Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor

A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

M GOAVRDHAN(9920005193)
KYASHWANTH REDDY(9920005109)
P THARUN KUMAR(9920005217)
S SUDHEER KUMAR(9920005174)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

KRISHNANKOIL 626 126

Academic Year (2022-2023)

 Major Design Experience Information

Student Details : M.Govardhan

K Yashwanth Reddy
P.Tharun Kumar
S.Sudheer Kumar

Project Supervisor : Dr. V. Muneeswaran

Project Title : Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Program Concentration : Welfare of visually impaired people

Area
Subject(s) as : Embeded C , Integrated Circuits
Pre-requisite

Constraints : Medical Facilities

Project Related to :

Integrated Circuits Standard : IEEE

 SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

We hereby declare that this project “Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor” is our
genuine work and no part of it has been reproduced from any other works.

REGISTER. No: STUDENT NAME STUDENT SIGNATURE

9920005193 M GOVARDHAN

9920005109 K YASHWANTH REDDY

9920005217 P THARUN KUMAR

9920005174 S SUDHEER KUMAR

Date:
 SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on “Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic
Sensor” is the work of “Kumetha Yashwanth Reddy (9920005109), M Govardhan (9920005193), P
Tharun Kumar (9920005217), S Sudheer Kumar(9920005174)” who carried out the project work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. V. Muneeswaran., Dr.VPMB. Aarthi Ramesh.,
Supervisor CSP Co-ordinator
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE
Kalasalingam Academy of Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education Research and Education
Krishnankoil-626126. Krishnankoil-626126.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. K. Jeya Prakash, M.E., Ph.D., Dr.P. Sivakumar,M.Tech., Ph.D.,
Module Co-Ordinator Head of the Department
Associate Professor Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE
Kalasalingam Academy of Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education Research and Education
Krishnankoil-626126. Krishnankoil-626126.

.
Project Final Review Viva-voce held on ………………
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMMUNITY MEMBER(S)

Certified that this project “Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor” is the
work of “M Govardhan (9920005193), K Yashwanth (9920005109), P Tharun Kumar (9920005217), S
Sudheer Kumar (9920005174) ” who carried out the survey of our community and provided the necessary
solution to our problem.

COMMUNITY MEMBER NAME AND POSITION (NGOs , SMEs, Local Panjayath)

 B.TECH. E.C.E. PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (R2018)
At the end of the programme, the students will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3:Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the Specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
Knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation Of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual Knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
Leader in diverse teams, and in multi-disciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering Activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
Being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and Understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s Own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
COURSE OUTCOMES FOR COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECTS:

After completing this course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Formulate and compose solutions for open-ended, real-life, various small to large scale problems.

CO2: Value the concept of applying theory to practice.

CO3: Design, conduct experiments and interpret the results using various tools and equipment to make a
conclusion on the system’s working.

CO4: Describe and practice professional and ethical responsibility.

CO5: Improve written and verbal presentation.

CO6: Demonstrate the ability to function in interdisciplinary teams and individually.

CO7: Incorporate engineering standards and realistic constraints while working on a societal project.

Some of the engineering standards may include:

a. Economic analysis
b. Environmental analysis
c. Sustainability analysis
d. Ethical issues
e. Health and Safety analysis
f. Social Issues
g. Political issues

CO, PO and PSO Mapping:

CO / PO PO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 H H
CO2 H H H L
CO3 H H M M
CO4 H H H L L H H
CO5 L L H H L
CO6 L H M H
CO7 L L L H H H H H H H M H H
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we thank the ‘Supreme Power’ for the immense grace showered on us which
enabled us to do this project. We take this opportunity to express by sincere thanks to the late,
“Kalvivallal” Thiru T. Kalasalingam, Chairman, Kalasalingam Group of Institutions,
“Illayavallal” Dr. K. Sridharan,Ph.D., Chancellor, Dr. S.Shasi Anand,Ph.D., Vice President, who
is the guiding light for all the activities in our University.

