to a file <command> e.g. echo Hello World >
<filename> myfile stores the output of the
command in the left hand side
to a file named my file

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15 date Displays the current date Date Options d - the day of the month ,
y the last two digits of the year , D
date in mm /dd /yy format , H , M
,S hour , minute and second
respectively
16 call Displays the calendar for a specific cal , cal april 2009 Cal [ [month] year ]
month and year.
17 who Tells the users currently logged Who
into the system
18 man Displays documentation of a man < command >
command
19 tac Used to display the content of file tac <filename>
in reverse order
20 More,less These command are used to see more < filename > less is the standard pager for linux
content of a large file , one page at less <filename > and in general more powerful than
a time. more.
21 cmp Is used to see whether two files are cmp < filel >< file 2> The two files are compared byte
identical or not by byte and the location of the
first mismatch is printed on the
screen If two files are identical,
then it does not print anything on
the screen .
22 comm displays what is common between comm < filel ><file2>
both the files
23 head displays the top of the file, when head - n When - n option is used followed
used without any option it will [ numberofline] by a number, it displays that many
display first 10 lines of the file <filename> numbers from the top of the file.
24 tail displays the end of the file. By tail - n [numberof When - n option is used followed
default it will display last 10 lines by a number, it displays that many
of the file. lines ] < filename > numbers from the bottom of the
file.
25 < Redirect standard input. from a file
< filename
26 Clear Clears the terminal
27 chmod Changes the permission of a file chmod < mode >
filename
28 ssh ssh option host Makes a secure shell
connection for remote
access SUIIT.
29 whoami Returns current username. Needs to see who logged into
the system
30 finger Searches for some user. finger xyz

31 sort Sorts the content of a files sort <filename>

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Do the following tasks after logging into your system. You are directed to note down the outputs
in your rough lab notebook.
1. type pwd to see the current directory .
2. Check the current username.
3. type mkdir <your name> to create a directory of your own
4. cd <your name> to go to your own directory
5. type again pwd to see the current directory
6. create a file named test and write 10 sentences about your first day at SUIIT
7. save the file and quit to prompt
8. type grep first test to see how many times the word first occurs in the file test
9. using wc find out total no of characters, no of lines and no of words in the file test
10. type cat test to see the content of the file test
11. type cp test testl
12. cmp test testl
13. see the content of the file testl using cat
14. type Is and Is-a to see the listing of files
15. type rm testl
16. type Is and Is-a and see the changes in the file listing in step 12 and 14.
17. Store the output of Is, and Is -a into files ls.txt, lsa.txt
18. Sort the above two files using sort.
19. type echo Hello How are you ?
20. type echo Hello World > testl
21. cat testl to see the content of testl file
22. See the content of testl in reverse order.
23. type echo sunshine > test2
24. cat test2 to see the content of the file test2
25. cat testl test2 > test3
26. cat test3 to see the content of test3
27. cp test3 test4
28. cat test4 to see the content of file test4
29. gedit test3 and see the file test3. Add a third line “ First year students” to the file, save
and quit.
30. cat test3 to see the content of the file test3 again and see the changes made.
31. cmp test3 test4 to see the first mismatch among these two files.
32. Check the common content between test3 and test4
33. type cp test3 test4
34. count the no of lines, word and characters in both the files test3 and test4 and see whether
they are same or not.
35. type Is , Is -a and check the difference in the result.
36. type rm -f test4
37. Display the calendar of the current month.
38. type echo * and see the result. Explain the output.
39. type mv test3 test4

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 Laboratory-1
Getting started with C
In Linux environment, cc and gcc are two well known C compilers.
All C programs (Source code) are stored in a file ending with extension .c (e.g. MyProgram.c)
After writing the source code in C the files has to be compiled. To compile a source file test.c,
use the command cc MyProgram.c (or gcc MyProgram.c).
If there is no problem in the source code, it generates the executable a.out (default name) and
then you may run the same by typing a.out or ./a.out (depending upon the path).
If you want to give a different name of the executable you need to use cc (or gcc) MyProgram
-o test . This generates executable file test that you can run.
If you don’ t want to create executable, rather you want to create only object file (.o file) you
may use the command cc -c test that creates test.o.
For inclusion of certain types of header libraries we need to give options while compiling e.g. cc
myprog.c -lm (when math.h is included )

Type the following sample programs, save it giving a file name, compile and run it. See the
result and match with the expected outputs.

