Relations and Functions

Question 1.
If R = {(a, a3): a is a prime number less than 5} be a relation. Find the range of R
. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Given, R = {{a, cd): a is a prime number less than 5}
We know that, 2 and 3 are the prime numbers less than 5.
So, a can take values 2 and 3.
Thus, R = {(2, 23), (3, 33)} = {(2, 8), (3, 27)}
Hence, the range of R is (8, 27}.

Question 2.
If f: {1,3, 4} → {1, 2, 5} and g: {1,2, 5} → {1, 3} given by f = {(1,2), (3, 5), (4,1)} and
g = {(1,3), (2, 3), (5,1)}. Write down gof. (All India 2014C)
Answer:
Given, functions f:{1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} → {1, 3} are defined as f = {(1,
2),(3, 5),(4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3),(2, 3),(5, 1)}
Therefore, f(1) = 2, f(3) = 5, f(4) = 1
and g(1) = 3, g (2) = 3, g(5) = 1
Now, gof: {1,3,4} → {1,3} and it is defined as
gof (1) = g[(f(1)] = g(2) = 3
gof(3) = g[f(3)] = g(5) = 1

∴ gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}

gof (4) = g[f(4)] = g(1) = 3

Question 3.
Let R is the equivalence relation in the set A = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : 2
divides (a – b)}. Write the equivalence class [0]. (Delhi 2014C)
Answer:
Given, R = {(a, b):2 divides(a – b)}

Clearly, [0] = {b ∈ A : (0, b) ∈ R}

and A = { 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

= {b ∈ A: 2 divides (0 – b)}
= {b ∈ A : 2divides (-b)} = {0, 2, 4}
Hence, equivalence class of [0] = {0,2,4}.

Question 4.
If R = {(x, y): x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, then write the range of R. (All India
2014)
Answer:
Given, the relation R is defined on the set of natural numbers, i.e. N as
R= {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8}
To find the range of R, x + 2y = 8 can be rewritten as y = 8−x2
On putting x = 2, we get y = 8−22 = 3
On puttmg x = 4, we get y = 8−42 = 2

As, x, y ∈ N, therefore R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}. Hence, the range of relation R is
On putting x = 6, we get y = 8−62 = 1

{3,2,1}.
Note: For x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ……… we do not get y as natural number.

Question 5.
If A = {1, 2, 3}, S = {4, 5,6, 7} and f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} is a function from A to
B. State whether f is one-one or not. (All India 2011)
Given, A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
and f:A → Bis defined as f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}
i.e. f(1) = 4, f(2) = 5and f(3) = 6.
It can be seen that the images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct. So, f is
one-one.

Question 6.
If f : R → R is defined by f{x) = 3x + 2, then define f[f(x)]. (Foreign 2011; Delhi
2010)
Answer:
Given, f(x) = 3x + 2
f[f(x)] – f(3x + 2) = 3 (3x + 2) + 2
= 9x + 6+ 2= 9x + 8

Question 7.
Write fog, if f: R → R and g:R → R are given by f(x) = |x| and g(x) = |5x – 2|.
(Foreign 2011)
Answer:

∴ fog (x) = f[g(x)] = f{15x – 2|}

Given, f(x) = |x|, g(x) = |5x – 2|

= ||5x – 2||= |5x – 2| [∵ ||x|| = |x|]

Question 8.
Write fog, if f: R → R and g:R → R are given by f(x) = 8x 3 and g(x) = xy3.
(Foreign 2011)
Answer:

∴ fog ( x) = f[g(x)] = f(x1/3) = 8(x1/3)3 = 8x

Given, f(x) = 8x3 and g(x) = x1/3

Question 9.
State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2,1)}
not to be transitive. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:

(x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R ⇒ (x, z) ∈ R.

We know that for a relation to be transitive,
Here, (1, 2) ∈ R and (2,1) ∈ R but (1,1) ∉ R.
R is not transitive.

Question 10.
What is the range of the function.
f(x) = |x−1|x−1, x ≠ 1? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Firstly, redefine the function by using the definition of modulus function, i.e by using

Further, simplify it to get the range

given, function is f(x) = |x−1|x−1, x ≠ 1
The above function can be written as

Question 11.
If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3, then find fof(x). (All India 2010)
Answer:
Given function is f: R → R such that f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3.
Now, fof(x) = f[f(x)] = f[(3 – x3))1/3]
= [3 – {(3 – x3)1/3}3]1/3
= [3 – (3 – x3)]1/3 = (x3)1/3 = x

Question 12.
If f is an invertible function, defined as f(x) = 3x−45, then write f-1(x). (Foreign
2010)
Answer:
Given, f(x) = 3x−45 is an invertible function.

Question 13.
If f : R → R and g:R → R are given by f(x) = sin x and g(x) = 5x 2, then find gof(x).
(Foreign 2010)
Answer:
Given, f(x) = sin x and g(x) = 5x2.
30f{x) = g[f(x)] = g(sin x)
= 5(sin x)2 = 5sin2x

Question 14.
If f(x) = 27x3 and g(x) = xy3, then find gof(x). (Foreign 2010)
Answer:
Given, f(x) = 27x3 and g(x) = xy3
Now, gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g(27x3)
= (27x3)1/3 = (27)1/3.(x3)1/3

∴ gof(x) = 3x
= (33)1/3 (x3)1/3 = 3x

Question 15.
If the function f:R → R defined by f(x) = 3x – 4 is invertible, then find f -1. (All
India 2010C)
Answer:
f-1 = x+43

Question 16.
Check whether the relation R defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a,
b): b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. (All India 2019)

The relation R on set A = {I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is defined as (a, b) ∈ R iff b = a + 1.