We thank our Vice chancellor Dr. Narayanan, Ph.D., for guiding every one of us and infusing us
the strength and enthusiasm to work over successful.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our respected Head of the Department Dr.P.Sivakumar,
M.Tech., Ph.D., Professor whose moral support encouraged us to process through our project work
successfully.

We offer our sincerest gratitude to our Supervisor, Dr. V. Muneeswaran, Associative Professor,
for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge.

We are extremely grateful to our CSP Coordinators Dr. J. Bennilo Fernandes, Dr. M. Ramesh,
Dr. Aarthi and Dr. R. Sumathy for constant encouragement in the completion of the Community
Service Project.

Finally, we thank all, our Parents, Faculty, Non-Teaching Faculty and our friends for their moral
support.
 ABSTRACT

According to the WHO, about 30 million people are estimated to be permanently blind worldwide.

These people are totally dependent on others. They even cannot walk on their own. We have created

designed and built an “Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick” device which will help blind people to walk

with ease independently. As a simpler version, we have used only one ultrasonic sensor in this

project. Visually impaired people often face difficulties in navigating around unfamiliar places, which

can lead to accidents and injuries. In this article, we will discuss an innovative solution called the

Ultra Sonic and Bluetooth Based Blind Stick that can help visually impaired individuals move around

with ease and avoid obstacles

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Technical Aspects Of Deep Learning 2
1.2 Deep Learning In Ophthalmology 3
1.2.1 Cataract 4
1.2.2 Glaucoma 4
1.2.3Retinal Disorders 4
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 5
2.1 FIELD SURVEY 7
2.2 Geo Tag Photos 9
2.3 Response 10
2.4 Inference 18
3 Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Teachable ML 19
System and Iot
3.1 Objective
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Hardware and software Requirement
3.4 Block Diagram 20
3.4.1 ESP32 With camera module 21
3.4.2 Buzzer 23
3.4.3 Power Supply 24
3.4.4 Blynk Application 24
3.5 Data Set 25
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26
5 CONCLUSION AND FEATURE WORK 27
6 REFERENCES 28
 LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1 SURVEY FIGURE 1 11
2 SURVEY FIGURE 2 11
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 15
4 ESP32 with Camera Module 15
5 Buzzer 17
6 Block Diagram of Power Supply 18
7 Healthy Eye 19
8 Damaged Retina 19
9 Damaged Retina 19
10 Model classifying screening image as good eye, cataract 20
damage and retina damage respectively.
11 Output on virtual display in Blynk IoT application of good eye, 20
cataract damage and retina damage respectively.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
According to the WHO, about 30 million people are estimated to be permanently blind
worldwide.

These people are totally dependent on others. They even cannot walk on their own.

We have created designed and built an “Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick” device which
will help blind people to walk with ease independently.

As a simpler version, we have used only one ultrasonic sensor in this project.

OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this project is to help blind people to walk with ease and to be
warned whenever their walking path is obstructed with other objects, people or other
similar odds.

As a warning signal, a bluetooth device is connected in the circuit, which will be paired
with any Android based mobile.

In that Mobile Phone, an android App will be installed which will initiate voice output
according to the data sent from the controller.

The main component used for this device is the ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor
transmits a high frequency sound pulse and then calculates the time to receive the signal
of the sound echo to reflect back. The sensor has 2 circles. One of them acts as the
transmitter and transmits the ultrasonic waves. The other one acts as a receiver (mostly a
small microphone) and receives the echoed sound signal. The sensor is calibrated
according to the speed of the sound in air.

Arduino uno microcontroller is interfaced with ultrasonic sensor and with Bluetooth
device.