Do the following tasks after logging to your system. You are directed to note down the outputs in
your rough lab notebook.

Program 1 This header file contains declarations of widely used input and output
#include<stdio.h> function.
main( ) Every C program execution begins from main()
{
printf (“ Hello World\n” ); printf( )is one widely used function that prints a string
return 0; passed or converts a value type into a string and prints in the
} standard output device. \nnewline character.

return is used to return certain value to the caller. In this case

returns 0 helps returning the control to the operating system.

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Program 2: Write a program to print the University Name and Course in two separate
lines
Sample output:
#include<stdio.h> Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology
main( ) Bachelor of Technology
{
printf (“ Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology \n” );
printf(“Bachelor of Technology”);
return 0;
}
Program 3: Write a program to add, substract and multiply two numbers
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{ Sample output:
int no1=5, no2=10; Addition=15
int mul; Subtraction=-5 Multiplication=50
printf (“Addition=%d”,no1+no2 );
printf(“\n Subtraction=%d”,no1 - no2);
mul=no1 * no2;
printf(“Multiplication=%d”, mul);
return 0;
}
Program 4: Write a program to swap two numbers
#include<stdio.h>
main( ) Sample output:
{ Enter two numbers: 10 20
int no1, no2,temp; After Swapping no1=20 no2=10
printf(“Enter two numbers:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&no1,&no2);
temp=no1;
no1=no2;
no2=temp;
printf(“After Swapping no1=%d no2=%d”, no1,no2);
return 0;
}
Program 5: Write a program to convert temperature in Celsius to Fahrenheit
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ Sample output:
int c; float f; Enter Celsius temp: 100
printf("Enter Celsius temp:"); Converted Temp = 212 F
scanf("%d", &c);
f = (9.0*c)/5.0 + 32.0;
printf("Converted Temp = %f F\n",f);
return 0;
}

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6. Write a program to scan an integer and prints its value in octal, hexadecimal, decimal
and default specification (which is again decimal value).

#include<stdio.h> Sample output:

main() Enter a number: 100
{ Octal value=144
int var; Hexadecimal value = 64
printf(“Enter a number:”); Decimal value = 100
scanf("%d",&var);
Integer value= 100
printf("Octal value=%o\n",var);
printf("Hexadecimal value = %x\n",var);
printf("Decimal value = %d\n",var); Note:
printf("Integer value=%i\n",var); %ooctal value
return 0; %xhexadecimal value
} %ddecimal value
%iinteger value

7. Write a program to find the distance between two 2-D points

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{ Note:
float x1,y1,x2,y2,d; 1. While compilation use
printf(“Enter a Point:”); cc FileName.c - lm
scanf("%f%f", &x1, &y1); 2. sqrt( X ) function finds
printf(“Enter a 2nd Point:”);
square root of X.
scanf("%f%f", &x2, &y2);
d=sqrt(pow(x1-x2, 2) + (y1-y2)*(y1-y2)) 3. pow(m,n) finds mn
printf(“Distance between two points=%f ”, d);
return 0;
}

8. Write a program to calculate volume and surface area of a sphere.[area = 4 * PI * R * R,

vol= area * R / 3]
9. Write a program to print the integer part and fractional part for the given number.
10. Write a program that accepts length in inches (integer value) and convert them into feet and
yards.