Answer:

Clearly, (a, a) ∉ R for any as a ∈ A. So, R is not reflexive on A.

Therefore, R = {(1, 2),(2, 3), (3, 4), (4,5), (5, 6)}

We observe that (1, 2) ∈ R but (2,1) ∉ R.

We also observe that (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 3) ∈ R but (1, 3) ∉ R. So, R is not transitive.
So, R is not symmetric.

Let f : N → Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3, where, Y = {y ∈ N : y = 4x +

Question 17.

3, for some x ∈ N}. Show that f is invertible. Find its inverse. (All India 2019)
Answer:

Y = {y ∈ N : y = 4x + 3, x ∈ N}. Consider an arbitrary element y ∈ Y. Then, y = 4x +

Given, f: N → Y defined as f(x) = 4x + 3, where

3, for some x ∈ N
⇒ y – 3 = 4x ⇒ x = y−34 Suppose, a function g:Y → N, given by
Here, gof (x) = x, ∀ x ∈ N; therefore gof = IN
and fog(y) = y, ∀ y ∈ F; therefore fog = IY
So, f is invertible and f-1 = g,
i.e f-1(y) = y−34
or f-1(x) = x−34

Question 18.
Show that the relation R on IR defined as R = {(a, b) : (a ≤ b)}, is reflexive and
transitive but not symmetric. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Given a relation R = {{a, b): a ≤ b} on IR (the set of real numbers).

Since, a ≤ a is true for all value of a ∈ IR.

Reflexivity:

(a,a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ IR
Hence, the given relation is reflexive.

Let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R be any arbitrary elements.

Transitivity

⇒a≤b≤c
Then, we have a ≤ b and b ≤ c

⇒a≤c
⇒ (a,c) ∈ R
Hence, the given relation is transitive.

Note that (2,3) ∈ R as 2 < 3

Symmetricity:

but (3, 2) ∉ R as 3 ≮ 2
Hence, the given relation is not symmetric.
Hence proved.

Question 19.
Prove that the function, f : N → N is defined by f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 is one-one but
not onto. Find inverse of f : N → S, where S is range of f. (Delhi 2019)

Let x, y ∈ N such that

Answer:

⇒ x2 + x + 1 = y 2 + y + 1
f(x) = f(y)

⇒ (x – y)(x + y + 1) = 0 [∵ x + y + 1 ≠ 0]
⇒x=y

f is not onto because x2 + x +1 > 3, ∀ x ∈ N and so, 1,2 does not have their pre
f: N → N is one-one (1)

images.

⇒ fof-1 (x) = x, ∀ x ∈ S
Now, if S is the range of f, then f:N → S is one-one, onto and hence invertible.
⇒ f(f-1(x)) = x, ∀ x ∈ S
⇒ (f-1(x))2 + (f-1(x)) + 1 = x, ∀ x ∈ S
⇒ (f-1(x))2 + f-1(x) + 1 – x = 0
which is quadratic in f-1(x)

Question 20.
If f: W → W is defined as f(x) = x – 1, if x is odd and f(x) = x + 1, if x is even.
Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f, where W is the set of all whole
numbers. (Foreign 2014; All India 2011C)
Answer:
Given, f: W →W is defined as

One-one function Let x1, x2 ∈ W be any two numbers such that f(x1) = f(x2)

Case I:

Then, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 – I = x2 – I

When x1, and x2 are odd.

⇒ x1 = x2

Case II:
When x1, and x2 are even.

⇒ x1 + I = x 2 + I
Then, f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x1 = x2

f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
Thus, in both cases,

Case III:
When x1, is odd and x2 is even.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is even and f(x2) is odd.

Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

Case IV:
When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is odd and f(x2) is even.

Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV we can observe that, f(x) is a one-one function.

Onto function:
Clearly, any odd number 2y + 1 in the codomain W, is the image of 2y in the domain
W.
Also, any even number 2y in the codomain W, is the image of 2y + 1 in the domain
W.
Thus, every element in W (codomain) has a pre-image in W (domain).
So, f is onto.
Therefore, f is bijective and so it is invertible.

⇒ x – 1 = y, if x is odd
Let f(x) = y

and x + 1 = y, if x is even

If f,g :R → R are two functions defined as f(x) = |x| + x and g(x) = |x| – x, ∀ x ∈
Question 21.

R. Then, find fog and gof. (All India 2014C)

Given, f(x) = |x| + x and g(x) = |x| – x, ∀ x ∈ R.

Answer:

and for x < 0, gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(0) = 0 ⇒ gof(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R Similarly, for x > 0, fog
Thus, for x ≥ 0,gof (x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x) = 0

(x) = f(g(x)) = f(0) = 0

and for x < 0, fog (x) = f(g(x)) = f(-2x)
= 2(-2x) = -4x
Question 22.

R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N and 2x + y = 24}, then find the domain and range of the
If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as follows:

relation R . Also, find whether R is an equivalence relation or not. (Delhi 2014C)

Given, R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N and 2x + y = 24}

Answer:

∴ y = 24 – 2x
Now, x = 1 ⇒ y = 22;
x = 2 ⇒ y = 20;
x = 3 ⇒ y = 18;
x = 4 ⇒ y = 16;
x = 5 ⇒ y = 14;
x = 6 ⇒ y = 12;
x = 7 ⇒ y = 10;
x=8⇒y=8
x = 9 ⇒ y = 6;
x = 10 ⇒ y = 4
and x = 11 ⇒ y = 2
So, domain of R= {1, 2, 3, …, 11} and range of R = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,
22} and R = {(1, 22), (2, 20), (3, 18), (4, 16), (5, 14), (6, 12), (7, 10), (8, 8), (9, 6), (10,
4), (11, 2)}

Since, for 1 ∈ domain of R,(1, 1) ∉ R.