The system uses Atmega-328 microcontroller, which is a high performance 8-bit

AVR RISC-based microcontroller. It has 32KB of ISP flash memory with read-while-write
capabilities, as well as 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM. It also has features like, 23 general
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purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers and three adjustable timer/counters
with compare modes. For sensing the distance the system uses a HC-SR04, a Ultrasonic
Range Finder Distance Sensor Module. The sensor module is designed to measure the
distance using the principle of SONAR or RADAR, of using ultrasonic wave to determine
the distance of an object. The system also consist a buzzer to generate an alarm sound and a
motor to generate vibration signals.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Paper [1] Title: A full travel solution for the blind using the Smart Stick. The barrier is
detected by this system using IR, ultrasound, and water sensors. However, this system just
sounds a buzzer to warn the blind person when any one of the sensors is triggered. No
location identifiers or location indicators are used by this system.

Paper [2] The phrase "Smart Walking Stick for Blind" refers to a stick that uses a Raspberry
Pi [10] and an ultrasonic sensor to identify objects and intruders. The system also includes a
camera, and items are identified using the images that are taken by the camera. The set of
picture datasets that are previously saved is used to assess the objects. However, the usage
of high-end cameras makes this system expensive, and storage space is limited, thus a lot of
information must be kept. Because the barriers are identified using a dataset (big group of
photos), this approach occasionally may also be erroneous due to the fact that various things
vary in shape and size.

The following methods are recommended for using a blind smart stick without eyes: threat
detection, artificial vision, and real-time GPS assistance. This system functions thanks to
GPS, an AI tool, hazard detection, and an audio circuit. The blind individual uses the
reference stick both indoors and outside. It has an obstacle detection system in addition to a
GPS navigation system. The GPS navigation system is prepared to aid travellers. A
raspberry pi is used to process the GPS navigation and hazard recognition programmes.
Consumers receive audio input for navigation and obstacle detection [1]. In this project, the
person's head serves as the camera, and an algorithm is utilised to detect obstructions. In
order to identify obstructions, the platform really employs ultrasonic sensors. You can find
the right spot with the help of the GPS gadget. The voice circuit of the destination should
activate if an obstruction is encountered or we encounter it, providing some type of
expression.
A microcontroller, which executes the operations and schedules them, is linked to the
subsystems. The device is reasonably priced. The precision is quite good. However, the
notion is quite complicated [2]. Bursts echoes approach is used in a similar investigation for
the ugly to produce a warning sound when the threats are discovered. This method is
employed by the US Military to keep track of the submarines. The pulses, which range from
21 KHz to 50 KHz, strike a hard surface. However, a sizable need is satisfied [3]. Our
inexpensive design's effectiveness and adaptability were further examined. An intuitive
Android platform has been developed. Blind persons continue to listen for sounds and
remain attentive during the buzzer period. The Google Maps sound search is incredibly
precise and private, not for discovering locations like closed-down residences, but for the
identification of obstacles. As a result, the programme is inexpensive, easy to use, and has
a straightforward architecture that may include new technology [4]. A GPS-powered
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ultrasonic stick is necessary for this investigation.

The stick contains GPS, which stores various locations on an SD memory card.In order to
go to their location, the person uses GPS to establish the path [5]. With the use of infrared,
ultrasonic, and water sensors, a smart stick has been developed to assist those who are
visually impaired in locating impediments. Obstacles within a range of around 3 m can be
seen with the help of these sensors [6].The major goal of this study work is to offer a
straightforward, affordable, and practical remedy for those who are blind. The idea behind
the stick's design was to make it fundamentally equivalent, i.e., small, light, and easy to
handle, while also giving the user a helpful view on the risks around their course of travel.
The intelligent white cane is equipped with ultrasonic sensors that can identify obstacles
above the tail as well as holes, bumpers, downfalls, ramps, and hazards that are laying low
and knee-level [7]. An essential component of our cosmos is the sense of vision that God
gave to us. However, there are certain poor individuals who are unable to picture
circumstances. The intellectually challenged must overcome additional everyday obstacles.
Travelling to an unfamiliar location makes the issue worse. Only a select few search engines
nowadays can provide visually impaired users immersive engagement through speech
output. None of these technologies operate well when used outdoors or indoors [8]. The
Blind stick, a groundbreaking stick created to increase movement for those with vision
impairments, serves this purpose.