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 Laboratory-2
Input Output
1. Write a program that will accept student’s marks in five different subjects through
keyboard and that will calculate total marks and percentage marks obtain by the student.
Assume that the maximum mark of each subject is 100.
2. Write a program that accepts a floating point number and round it off to its nearest
integral value.
3. Write a program that takes a double number and find its ceiling and floor. [e.g.
ceil(2.4)=3, floor(2.4)=2]
4. Given an input (x), write a program to print it’s reciprocal value (1/x), negated value(-x)
and square(x2) of it.
5. Write a program to accept the distance in KM through the keyboard. and convert this
distance in meters and feet.
6. Write a Program to calculate effective relativistic mass by taking rest mass & velocity,
[effective mass=restmass/(sqrt(1.0-(v*v)/(C*C))), where v=velocity, C=speed of light, i.e
3.1E8]
7. Write a program that compute the compound interest of given P, r, t, n as principle
amount, interest rate, time period & compounding per year.
8. Program to calculate the salary of sales man where quantity and price are given from user
and fixed basic of 15000, bonus of 200 and commission as 0.02 on both quantity and
selling price.
9. Write a program that accept a character from user, and print its next and previous
character.
10. Write a small calculator program that does addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and modulo operation of two input numbers.
11. Write a program to calculate range, height archived by a projectile where initial velocity
and angle of projection will be user input.
12. Write a program to evaluate the fuel consumption of a car. The mileage at the start and
end of the journey should be read, and also the fuel level in the tank at the start and end
of the journey. Calculate fuel used, miles travelled, and hence the overall fuel
consumption in miles travelled per Ltr. of fuel.
13. A, B and C can do a piece of work in N1, N2 and N3 days respectively. All three can
finish the work in N4 days. WAP that will take N1, N2, N3 and compute and display N4.
14. Write a program to display week day (like Monday, Tuesday etc) when day of the month
is given as input. Assuming day for first date of the month is known.
15. Write a program to find all roots of a quadratic equation.
16. Two trains are running opposite to each other with speed V1 and V2 Kmph respectively
and distance between both the train is D. Write a program that will accept V1,V2 & D
and calculate the time required by trains to meet each other.
17. Interest Calculation: Your C-program will accept Rate of Interest (RI in Percentage),
Principal Amount (PA), Years (Y) from keyboard, and calculate the, Simple Interest (SI)
and Compound Interest (CI). Finally, it will display SI, CI after Y-years.
SI=PA*RI*Y CI=PA*(1+RI)Y

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 Laboratory-3
Operator
1. Write a program to swap two numbers using bitwise operator.
2. Write a program to find the size of each primitive data types in your compiler. Also see
the range of each data type defined in limits.h and float.h
3. Write a program to store a value greater than the allowed range for each data type and
check the value actually stored.
4. Write a program to check the Divide by zero exception, using floating point operand for
modulus ( % )operator. By writing a constant on the left side (LVALUE) of an
assignment operator.
5. Write a program to multiply two numbers, where the second number is power of two,
using shift operator.
6. Write a program that converts an amount (in integer, upto 999999) into words.[i/p-
431104, output-4 lakh 31 thousand 1 hundred and four only]
7. Write a program that takes one positive integer and shifts the whole bit pattern 4 bits to
the left. Check that this operation is same as multiplying the no by 16 if no overflow
occurs.
8. Write a program to show the logical value of the following logical expressions for values
a=15and b=20.
a. Z 1 = (a = =b) || (a<=15) && (b>=a)
b. Z2 = !(a) II (b-a)
c. Z3 = 0 || 1 && 5
9. Given a number in seconds, Represent it in hours, minutes and seconds in the format: XX
Hours : YY Minutes : ZZ Seconds
10. int x=0, y= 10, w=20, z, T= l , F=0;for the above variables Evaluate the value of Z after
each statement
a. z = x= = y = = z
b. z = x > y > z
c. z = x< y < z
d. z = (x==5 && y<15);
e. z = (x = =0 && y>5 && w= = 10)
f. z = (x ==0 II y>5 && w ==20);
g. z = (F II ++x II w - 20 II x);
11. Write program to do the following bitwise operation on the following data A = Ox 67A4,
B = 0x7
a. A & B
b. ~ A
c. A || B
d. ~0
12. Given a number find out it’ s l ’ s complement and 2’ s complement, (represent the
numbers in hexadecimal format)
13. Write a program to check the value of the following expressions. Given a = 10, b = 20
a. X = a++ + ++ a + ++b - a + ++a;
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 b. Y = (a++ , a+=5, a-1)
c. Z = a > b ? a ++ : a - - ? b+1 : b +5
14. Do the left and right shift of the following values and check the result, char cl = 50, c2 =
122; Unsigned char c3 = 122;
a. 2250>>2
b. -50<<3
c. cl>>3
d. c2<<2
e. c3<<4
15. Write a program to set desired bits in a given number. The data in which bits will be set
and the bits need to be set will be given through user input.
Example Number: 10110101
Bits to be set: 00110110
Output: 10110111
16. Write a program to toggle desired bits in a given number. The data in which bits will be
toggled and the bits need to be toggled will be given through user input.
Example Number: 10110101
Bits to be set: 00110110
Output: 10000011
17. Write a program to clear desired bits in a given number. The data in which bits will be
cleared and the bits need to be cleared will be given through user input.
Example Number: 10110101
Bits to be cleared: 00110110
Output: 10000001