Reflexive:

So, R is not reflexive.

We observe that (1, 22) ∉ R but (22, 1) ∈ R. So, R is not symmetric.

Symmetric:

We observe that (7, 10) ∈ Rand (10, 4) ∈ R hut (7, 4) ∉ R. So, R is not transitive.
Transitive:

Thus, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

So, R is not an equivalence relation.

Question 23.

= x−2x−3 for all x ∈ A. Then, show that f is bijective. Find f-1(x). (Delhi 2014C;
If A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f :A → B defined by f(x)

Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Given, a function f: A → B, where A = R – {3}
and B = R – {1}, defined by f(x) = x−2x−3.

Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that f(x1) = f(x2)

One-one function:

⇒ (x1 – 2)(x1 – 3) = (x2 – 2)(x1 – 3)

Then x1−2x1−3=x2−2x2−3
⇒ x1x2 – 3x1 – 2x2 + 6 = x1x2 – 3x2 – 21 + 6
⇒ – 3x1 – 2x2 = – 3x2 – 2x1
⇒ – 3 (x1 – x2) + 2 (x1 – x2) = 0
⇒ -(x1 – x2) = 0

⇒ x 1 = x 2 , ∀ x 1 , x2 ∈ A
Thus, f(x1) = f(x2)

So, f(x) is a one-one function.

Let y ∈ B = R – {1} be any arbitrary element.

Onto function:

⇒ x−2x−3 = y ⇒ x – 2 = xy – 3y
Then, f(x) = y

⇒ x – xy = 2 – 3y
⇒ x(1 – y) = 2 – 3y
⇒ x = 2−3y1−y or x = 3y−2y−1 ………(i)
Clearly, x = 3y−2y−1 is a real number for all y ≠ 1.

Hence, f(x) is an onto function.

Therefore, f(x) is a bijective function.
From Eq. (i), we get
f-1(y) = 3y−2y−1 or f-1(x) = 3x−2x−1
which is the inverse function of f(x).

Question 24.
If A = {1, 2, 3, .. ,9} and R is the relation in A × A defined by (a , b) R(c, d), if a + d =
b + c for (a,b), (c, d) in A × A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also, obtain
the equivalence class [(2, 5)]. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Given a relation R in A × A, where A = {1, 2, 3,…, 9}, defined as (a, b) R (c, d), if a +
d = b + c.

Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of A × A. i.e. (a, b) ∈ A × A, where a,b ∈ A.

Reflexive:

Now, as a + b = b + a [∵ addition is commutative]

∴ (a, b) R{a, b)
So, R is reflexive.

Symmetric:

⇒ b + c = a + d ⇒ c + b = d + a [∵ addition is commutative]
Let (a, b), (c,d)e Ax A, such that (a, b)R(c, d). Then, a + d = b + c

⇒ (c, d) R(a, b)
So, R is symmetric.

Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ A × A such that (a, b) R(c, d) and (c, d) R(e, f).
Transitive:

Then, a + d = b + c and c + f = d + e
On adding the above equations,

⇒ a + f = b + e ⇒ (a, b) R(e, f)
we get a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e

So, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

Now, for [(2, 5)], we will find (c, d) ∈ A × A such that 2 + d = 5+ c or d-c = 3 (1/2)
Clearly, (2, 5) R(1, 4) as 4 – 1 = 3
(2, 5) R(2, 5) as 5 – 2 = 3
(2, 5) R(3, 6) as 6 – 3 = 3
(2, 5) R(4, 7) as 7 – 4 = 3
(2, 5) R(5, 8) as 8 – 5 = 3
and (2, 5) R(6, 9) as 9 – 6 = 3
Hence, equivalence class [(2, 5)]
= {(1, 4), (2, 5),(3, 6),(4, 7),(5, 8),(6, 9)}.

Question 25.
If the function R → R is given by f(x) = x2 + 2 and g:R → R is given by g(x)
= xx−1, then find fog and gof, and hence find fog (2) and gof (- 3). (All India
2014)
Answer:
Given, f : R → R and g : R → R defined as

Since, range f ⊆ domain g and range g ⊆ domain f

f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = xx−1; x ≠ 1

∴ fog and gof exist.

For any x ∈ R- {1}, we have (fog)(x) = f[g(x)]
Question 26.
If A = R-{2}, B = R-{1} and f: A → B is a function defined by f(x) = x−1x−2 , then
show that f is one-one and onto. Hence, find f -1. (Delhi 2013C)
Answer:
f-1 = 2x−1x−1

Question 27.
Show that the function f in A = R – {23} defined as f(x) = 4x+36x−4 is one-
one and onto. Hence, find f-1. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:

where, x ∈ A = R – {23}
Given f(x) = 4x+36x−4

Let x1, x2 ∈ A = R – {23} such that f(x1) = f(x2).

One-one function:

⇒ (4x1 + 3) (6x2 – 4) = (4x2 + 3) (6x2 – 4)

Then, 4x1+36x1−4=4x2+36x2−4

⇒ 24x1x2 – 16x1 + 18x2 – 12 = 24x1x2 – 16x2 + 18x1 – 12

⇒ – 34x1 = – 34x2
⇒ x1 = x2
So, f is one-one function.
Onto function:
Let y be an arbitrary element of A (codomain).