With the aid of cutting-edge technologies, this inventive blind brace aids those with vision
impairments in moving more successfully [9].The use of engineering principles to medicine
has considerably improved outcomes in all fields of biomedical research. One of the
outcomes of this programme is the development of cutting-edge services for people with
intellectual disabilities. The position and size of the barrier are described, integrated, and
detected in this article using a network of ultrasonic sensors. Efficiency and dependability
are improved by including warning lights [10]. The adaptable handlebar for people with
vision impairments is described in this article, with a focus on Arduino and ultrasonic
sensors. The globe Health Organisation estimates that there are about 37 million blind
persons in the globe. Those with vision impairments also depend on outside help.

Thus, trained dogs, or specialised technological tools, can be offered as decision-support

solutions. As a result, we were motivated to design a sophisticated white cane that would get
over these limitations. We installed users with ultrasonic sensors on the cane in certain
spots, which provided them with environmental information via a buzzer tone system.

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 INFERENCE

A tool that aids visually impaired people in securely and freely navigating their
environment is the Android-based smart blind stick. The stick has an ultrasonic
sensor that sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off nearby
objects to measure their distance from the user. The sensor subsequently
transmits this data to an Android software running on a smartphone that is
Bluetooth-connected to the stick.

A real-time 3D map of the user's surroundings is generated by the Android

application using the sensor data and shown on the smartphone screen. The
map gives a visual picture of the surroundings, including any potential risks or
barriers.

Additionally, the programme alerts the user via aural feedback of any threats or
impediments that the sensor detects.

The user-friendly smart blind stick is made to be portable and lightweight with
a secure grip. It has a rechargeable battery that offers extended use between
charges. The stick also has a vibration motor that vibrates the user's hand to
warn them to obstructions or dangers without using aural feedback.

Overall, the Android-based smart blind stick with an ultrasonic sensor is an

effective aid for people with vision impairments, enabling them to safely and
freely explore their environment.

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 CHAPTER-3
Android Based Smart Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor

3.1 METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION:

3.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :

3.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Transformer, Rectifier, Regulator, Resistor, Capacitor

ARDUINO UNO Microcontroller
LCD, Crystal
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor
HC05 Bluetooth module

SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

ARDUINO C Compiler.
Language: Embedded C
Android App

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3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Fig 3.1 : Block Diagram

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY:
This power supply circuit is designed to get regulated output DC voltage. This
unit is used to supply the power to the all circuits. 7805IC is used to give the constant
+5v supply. 7905 is used to give the constant -5v supply.

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MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller. It has 4/8/16/32K bytes of In-
System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes
EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI
serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a
programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software selectable power
saving modes.

LCD DISPLAY:
LCD is mainly used for display the information. Here we are using 2x16 LCD.
Operation of the LCD is the declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers,
characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and
characters. The LCDs are light weight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the
LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can
be powered for long durations. The LCDs don’t generate light and so light is needed to read
the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life
and a wide operating temperature range.

ULN DRIVER CIRCUIT:

The relay section contains relays and ULN2003driver. The microcontroller

gives a logic high output when required and this logic high output has to drive the alarm.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
The ultrasonic is an evolutionary step from the sensor, and has been designed to
increase flexibility, increase range, and to reduce costs still further. Range is
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increased from 3 meters to 4 meters. A new operating mode (tying the mode pin to
ground) allows the sensor to use a single pin for both trigger and echo, thereby saving
valuable pins on your controller. When the mode pin is left unconnected, the sensor
operates with separate trigger and echo pins, like the sensor. The sensor includes a
small delay before the echo pulse to give slower controllers such as the Basic Stamp
and Picaxe time to execute their pulse in commands.