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 Laboratory-4
Conditional statements
1. Write a program to check a given number is odd or even.
2. Write a program to test whether a character is in lowercase, upper case, digit or special
character.
3. Write a program to print maximum and minimum of from three given numbers.
4. Write a program to read weekday number and print weekday name using switch case.
5. Write a program will read two integer numbers and perform basic operations like +, -, *, /
and % using switch case statement in C language.
6. Write a program to find that entered year is leap year or not.
7. Write a program to find whether an input integer is divisible by both 2 and 3, divisible by
2 but not by 3, divisible by 3 but not by 2 or not divisible by 2 and 3.
8. WAP that will accept two numbers say X and Y and perform followings –
a. Add both the number if X and Y have same value
b. Subtract X from Y if X>Y
c. Otherwise Subtract Y from X
9. Write a program that accept student roll no and average mark from user and print the
result and grade of that student as pass if average is greater than 30 and grade as (‘A’ for
>=80, 80>’B’>=60, 60>‘C’>=50 else ‘D’).
10. Write a program that accept two character (alphabet) from user, and print message that
“Both character are same” if both alphabet are same. If both are same case convert the
2nd alphabet as the opposite case of the 1st alphabet.
11. Write a program that accept a character from user, and print its next and previous
character. NOTE: if the entered character is ‘a’ then ‘b’ & ‘z’ is next and previous
character of character ‘a’.
12. WAP that will accept Basic Pay (BS) of an employee then calculate the Gross Pay (GP)
and Net Pay (NP) as follows –
GP=BP+HRA + DA ; NP = GP-Tax

13. Write a program that accepts a character and changes its case(upper to lower and lower to
upper)
14. You have four colors to paint 100 houses in a lane, those are RED, YELLOW, WHITE,
BLUE. You have made a decision that the colors will be given in sequence, i.e House No
1 : RED, House No 2: Yellow, House No 3: White, House No 4: blue and House No 5
will be again paint with RED and this sequence will continue for all houses. Now write a
program to print the color if user gives house no as input.

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 15. A company gives festival discount on purchase of their products(minimum of 3) in the
following percentages:
If purchase amount < 1000 then 5% in total amount(except mincost product) and 7% in
minimum cost product.
If purchase amount >1000 and <=10000 then 7% in total amount(except mincost product)
and 9% in minimum cost product.
If purchase amount > 10000 and <=100,000 then 9% in total amount(except mincost
product) and 11% in minimum cost product.
If purchase amount >100,000 then 15% discount in total price. Write a C program to
compute the amount to be paid by the customer after discount.

16. WAP that will accept the aggregate mark and total marks and finds the percentage of
marks and display the grade of a student. The grading system follows following criteria –
% of Marks between 90 to 100 is: Grade-A+
% of Marks between 80 to 90 is: Grade-A
% of Marks between 70 to 80 is: Grade- B+
% of Marks between 60 to 70 is: Grade-B
% of Marks between 50 to 60 is: Grade-C
% of Marks less than 50is: Grade-F

17. Use ternary operator to check whether a given number is odd or even.
18. Use ternary operator to check whether a given character is consonant or vowel.
19. Use ternary operator to find out maximum of three given integers.
20. Use ternary operator to check whether a character is in upper case or lower case.