⇒ 4x+36x−4 = y
Then, f(x) = y

⇒ 4x + 3 = 6xy – 4y
⇒ 4x – 6xy = -4y – 3
⇒ x(4 – 6 y) = -(4y + 3)
⇒ x = −(4y+3)4−6y
⇒ x = 4y+3)6y−4
Clearly, x = 4y+3)6y−4 is a reaj number for all y ≠ 46=23

Thus, for each y ∈ A (codomain), there exists

x = 4x+36x−4 ∈ A (domain) such that

Hence, f is onto function.

Since, f is bijective function, so its inverse exists.

Question 28.
Consider f: R+ → [4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the
inverse f-1 of f given by f-1(y) = y−4−−−−√, where R+ is the set of all non-
negative real numbers. (All India 2013; Foreign 2011)
Answer:
To show f(x) is an invertible function, we will show that f is both one-one and onto
function.
Here, function f: R+ → [4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4.

Let x, y ∈ R+, such that

One-one function:

⇒ x2 + 4 = y 2 + 4 ⇒ x2 = y2 ⇒ x = y
f(x) = f(y)

[∵ we take only positive sign as x, y ∈ R+]

Therefore, f is a one-one function.

For y ∈ [4, ∞), then there exists x ∈ R+ such that f(x) = y

Onto function:

⇒ y = x2 + 4
⇒ x2 = y – 4 ≥ 0 [∵ y > 4]
⇒ x = y−4−−−−√ ≥ 0
[we take only positive sign, as x ∈ R+]
Therefore, for any y ∈ R+ (codomain), there exists x = y−4−−−−√ ∈ R+
(domain) such that f(x) = (y−4−−−−√)=(y−4−−−−√)2 + 4 = y – 4 + 4 = y
Therefore, f is onto function.
Since, f is one-one and onto and therefore f-1 exists.
Alternate Method:
Let us define g: [4, ∞) → R+
by g(y) = y−4−−−−√
Now, gof(x) = 4 (f(x)) = g(x2 + 4)
= (x2+4)−4−−−−−−−−−−√=x2−−√ = x
and fog(y) = f[g(y)] = f(y−4−−−−√)
= (y−4−−−−√)2 + 4 = (y – 4) + 4 = y

⇒ f is invertible and its inverse function is 5.

Thus, gof = I R and fog = I[4, ∞)
+

∴ f-1(y) = g(y) = y−4−−−−√ or f-1(x) = x−4−−−−√

Question 29.
Show that f: N → N, given by

is bijective (both one-one and onto). (All India 2012)

Answer:
Given function is f: N → N such that

Let x1, x2 ∈ W be any two numbers such that f(x1) = f(x2)

One-one function:

Case I:

Then, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 – I = x2 – I

When x1, and x2 are odd.

⇒ x1 = x2

Case II:
When x1, and x2 are even.

⇒ x1 + I = x 2 + I
Then, f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x1 = x2
f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
Thus, in both cases,

Case III:
When x1, is odd and x2 is even.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is even and f(x2) is odd.

Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

Case IV:
When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is odd and f(x2) is even.

Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV we can observe that f(x) is a one-one function.

Let y ∈ N (codomain) be any arbitrary number.

Onto function:

If y is odd, then there exists an even number y + 1 ∈ N (domain) such that

If y is even, then there exists an odd number y – 1 ∈ N (domain) such that

f(y + 1) = (y + 1) – 1 = y

f(y – 1) = (y – 1) + 1 = y
Thus, every element in N (codomain) has a pre-image in N (domain).
Therefore, f(x) is an onto function.
Hence, the function f(x) is bijective.

Question 30.
If f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 10x + 7. Find the function g :R → R, such that gof
= fog = IR. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Firstly, consider gof(x) = IR(x), further let f(x) is y equal to y and then transform x into
y. Finally replace y by x.
Given, f(x) = 10x + 7

Now, gof = IR ⇒ gof(x) = IR(x)

Also, gof = fog = IR

⇒ g [f(x)] = x, ∀ x ∈ R [∵ IR(x) = x,Vxek]

⇒ g (10x + 7) = x, ∀ x ∈ R

x = y−710 ⇒ g(y) = y−710, ∀ y ∈ k,

Let 10x+ 7 = y => 10x = y-7

or g(x) = y−710, ∀ x ∈ k

Question 31.
If f: R → R is the function defined by f(x) = 4x3 + 7, then show that f is a
bijection. (Delhi 2011C)
Answer:
The given function is f: R → R such that f(x) = 4x3 + 7
Let x1, x2 ∈ R such that f(x1) = f(x2)
To show f is bijective, we have to show that f is one -one and onto One-one function:

⇒ 4x13 + 7 = 4x23 + 7
⇒ 4x13 = 4x23 13 x13 – x23 = 0
⇒ (x1 – x2) (x12 + x1x2 + x22) = 0
⇒ (x1 – x2)[(x1 + x22)2 + \frac{3}{4}22] = 0
⇒ Either x1 – x2 = 0 …………..(i)

But Eq. (ii) gives complex roots as x1, x2 ∈ R.

0r (x1 + x22)2 + \frac{3}{4}22 = 0 …………(ii)

∴ x 1 – x2 = 0 ⇒ x 1 = x 2
Thus, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R
Therefore, f(x) is a one-one function.
Onto function:

Then, f(x) = y ⇒ 4x3 + 7 = y ⇒ 4x3 = y – 7

Let ye R (codomain) be any arbitrary number.