BLUETOOTH MODULE:
Here we are using HC-05 module.The Bluetooth serial module named even number is
compatible with each other; the salve module is also compatible with each other. In
other word, the function of HC-05 is mutually compatible with each other. HC-04
and HC-06 are former version that user can’t reset the work mode (master or slave).
And only a few AT commands and functions can be used, like reset the name of
Bluetooth (only the slaver), reset the password, reset the baud rate and check the
version number. The command set of HC-05

ARDUINO UNO CONTROLLER

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
21 | P a g e
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use
the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference
versions of Arduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison
with previous versions,
 Microcontroller : ATmega328
 Operating Voltage : 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) : 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins : 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin :40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
 Flash Memory : 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader.
 SRAM : 2 KB
 EEPROM : 1 KB
 Clock Speed : 16 MH

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 The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-
wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage
the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
· VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the

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power jack, access it through this pin.
· 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
· 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
· GND. Ground pins.
MEMORY:
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB
is used for the bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
INPUT AND OUTPUT:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
· Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. TThese pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL Serial chip .
· External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details.
· PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
· SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.
· LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

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 The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:
· I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
· AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
· Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
CHARACTERITICS:
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case.
Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even
multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
Features:
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory
(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

25 | P a g e
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
and Extended Standby

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• I/O and Packages
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage:
– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
• Temperature Range:
– -40°C to 85°C
• Speed Grade:
– 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:
– Active Mode: 0.2 mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
– Power-save Mode: 0.75 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

INTERFACING THE PROCESSOR CONTROLLER

The Module, interfaced to the system, can be treated as RAM (Memory
Mapping), Input/ output, expanded parallel I/O (Input/Output Mapping). Since there
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is no conventional Chip Select signal, developing a strobe signal for the Enable signal
(E) and applying appropriate signals to the Register Select (RS) and read/Write
strobe. The resultant signal, applied to the LCD’s Enable (E) input, clocks in the
data. The ‘E’ Signal must be a positive going digital strobe, which is active while
data and control information are stable and true. The failing edge of the Enable
signal enables the data/ Instruction Resister of the Controller. All Module timings are
referenced to specific edges of the ‘E’ signal. The ‘E’ signal is applied only when a
specific Module transaction is desired.

The read and Write strobes of the Host, which provides the ‘E’ signal, should
not be linked to the Module‘s R/W line. An address bit, which sets up earlier in the
Host Machine Cycle, can be used as R/W. When the Host Processor is so fast that
the strobes are too narrow to serve as the ‘E’ pulse.

When the Controller is performing an internal operation the Busy Flag (BF)
Will set and will not accept any instruction. The user should check the Busy Flag or
should provide a delay of approximately 2 ms after each instruction. The module
presents to difficulties while interfacing slower MPUs. The liquid crystal Display
Module can be interfaced, either to 4-bit or 8-bit MPUs.

For 4-bit data interface, the bus lines DB4 to DB7are used for data transfer,
while DB0 to DB3 lines are disabled. The data transfer is complete when the 4-bit
data has been transferred twice. The Busy flag must be checked after the 4-bit data
has been transferred twice. Two more 4-bit operations then transfer the Busy Flag
and Address Counter Data.

For 8-bit data interface, all eight-bus lines (DB0 to DB7) are used.

ULN DRIVER
HIGH CURRENT/VOLTAGE DARLINGTON DRIVERS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The ULN2003 is comprised of seven high voltage, high current NPN
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Darlington transistor pairs. All units feature common emitter, open collector outputs.
To maximize their effectiveness, these units contain suppression diodes for inductive
loads and appropriate emitter base resistors for leakage. The ULN2003 has a series
base resistor to each Darlington pair, thus allowing operation directly with TTL or
CMOS operating at supply voltages of 5.0V.
The ULN2003 offers solutions to a great many interface needs, including
solenoids, relays, lamps, small motors, and LEDs. Applications requiring sink
currents beyond the capability of a single output may be accommodated by
paralleling the outputs.
FEATURES:
 Seven high gain Darlington pairs
 High output voltage (VCE = 50V)
 High output current (IC = 350 mA)
 TTL, PMOS, CMOS compatible
 Suppression diodes for inductive loads
 Extended temperature range
ULN 2003 PIN DIAGRAM