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 Laboratory-5
Control statements: Loops
1. Write a program that prints the number from 1 to 20.
2. Write a program to print all even numbers from 100 to 1.
3. Write a program to find the sum of all odd numbers between 1 to n. The value of n is
entered by the user.
4. Write a program to print all the numbers divisible by either 2 or 3 but not by both.
5. Print Series: 1,4,9,16,25,36,…. 20 elements
6. Print Series: 0, 7, 26, 63,………..20 elements
7. Print Fibonacci series: 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 1 3 , 2 1 ... 20 elements.
8. Print Lucas series: 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29……. 20 elements.
9. Print series : 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 14, 22……. 20 elements.
10. Print series: 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37…… 20 elements.
11. Print series: 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22 ...... 20 elements.
12. Write a program to compute, sum= l - l /2 + 1/3 + 1/4+…..+ 1/n.
13. Compute a series: Cos (X) = l – X2/2! + X4/4! - …… Xn/n! for a given x in radians.
14. Compute a series: Sin (X) = X – X3/3! + X5/5! – X7/7! …… Xn/n! for a given X in
radians.
15. Write a program to find the multiplication table of a given number.
16. Write a program that prints the ASCII value of all caps letters using for loop.
17. Write a program that prints the ASCII value of all small letters using for loop.
18. Write a program to convert the decimal number to binary, hexadecimal and octal
equivalent.
19. Write a program that takes a positive integer as input and finds out the minimum number
of bits required to store the number.
20. Write a program that checks whether a number is a power of 2 or not.
21. Write a program to compute Factorial of a given number ( n ).
22. Write a program to compute, sum = l! + 2! + 3! + 4! …… n !.
23. Write a program to check the given number is Prime or not.
24. Write a program to print all prime number from 1 to N.
25. Write a program that accept a number from user and check whether the entered number is
Armstrong number or not.
26. Write a program to check whether a number is strong or not.
27. Write a program that accept a number from user and print the sum of digits of the number
( i.e. 123 = (3+ 2+1).
28. Write a program to check whether a number is perfect or not.
29. Write a program that accepts one integer from user and finds out largest digit in it

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 30. Write a program that accept a number from user and print that in reverse form i.e. (123 to
321). Check whether the number is palindrome or not.
31. Write a program that computes LCM & GCD of two given integers using while loop
32. Write a program that computes GCD and LCM of two given numbers using do-while
loop.
33. generate the following pattern
* * * a 1
** ** *** ab 21
*** *** ***** abc 321
**** **** ******* abcd 4321
***** ***** ********* abcde 54321

1
22
333
4444
55555

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

*
***
*****
*******
*****
***
*

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 Laboratory-6
Functions and Recursive Function
1. Write a program that has a user defined function sum( ) which takes three integers as
argument and returns the sum of three numbers.
2. Write a program to find summation, subtraction, multiplication and division of two
integers based on users choice. Use four user defined functions to do the arithmetic
operations.
3. Write functions for finding GCD and LCM of two positive integers using two user
defined functions GCD( ), LCM( ).
4. Write a function that takes a number as parameter and returns its sum of digits.
5. (Find the Minimum) Write a function that returns the smallest of three floating-point
numbers.
6. Write a function isPrime() that checks whether an integer is prime or not.
7. Write a Boolean function isPerfect() that checks whether a number is perfect or not.
8. Write a program to illustrate indirect assignment using pointer.
9. Write a function badSwap() that tries to swap two values passed as parameter. Write a
swap function that swaps values of two integers passing pointers to them.
10. Write a function that finds factorial of a given integer. Write both non recursive and
recursive versions.
11. Write a recursive function that finds GCD of two positive integers.
12. Write a function that takes an integer n and returns fib(n), the n th Fibonacci no.
13. Write a Boolean function isPalindrome() that checks whether a string is palindrome or
not.
14. Write a recursive function to findout factorial of a given integer.
15. Write a recursive function to multiply two numbers m and n.
16. Write a recursive function to find sum of an AP series with n numbers.
17. Write a recursive function to find sum of an GP series with n numbers.
18. Write a recursive function to find value of an where a is an integer and n is a positive
integer.
19. (Reversing Digits) Write a function that takes an integer value and returns the number
with its digits reversed. For example, given the number 7631, the function should return
1367.
20. Write a Boolean function isStrong() to check whether a number is strong or not. (A
number is called strong number if sum of the factorial of its digit is equal to number
itself. For example: 145 since 1! + 4! + 5! = 1 + 24 + 120 = 145)
21. (Recursive main) Can main be called recursively? Write a program containing a function
main. Include static local variable count initialized to 1. Postincrement and print the value
of count each time main is called. Run your program. What happens?