⇒ x3 = y−74 ⇒ x = (y−74)1/3
which is a real number. [∵ y ∈ R]
Thus, for every y ∈ R (codomain), there exists

⇒ f(x) is an onto function.

Since, f(x) is both one-one and onto, so it is a bijective.

Question 32.

∈ Z and a – b is divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. (Delhi

If Z is the set of all integers and R is the relation on Z defined as R = {(a, b):a,b

2010)

The given relation is R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ Z and a – b is divisible by 5}.

Answer:

To prove R is an equivalence relation, we have to prove R is reflexive, symmetric

and transitive.

As for any x ∈ Z, we have x – x = 0, which is divisible by 5.

Reflexive:

⇒ (x – x) is divisible by 5.
⇒ (x, x) ∈ R, V x ∈ Z Therefore, R is reflexive.

Let (x, y) ∈ R, where x, y ∈ Z.

Symmetric:

⇒ (x – y) is divisible by 5. [by definition of R]

⇒ x – y = 5A for some A ∈ Z.
⇒ y – x = 5(-A)
⇒ (y – x) is also divisible by 5.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.

Let (x, y) ∈ R,where x, y ∈ Z.

Transitive:

⇒ (x – y) is divisible by 5.
⇒ x – y = 5Afor some A ∈ Z Again, let (y, z) ∈ R, where y, z ∈ Z.
⇒ (y – 1) is divisible by 5.
⇒ y – z = 5B for some B ∈ Z.

⇒ x – z = 5(A + B)
Now, (x – y) + (y – 2) = 5A + 5B

⇒ (x – z) is divisible by 5 for some (A + B) ∈ Z

⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
Therefore, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, it is an equivalence relation.

Note: If atleast one of the conditions, i.e. reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is not
satisfied, then we say that the given relation is not an equivalence relation.

Question 33.

∈ R and a ≤ b3} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. (Delhi 2010)
Show that the relation S in the set R of real numbers defined as S – {(a, b): a,b

Answer:
Here, the result is disproved by using some specific examples.

S = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ R and a ≤ b3}

Given relation is

As 12≤(12)3, where 12 ∈ R, is not true

Reflexive:

∴ \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) ∉ S
Therefore, S is not symmetric. (1)

As 3 ≤ (32)3 and 32≤(43)3 where 3, 32,43 ∈ S are true but 3 ≤ (43)3

Transitive:

i.e (3, 32) ∈ S and (32,43) ∈ S but (3, 43) ∉ S

Therefore, S is not transitive.
Hence, S is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

Show that the relation S in set A = {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} given by S = {(a, b): a, b ∈

Question 34.

|a – b| is divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements

related to 1. (All India 2010)

Given relation is S = {(a, b): |a – b| is divisible by 4 and a, b ∈ A}

Answer:

and A = {x : x ∈ Z and 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}

Now, A can be written as
A = {0,1, 2, 3, …,12}

As for any x ∈ A, we get |x – x| = 0, which is divisible by 4.

Reflexive:

⇒ (x, x) ∈ S, ∀ x ∈ A
Therefore, S is reflexive.

As for any (x, y) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4. [by using definition of given

Symmetric:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

relation]

⇒|y- x| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

⇒ (y, x) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S ⇒ (y, x) ∈ S, ∀ x, y ∈ A
Therefore, S is symmetric.

For any (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4 and |y – z| is divisible

Transitive:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ and |y – z| = 4μ, for some λ, μ ∈ Z.

by 4. [by using definition of given relation]

Now, x – z = (x – y) + (y – z)
= ± 4λ + 4μ

⇒ |x – z| is divisible by 4.
= ± 4 (λ, + μ)

⇒ (x, z) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S
=* (x, z) ∈ S, ∀ x, y, z ∈ A
Therefore, S is transitive.
Since, S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is an equivalence relation. Now,
set of all elements related to 1 is {1,5,9}.

Show that the relation S defined on set N × N by (a, b) S (c, d) ⇒ a + d = b + c is

Question 35.

an equivalence relation. (All India 2010)

Answer:
Given a relation R in A × A, where A = {1, 2, 3,…, 9}, defined as (a, b) R (c, d), if a +
d = b + c.

Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of A × A. i.e. (a, b) ∈ A × A, where a,b ∈ A.

Reflexive:

∴ (a, b) R{a, b)
Now, as a + b = b + a [∵ addition is commutative]

So, R is reflexive.

Let (a, b), (c,d) ∈ A × A, such that (a, b)R(c, d). Then, a + d = b + c
Symmetric:
⇒ b + c = a + d ⇒ c + b = d + a [∵ addition is commutative]
⇒ (c, d) R(a, b)
So, R is symmetric.

Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ A × A such that (a, b) R(c, d) and (c, d) R(e, f).
Transitive:

Then, a + d = b + c and c + f = d + e
On adding the above equations,

⇒ a + f = b + e ⇒ (a, b) R(e, f)
we get a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e

So, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

Now, for [(2, 5)], we will find (c, d) ∈ A × A such that 2 + d = 5+ c or d-c = 3 (1/2)
Clearly, (2, 5) R(1, 4) as 4 – 1 = 3
(2, 5) R(2, 5) as 5 – 2 = 3
(2, 5) R(3, 6) as 6 – 3 = 3
(2, 5) R(4, 7) as 7 – 4 = 3
(2, 5) R(5, 8) as 8 – 5 = 3
and (2, 5) R(6, 9) as 9 – 6 = 3
Hence, equivalence class [(2, 5)]
= {(1, 4), (2, 5),(3, 6),(4, 7),(5, 8),(6, 9)}.