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ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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The ultrasonic is an evolutionary step from the sensor, and has
been designed to increase flexibility, increase range, and to reduce
costs still further. Range is increased from 3 meters to 4 meters. A
new operating mode (tying the mode pin to ground) allows the
sensor to use a single pin for both trigger and echo, thereby saving
valuable pins on your controller. When the mode pin is left
unconnected, the sensor operates with separate trigger and echo
pins, like the sensor. The sensor includes a small delay before the
echo pulse to give slower controllers such as the Basic Stamp and
Picaxe time to execute their pulse in commands.
FEATURES:
Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 40cm the ranging accuracy can
reach to 3mm.The modules includes ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and control
circuit. The basic principle of work:
(1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal,
(2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse
signal back.
(3) IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time
from
sending ultrasonic to returning. Test distance = (high level time×velocity of sound
(340M/S) / 2.
Easy to Interface conversion boads avilable now ( PWM TO UART , OBSTACLE) -
based on PIC microcontroller

 OBSTACLE INTEFACE BRD

 UART & OBSTACLE O/P BRD
Interfacing Pins:
-> 5V Supply
-> Trigger Pulse Input
<- Echo Pulse Output
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 -> 0V Ground
Electric Parameters:

 Working Voltage DC 5 V
 Working Current 15mA
 Working Frequency 40Hz
 Max Range 40cm
 Min Range 2cm
 Measuring Angle 15 degree
 Trigger Input Signal 10uS TTL pulse
 Echo Output Signal Input TTL lever signal and the range in proportion
 Dimension 45*20*15mm

LIBRARY:

The library includes 3 functions:

1. Ultrasonic (int TP, int EP)

This is a initial function for ultrasonic ranging module, choose the pins for module
TRIG and ECHO pin. For example:

Ultrasonic (13,12);

Defines the digital pin 13 of Arduino as the TRIG pin of sensor and pin 12 for the
ECHO pin.

2. Long Timing ()

This function triggers the ultrasonic module and returns the duration that the ECHO
pin was held high. For example:

long time; Ultrasonic hcsr; time = hcsr.Timing();

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The distance of the object corelates to the time the ECHO pin is held high. The
distance formula is:

Distance = ((Duration of high level)*(Sonic :340m/s))/2

3. long Ranging(int sys) — (sys : CM / INC)

If you don’t want to change the time into distance yourself, this function will help
you get the distance immediately. This function has a parameter (using CM or ICN)
that shows the distance in centimeters or inches. This function will call Timing() and
you don’t need to use the Timing() before it. For example:

Long distance; Ultrasonic hcsr; distance = hcsr.Ranging(CM); returns

the distance in centimeters.