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 Laboratory-7
Arrays and Strings
1. Write a program that accepts all elements of an integer array and finds out maximum and
minimum element of the array.
2. Write a program that accepts all elements of an integer array and finds out sum and
average among the values.
3. Write a program that generated the first 10 Fibonacci numbers and store them into an
array of size 10.
4. Write a program that accepts all elements of an integer array and finds out mean and
standard deviation of the array.
5. Write a program that accepts all elements of a double array and finds its maximum and
next maximum elements without using sorting.
6. Write a program that accepts two integer arrays, add them and store them in a third array.
7. Write a program that accepts a string and finds its length without using any library
function.
8. Write a program that sorts an array of integers using bubble sort.
9. Write a program that accepts a string and count the total no of capital letters, small letters
and digits present in it.
10. Write a program to take two string inputs and find out whether they are same or different.
11. Write a program to reverse a string without using any extra space.
12. Write a program to take a string and print the first character of each word in the string.
13. Write a program to take a string and print it in title case, sentence case.
14. Write a program that concatenates two strings. The second string is concatenated after the
first string and it becomes the resultant string.
15. Write a program to check whether a string is a palindrome or not.
16. Write a program that accepts a string and counts the no of vowels (both uppercase and
lowercase) in it.
17. Write a program that accepts a sentence and counts the no of words in it and prints.
18. Write a program that inputs four strings that represent integers, converts the strings to
integers, sums the values and prints the total of the four values.
19. Write a program to take two strings and find out whether the first string is present in the
second or not if it is present program should return position of occurrence.
20. Write a program that adds two matrices and store the result in a third matrix.
21. Write a program that multiplies two matrices and store the result in a third matrix.
22. Write a program to read a matrix and check it for Identity Matrix.
23. Write a program to accept an array of integers. Allow user to insert an new element as
desired position or delete an element from any position.
24. Write a program to take two 2-dimensional arrays to store country and capital names and
should return a capital name for given country name.
25. Write a program that finds out the transpose of a square matrix and store it in the same
array.

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 26. Write a C program to find the frequency of odd numbers and even numbers in the input
of a matrix.
27. Write a C program to accept a matrix of order M x N and store its elements and
interchange the main diagonal elements of the matrix with that of the secondary diagonal
elements.
28. Write a C program to accept a string and find the sum of all digits present in the string.
29. Write a C program to accept a matrix of order M x N and find the sum of each row and
each column of a matrix.
30. Write a C program to accept a matric and determine whether it is a sparse matrix. A
sparse matrix is matrix which has more zero elements than nonzero elements.
31. Write a function that takes an array as parameter and return the sum of the elements.
32. Write functions myStrlen() that finds length of a string without doing any modification
on it.
33. Write functions myStrcpy() and myStrcat() that works like strcpy and strcat library
functions.
34. Write a function myatoi that converts one string into integer.[“ 1234” 1234]
35. Write a function myitoa that converts one integer into its equivalent string.[1234 “
1234” ]
36. Write a function myStrcmp that compares two strings lexicographically.
37. Declare one pointer to function that returns one integer and accepts two integer
parameter. Define two functions GCD and FMAX that accepts two integers. Call the
functions using the function pointer.
38. Write a program that generates all possible permutation with few characters.[if x,y,z are
given then it would generate all 6 possible permutations]
39. Write a function that returns the index of the largest value stored in an array-of double.
Test the function in a simple program.
40. Write a recursive function to display a string in reverse order.
41. Write a recursive function to find the minimum element of the array.
42. Write a recursive function printArray that takes an array and the size of the array as
arguments, prints the array, and returns nothing. The function should stop processing and
return when it receives an array of size zero.
43. Write a recursive function to sort an array.
44. Write a recursive function to perform linear search. The index of the element is returned
if the element is found otherwise -1 is returned.
45. Write a recursive function to perform binary search.

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 Laboratory-8
Pointers, Storage classes & Dynamic Memory Allocation
1. Write a program to sort an array using insertion sort. Use a user defined function
insertionSort() to sort the dynamically allocated array and another user defined function
display() to display the array.
2. Write a program to print the value and address of a variable.
3. Write a program to read values for an array and find the second minimum of the array
using different array and pointer syntax, (like *(ptr+i), ptr[i], i[ptr], arr[i], * (arr+i)
4. Take an array of floating point numbers and test pointer arithmetic like ponter + int,
pointer-int, pointer -pointer etc.
5. Write a swap function to swap the values of the argument passed to it.
6. Write a program to implement a 2D array to store multiple strings and sort them.
7. Write a program to test dangling pointers by returning the address of a local variable
from a function.
8. Write a C program to read N integers and store them in an array A, and so find the sum of
all these elements using pointer. Output the given array and the computed sum with
suitable heading.
9. Write a program to count how many times a function is called.
10. Write a program to perform add, subtract, multiplication or division of two numbers
based on user choice without using any control structure or ternary operator. ( Note:
Using Function Pointers)
11. Write a program to dynamically allocate an array and reverse the array using a user
defined function reverseArray( ) without using any extra space. Note: Allocate the array
within the user defined function, reverse it and return the array to the calling function.
12. Write a program to demonstrate the use of Extern variable.
13. Write a program to add two matrices using a user defined function addMatrix( ) which
returns the dynamically allocated resultant matrix.
14. Write a program to demonstrate different way to access a 2D array with pointer notation
and array notations. Like (arr[i][j], *(*(ptr+i)+j), *(ptr[i]+j) etc.
15. Write a function to take two metrics as argument (using pointers) and return the result of
their multiplication as pointer to the resultant array.