Question 36.
If f : X → Y is a function. Define a relation R on X given by R = {(a, b): f(a) =
f(b)}. Show that R is an equivalence relation on X. (All India 2010C)
Answer:
The given function is f: X → Y and relation on X is R = {(a, b): f(a) = f(b)}

Since, for every x ∈ X, we have

Reflexive:

⇒ (x, x) ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ X
f(x) = f(x)

Therefore, R is reflexive.

Let (x, y) ∈ R
Symmetric:

Then, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ f(y) = f(x) ⇒ (x, y) ∈ R

Thus, (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ (y, x) ∈ R, ∀ x, y ∈ X
Therefore, R is symmetric.

Let x, y, z ∈ X such that

Transitive:

(x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ R

Then f(x) = f(y) ………..(i)
and f(y) = f(z) ………..(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
f(x) = f(y)

Thus, (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R

⇒ (x, z) ∈ R, ∀ x, y, z ∈ X
Therefore, R is transitive.
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is an equivalence relation.

Show that a function f: R → R given by f(x) = ax + b, a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0 is a

Question 37.

bijective. (Delhi 2010C)

Given function f: R → R is such that f(x) = ax + b, a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0

Answer:

Let x1, x2 ∈ S such that

One-one function:

f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ ax1 = ax2
Then, ax1 + b = ax2 + b

Thus, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R

x1 = x2 [∵ a ≠ 0]

Therefore, f(x) is a one-one function.

Let y ∈ R (codomain) be any arbitrary element.

Onto function:

Then, f(x) = y ⇒ ax + b = y
⇒ x = y−ba
Clearly, x is a real number. [∵ y ∈ R]
Thus, for each y ∈ R (codomain), there exists x = y−ba ∈ R (domain) such that
f(x) = f(y−ba) = a(y−ba) + b = y – b + b = y
Therefore, f(x) is an onto function.
As f(x) is both one-one and onto, so it is a bijective function.

Let A = {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}. Show that R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ A, |a – b| is divisible by

Question 38.

4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1. Also,

write the equivalence class [2]. (CBSE 2018)
Answer:

= {a ∈ A : |2 – a| is divisible by 4}
The set of all elements related to [2]

= {2, 6,10}

(Given relation is S = {(a, b): |a – b| is divisible by 4 and a, b ∈ A}

and A = {x : x ∈ Z and 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}
Now, A can be written as
A = {0,1, 2, 3, …,12}
As for any x ∈ A, we get |x – x| = 0, which is divisible by 4.
Reflexive:

⇒ (x, x) ∈ S, ∀ x ∈ A
Therefore, S is reflexive.

As for any (x, y) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4. [by using definition of given

Symmetric:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

relation]

⇒|y- x| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

⇒ (y, x) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S ⇒ (y, x) ∈ S, ∀ x, y ∈ A
Therefore, S is symmetric.

For any (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4 and |y – z| is divisible

Transitive:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ and |y – z| = 4μ, for some λ, μ ∈ Z.

by 4. [by using definition of given relation]

Now, x – z = (x – y) + (y – z)
= ± 4λ + 4μ

⇒ |x – z| is divisible by 4.
= ± 4 (λ, + μ)

⇒ (x, z) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S
=* (x, z) ∈ S, ∀ x, y, z ∈ A
Therefore, S is transitive.
Since, S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is an equivalence relation. Now,
set of all elements related to 1 is {1,5,9}.)

Show that the function f: R → R defined by f(x) = xx2+1, ∀ x ∈ R is neither one-

Question 39.

one nor onto. Also, if g: R → R is defined as g(x) = 2x – 1, find fog (x). (CBSE
2018)
Answer:

f(x) = xx2+1, ∀ x ∈ R
We have, a function f: R → R defined by

To show f is neither one-one nor onto.

Let x1, x2 ∈ R such that

(i) One-one:

⇒ x1x21+1=x2x22+1
f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x1 (x22 + 1) = x2(x12 + 1)
⇒ x1x22 + x1 = x2x12 + x2
⇒ x1x2(x2 – x1) = (x2 – x1)
⇒ (x2 – x1)(x1x2 – 1) = 0
⇒ x2 = x1 or x1x2 = 1
⇒ x1 = x2 or x1 = 1x2
Here, f is not one-one as if we take.
In particular, x1 = 2 and x2 = 12, we get

∴ f is not one-one.

Let y ∈ R (codomain) be any arbitrary element.

(ii) Onto:

∴ y = xx2+1 ⇒ x2y + y = x
Consider, y = f(x)

⇒ x 2y – x + y = 0
⇒ x = 1±I−4y2√2y, which does not exist for

In particular for y = 1 ∈ R (codomain), there does not exist any x ∈ R (domain) such
1 – 4y2 < 0, i.e for y > 12 and y < −12

that f(x) = y. f is not onto. Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto. Now, it is given that
g :R → R defined as g(x) = 2x – 1 g(x) = 2x – 1

Show that the relation R on the set Z of all integers defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ (x –
Question 40.

y) is divisible by 3 is an equivalence relation. (CBSE 2018C)

The given relation is R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ Z and a – b is divisible by 5}.

Answer:

To prove R is an equivalence relation, we have to prove R is reflexive, symmetric

and transitive.

As for any x ∈ Z, we have x – x = 0, which is divisible by 5. ⇒ (x – x) is divisible by

Reflexive:

⇒ (x, x) ∈ R, V x ∈ Z Therefore, R is reflexive.

5.