BLUETOOTH MODULE:
Here we are using HC-05 module.The Bluetooth serial module named even
number is compatible with each other; the salve module is also compatible with each
other. In other word, the function of HC-05 is mutually compatible with each other.
HC-04 and HC-06 are former version that user can’t reset the work mode (master or
slave). And only a few AT commands and functions can be used, like reset the name
of Bluetooth (only the slaver), reset the password, reset the baud rate and check the
version number. The command set of HC-05 are more flexible than HC-04 and HC-
06’s. Generally, the Bluetooth of HC-03/HC-05 is recommended for the user.
HC serial Bluetooth products consist of Bluetooth serial interface module and
Bluetooth adapter, such as:
(1) Bluetooth serial interface module:
Industrial level: HC-03, HC-04(HC-04-M, HC-04-S)
Civil level: HC-05, HC-06(HC-06-M, HC-06-S)
HC-05-D, HC-06-D (with baseboard, for test and evaluation)
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(2) Bluetooth adapter:
HC-M4
HC-M6
This document mainly introduces Bluetooth serial module. Bluetooth serial
module is used for converting serial port to Bluetooth. These modules have two
modes: master and slaver device. The device named after even number is defined to
be master or slaver when out of factory and can’t be changed to the other mode. But
for the device named after odd number, users can set the work mode
(master or slaver) of the device by AT commands.
HC-04 specifically includes:
Master device: HC-04-M, M=master
Slave device: HC-04-S, S=slaver
The default situation of HC-04 is slave mode. If you need master mode, please
state it clearly or place an order for HC-O4-M directly.The naming rule of HC-06 is
same. When HC-03 and HC-05 are out of factory, one part of parameters are set for
activating the device. The work mode is not set, since user can set the mode of HC-
03, HC-05 as they want.
The main function of Bluetooth serial module is replacing the serial port line, such as:
1. There are two MCUs want to communicate with each other. One connects to
Bluetooth master device while the other one connects to slave device. Their
connection can be built once the pair is made.
This Bluetooth connection is equivalently liked to a serial port line connection
including RXD, TXD signals. And they can use the Bluetooth serial module to
communicate with each other.
2. When MCU has Bluetooth salve module, it can communicate with Bluetooth
adapter of computers and smart phones. Then there is a virtual communicable serial
port line between MCU and computer or smart phone.
3. The Bluetooth devices in the market mostly are salve devices, such as Bluetooth
printer, Bluetooth GPS. So, we can use master module to make pair and communicate

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with them. Bluetooth Serial module’s operation doesn’t need drive, and can
communicate with the other Bluetooth device who has the serial. But communication
between two Bluetooth modules requires at least two conditions:
(1) The communication must be between master and slave.
(2) The password must be correct.
However, the two conditions are not sufficient conditions. There are also some other
conditions basing on different device model. Detailed information is provided in the
following chapters.
In the following chapters, we will repeatedly refer to Linvor’s (Formerly known as
Guangzhou HC
Information Technology Co., Ltd.) material and photos.

SELECTION OF THE MODULE:

The Bluetooth serial module named even number is compatible with each
other; The salve module is also compatible with each other. In other word, the
function of HC-04 and HC-06, HC-03 and HC-05 are mutually compatible with each
other. HC-04 and HC-06 are former version that user can’t reset the work mode
(master or slave). And only a few AT commands and functions can be used, like reset
the name of Bluetooth (only the slaver), reset the password, reset the baud rate and
check the version number. The command set of HC-03 and HC-05 are more flexible
than HC-04 and HC-06’s. Generally, the Bluetooth of HC-03/HC-05 is recommended
for the user.

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BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05
PINS DESCRIPTION:
PIN1 : UART_TXD, Bluetooth serial signal sending PIN, can connect with MCU’s
RXD PIN
PIN2: UART_RXD, Bluetooth serial signal receiving PIN, can connect with the
MCU’s TXD PIN, there is no pull-up resistor in this PIN. But It needs to be added an
eternal pull-up resistor.
PIN11: RESET, the reset PIN of module, inputting low level can reset the module,
when the module is in using, this PIN can connect to air.
PIN12 : VCC, voltage supply for logic, the standard voltage is 3.3V, and can work at
3.0-4.2V
PIN13 : GND

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PIN31: LED1, indicator of work mode. Have 3 modes: When the module is supplied
power and PIN34: is input high level, PIN31 output 1Hz square wave to make the
LED flicker slowly. It indicates that the module is at the AT mode, and the baud rate
is 38400; When the module is supplied power and PIN34 is input low level, PIN31
output 2Hz square wave to make the LED flicker quickly. It indicates the module is at
the pair able mode. If PIN34 is input high level, then the module will enter to AT
mode, but the output of PIN31 is still 2Hz square wave. After the pairing, PIN31
output 2Hz square ware.
Note: if PIN34 keep high level, all the commands in the AT command set can be in
application. Otherwise, if just excite PIN34 with high level but not keep, only some
command can be used. More information has provided at chapter 2.
PIN32: Output terminal. Before paired, it output low level. Once the pair is finished,
it output high level.
PIN34: Mode switch input. If it is input low level, the module is at paired or
communication mode. If it’s input high level, the module will enter to AT mode.
Even though the module is at communication, the module can enter to the AT mode if
PIN34 is input high level. Then it will go back to the communication mode if PIN34
is input low level again.