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 Laboratory-9
Structure , Union and Enums
1. Write a program to declare a structure DATE containing day, month and year. Find the
age of a person if the date of birth and current date is given.
2. Write a program to declare a structure for TIME. Define a user defined function
subtractTime() that accepts two times and returns the differenced time.
3. Write a program to declare a structure for a complex number. Define user defined
functions add(), subtract(), multiply() and display() to do their respective function.
4. Write a program to declare a STUDENT structure having members Name,Roll, Branch.
Define n students dynamically initialize them using a user defined function and display
them using another user defined function.
5. Create a structure that stores a point in 2D. Accept 2 points and find out the distance
between the two points.
6. Create a structure that stores name, rollno, and branch of a student. Accept data of 20
students. Write a user defined function search( ) that searches a student record by roll no
and displays the student information.
7. Write a function that accepts two points in space and finds out the Euclidean distance
between them. Call this function to find out the area of a triangle formed by 3 points.
8. Create a structure for a 2D point. Create also a structure of a line segment whose two end
points are given. Write a boolean function isIntersect that returns true when the line
segments intersect else returns false.
9. Either registration no or roll no is a must for student info. Apart from this, name, roll no
and branch is must for a student. Create a suitable structure/union for a student. Enter 10
students information and display them.
10. One array of numbers to be sorted. The no of element of the array is a user input. Create
the array dynamically, accept its members and sort the array using selection sort.
11. Write two small programs to illustrate memory leak/garbage and dangling
pointer/reference.
12. Dynamically create 3 square matrices of same sizes (a user input), scan elements of the
first two matrices, add them and store the result in the third matrix. Use only malloc
function to allocate memory dynamically.
13. Dynamically create 3 square matrices of same sizes (a user input), scan elements of the
first two matrices, add them and store the result in the third matrix. Use only calloc
function to allocate memory dynamically.
14. Declare an emum for all weekdays. Enter a day of the week (0 -6 , 0-Sunday, 6 -
Saturday) and print the day name.

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 Laboratory-10
FILE, I/O and Command Line Argument
1. Write a program to merge two files i.e. append the contents of one file after another file.
2. Write a program that reads 10 integers from an existing ASCII file, square the numbers
and write into another ASCII file sqr.txt. Cube the numbers and write them into a file
cube.txt.
3. Write a program to read a C file and display the comment lines of that C file.
4. Write a program that reads few integers from an ASCII file data.txt. Writes all even
integers into even.txt and all odd integers into odd.txt.
5. Student data [roll no, name,branch] is available in an ASCII file student.txt. Read all the
data and write them on different files depending on their branch [All CSE student data in
cse.txt etc]
6. Write a program to display the contents of a file in reverse order.
7. Write a program to read a file and count the number of characters, words and lines in that
file.
8. Write a program myCmp.c that will accept two file names from the command line and
will compare the files.
9. Write a program myFileCopy.c that copies one file into another. Both the file names
should be taken as input from user.
10. Write a program myEcho.c using command line argument that will echo a string.
Compile the program by gcc myEcho.c –o myEcho. Run the program by myEcho hello
world and it is expected that it would print hello world.
11. Write a program myCalc.c using command line argument that works like a mini
command line calculator. Compile the program by gcc myCalc.c –o myCalc. Run it like
mycalc 35 + 22 and the expected output would be 57.
12. Write a program myFileCopy.c that copies one file to another using command line
argument.
13. Write a program myGrep.c that works like grep command using command line argument.
14. Write a program myCat.c that works like cat command using command line argument.

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