Let (x, y) ∈ R, where x, y ∈ Z. ⇒ (x -y) is divisible by 5. [by definition of R]

Symmetric:

⇒ x – y = 5A for some A Z. ⇒ y-x = 5(-A) ⇒ (y- x) is also divisible by 5.

⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.

Let (x, y) ∈ R, where x, y ∈ Z.

Transitive:

⇒ (x – y) is divisible by 5.
⇒ x – y = 5Afor some A ∈ Z Again, let (y, z) ∈ R, where y, z ∈ Z.
⇒ (y – 1) is divisible by 5.
⇒ y – z = 5B for some B ∈ Z.

⇒ x – z = 5(A + B)
Now, (x – y) + (y – 2) = 5A + 5B

⇒ (x – z) is divisible by 5 for some (A + B) ∈ Z

⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
Therefore, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, it is an equivalence relation.

Note: If atleast one of the conditions, i.e. reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is not
satisfied, then we say that the given relation is not an equivalence relation.

question 41.
Consider f: R+ → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5. Show that f is invertible with
f-1(y) = (y+6√−13). Hence find
(i) f-1(10)
(ii) y if -1(y) = 43
where R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers. (Delhi 2017; Foreign 2010)
Answer:
Here, function f: R+ → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5

Let x1, x2 ∈ R+ such that

One-one function:

f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ 9(x12 – x22) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0

Then, 9x12 + 6x1 – 5 = 9x2 + 6x2 – 5

⇒ 9(x1 + x2)(x1 – x2) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0

⇒ (x1 – x2)[9(x1 + x2) + 6] = 0
⇒ x1 – x2 = 0 [∵ x1, x2 ∈ R+ ∴ 9(x1 + x2 + 6 ≠ 0)
⇒ x 1 = x 2 , ∀ x 1 , x2 ∈ R +
Therefore, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function:
Let y be any arbitrary element of
Then, y = f(x)
y = 9x2 + 6x – 5
y = (3x + 1)2 – 1 – 5= (3x + 1)2 – 6

3x + 1 = y/y + 6, as y ≥ -5 ⇒ y + 6 ≥ 0
(3x + 1)2 = y + 6

x = y+6√−13
Therefore, f is onto, thereby range f = [- 5, ∞)
Let us define g:[-5, ∞) → R+ as g(y) = y+6√−13
Now, (gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(9x2 + 6x – 5)
= g(3x + 1)2 – 6)
=y+6–6=y
Therefore, gof = IR and fog = I[-5, ∞)
+

Hence, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by

(i) ∴ f-1(10) = 10+6√−13=16√−13=4−13 = 1

f-1(y) = g(y) = y+6√−13

(ii) If f-1(y) = 43 ⇒ y = f(4/3) = 9(4/3)2 + 6(4/3) – 5

= 16 + 8 – 5 = 19

Question 42.
Consider f : R – {−43} → R – {43} given by f(x) = 4x+33x+4. Show that f is
bijective. Find the inverse of f and hence find f -1(0) and x such that f-1(x) = 2. (All
India 2017)
Answer:
Given, f: R – {−43} → R – {43}

Let x1, x2 ∈ R – {−43}

defined as f(x) = 4x+33x+4

⇒ 4x1+33x1+4=4x2+33x2+4
such that f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ (4x1 + 3)(3x2 + 4) = (3x1 + 4)(4x2 + 3)

⇒ 12x1x2 + 16x1 + 9x2 + 12 = 12x1x2 + 9x1 + 16x2 + 12
⇒ 7x1 = 7x2 ⇒ x1 = x2 ⇒ f is one-one.
Let y ∈ R – {−43}, such that y ≠ 43

x ∈ R – {−43}, such that f(x) = y

The function f is onto if there exist

Now, f(x) = y ⇒ 4x+33x+4 = y ⇒ 4x + 3 = y (3x + 4)

⇒ 4x + 3 = 3xy + 4y ⇒ 4x – 3xy = 4y – 3
⇒ x (4 – 3y) = 4y – 3
⇒ x = 4x+33x+4 ∈ R – {−43} (y ≠ 43)
Thus, for any y ∈ R – {43}
Since, f is one-one and onto, so f-1 exists

Question 43.
Let f: N → N be a function defined as f(x) – 9x2 + 6% – 5. Show that f: N → S,
where S is the range of f, is invertible. Find the inverse of f and hence find f -
1
(43) and f-1(-3). (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
We have a mapping f: N → N given by
f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5

Let x1, x2 ∈ N. such that

One-one function:

f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ 9x12 + 6x1 = 9x22 + 6x2

Then, 9x12 + 6x1 – 5= 9x22 + 6x2 – 5

⇒ 9(x12 – x22) + 6 (x1 – x2) = o

⇒ 3(x1 – x2)(x1 + x2) + 2(x1 – x2) = 0 [divide by 3]
⇒ (x1 – x2) (3x1 + 3x2 + 2) = 0
∴ x1 – x2 = 0 or 3x1 + 3x2 + 2 = 0
But 3x1 + 3x2 + 2 ≠ 0 [: x1, x2 ∈ N)
∴ x 1 – x2 = 0 = x 1 = x 2
So, f is one-one function.

Onto function:
Obviously, f : N → S is an onto function, because S is the range of f.

⇒ f is invertible function, so its inverse exists.

Thus, f :N → S is one-one and onto function.