APPLICATION CIRCUIT 2 (CONNECT TO 5V SERIAL SYSTEM

OR PC SERIAL)

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38 | P a g e
 ALARM CIRCUIT

Refer the figure; the output from a MC is connected to the base of transistor
bc547 through a resistor 4.7k . The transistor collector point connected to the
buzzer.
When there is a positive bias from the port. The buzzer will energize. if there
is logic ‘o’ level output from port, the buzzer will de – energize.

+5V

BUZZER

4K 7
P ORT BC 547

ALARM

FULL CIRCUIT:
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 LCD

5 D4
4 D5
+5V 3 D6

2
D7
ARDUINO UNO

12 RS
ECHO
9
ULTRASONIC 11 ENABLE
MODULE TRIG
10
+12V

9
GND 2K2 LED VM
6 1 16
2K2 LED
7 2 15
2K2 LED
3 14
ULN2003

2K2 LED
4 13
2K2 LED
5 12
2K2 LED
6 11
2K2 LED
7 10
8

+ -
BUZZER

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ADVANTAGES and APPLICATIONS:
 The “Third Eye for Blind with Vibrating Ultrasonic Glove”, is designed to help
the blind to overcome the lack of visual sense, by using other senses like sound
and touch. ...
 As the distance between glove and obstacle decreases, frequency of both audio
and vibration signals increases.

+5V POWER SUPPLY

7805
1 3 +5V
2

IN4007 IN4007 470E

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
1000MF/25V 100MF/25V +
0.1MF
0-230V 0-9V

IN4007
IN4007
RED

Fig 6 : Block Diagram of Power Supply

41 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
RESULT:
The result of this project is to help visually impaired individuals navigate their
surroundings more confidently and safely. By providing real-time feedback on
obstacles, the user can make informed decisions on how to move forward, thereby
reducing the risk of accidents or injuries. Additionally, a smart blind stick can also
be equipped with other features such as GPS, voice commands, and vibration alerts
to enhance the user experience and improve safety.

Overall, a smart blind stick using an ultrasonic sensor can have a significant impact
on the quality of life of visually impaired individuals, providing them with greater
independence and mobility.

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 6. CONCLUSION:
The project Ultrasonic and Bluetooth based blind stick is working fine, getting
the parameter envisaged during the conceptual stage. During the design, as well
as during the construction, greater care has been put into avoid hiccups at the
final stage. The PCB layouts were prepared with almost care to incorporate the
circuits in a modular manner. The circuit is made as simple as to our knowledge.
Also components were selected keeping in mind their availability and cost. It was
a very interesting process of developing the prototype, stage by stage and testing
the same. We have to go through fairly large pages of data related to the
components etc. It was a useful and fulfilling assignment to get the project
completed in time. This gave us a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

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7. REFERENCE :

i) https://ieeeexplore.ieee.org/document/8551067
author : Naiwrita Dey

ii) Nitish Ojha1, Pravin Kumar Pradhan, Prof. M.V.Patil. ―Obstacle Sensing
Walking Stick for Visually Impaired. In International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 04 Issue: 04, April 2017

iii) Muhammad Hanan Daudpota, Anwar Ali Sahito, Amir Mahmood Soomro,
Faheem Shafeeque Channar. ―Giving blind a smart eye: Designing and Modeling
of intelligent white cane for blind people. In IEEE International Conference, 2017.

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