⇒ y = (3x)2 + 2 – 3x – 1 + 1 – 6
Let f(x) = y, then y = 9×2 + 6x – 5 (1)

⇒ y = (3x + 1)2 – 6
⇒ (3x + 1 )2 = y + 6
⇒ 3x + 1 = y+6−−−−√ [taking positive square root as x ∈ N]

If f, g: R → R be two functions defined as f(x)= |x| + x and g(x)= |x| – x, ∀ x ∈ R.

Question 44.

Then, find fog and gof. Hence find fog (-3), fog{ 5) and gof(-2). (Foreign 2016)

(i) Given, f(x) = |x| + x and g(x) = |x| – x, ∀ x ∈ R.

Answer:

and for x < 0, gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(0) = 0 ⇒ gof(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R Similarly, for x > 0, fog
Thus, for x ≥ 0,gof (x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x) = 0

(x) = f(g(x)) = f(0) = 0

and for x < 0, fog (x) = f(g(x)) = f(-2x)
= 2(-2x) = -4x

(ii) We have, gof(x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R.

Clearly, fg(-3) = -4(-3) = 12,

fog(5) = 0 and gof(-2) = 0.
Question 45.
If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N
defined by (a, b) R (c, d), if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d). Show that R is an equivalence
relation. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
We have, a relation R on N × N defined by (a, b)R(c, d), if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d).

Let (a, b) ∈ N × N be any arbitrary element. We have to show {a, b) R {a, b), i.e. to
Reflexive:

show ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is trivally true as natural numbers are commutative

Since, (a, b) ∈ N × N was arbitrary, therefore R is reflexive.

under usual multiplication and addition.

Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d), i.e. ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) …(i)
Symmetric:

To show, (c, d) R (a, b), i.e. to show cb(d + a) = da(c + b)

From Eq.(i), we have

⇒ da(c + b) = cb(d + a) [∵ natural numbers are commutative under usual addition

ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)

⇒ cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
and multiplication]

⇒ (c, d) R (a, b)
Thus, R is symmetric.

Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f).
Transitive:

Now, (a, b) R (c, d) ⇒ ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)

⇒ af(e + b) = be(f + a)
⇒ af(b + e) = be(a + f)
⇒ (a, b) R (e, f)
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence R is an equivalence relation.
Question 46.
Consider f: R+ → [-9, ∞) given by f(x) = 5x2 + 6x – 9. Prove that f is invertible
with f-1(y) = (54+5y√−35) [where, R+ is the set of all non-negative real
numbers.] (All India 2015)
Answer:
Here, function f: R+ → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5

Let x1, x2 ∈ R+ such that

One-one function:

f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ 9(x12 – x22) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0

Then, 9x12 + 6x1 – 5 = 9x2 + 6x2 – 5

⇒ 9(x1 + x2)(x1 – x2) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0

⇒ (x1 – x2)[9(x1 + x2) + 6] = 0
⇒ x1 – x2 = 0 [∵ x1, x2 ∈ R+ ∴ 9(x1 + x2 + 6 ≠ 0)
⇒ x 1 = x 2 , ∀ x 1 , x2 ∈ R +
Therefore, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function:
Let y be any arbitrary element of
Then, y = f(x)
y = 9x2 + 6x – 5
y = (3x + 1)2 – 1 – 5= (3x + 1)2 – 6

3x + 1 = y/y + 6, as y ≥ -5 ⇒ y + 6 ≥ 0
(3x + 1)2 = y + 6

x = y+6√−13
Therefore, f is onto, thereby range f = [- 5, ∞)
Let us define g:[-5, ∞) → R+ as g(y) = y+6√−13
Now, (gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(9x2 + 6x – 5)
= g(3x + 1)2 – 6)

=y+6–6=y
Therefore, gof = IR and fog = I[-5, ∞)
+

Hence, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by

(i) ∴ f-1(10) = 10+6√−13=16√−13=4−13 = 1

f-1(y) = g(y) = y+6√−13

(ii) If f-1(y) = 43 ⇒ y = f(4/3) = 9(4/3)2 + 6(4/3) – 5

= 16 + 8 – 5 = 19

Question 47.
Let f: N → R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15.Show that f:N → S,
where S is the range of f, is invertible. Also, find the inverse of f. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:
f-1(x) = x−6√−32

Question 48.
Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b): |a – b|
is divisible by 2}, is an equivalence relation. Write all the equivalence classes
of R. (All India 2015C)

(i) Given relation is S = {(a, b): |a – b| is divisible by 4 and a, b ∈ A}

Answer:

and A = {x : x ∈ Z and 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}

Now, A can be written as
A = {0,1, 2, 3, …,12}

As for any x ∈ A, we get |x – x| = 0, which is divisible by 4.

Reflexive:

⇒ (x, x) ∈ S, ∀ x ∈ A
Therefore, S is reflexive.

As for any (x, y) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4. [by using definition of given

Symmetric:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

relation]

⇒|y- x| = 4λ, for some λ ∈ Z

⇒ (y, x) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S ⇒ (y, x) ∈ S, ∀ x, y ∈ A
Therefore, S is symmetric.

For any (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S, we get |x – y| is divisible by 4 and |y – z| is divisible

Transitive:

⇒ |x – y| = 4λ and |y – z| = 4μ, for some λ, μ ∈ Z.

by 4. [by using definition of given relation]

Now, x – z = (x – y) + (y – z)
= ± 4λ + 4μ

⇒ |x – z| is divisible by 4.
= ± 4 (λ, + μ)

⇒ (x, z) ∈ S
Thus, (x, y) ∈ S and (y, z) ∈ S
⇒ (x, z) ∈ S, ∀ x, y, z ∈ A
Therefore, S is transitive.
Since, S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is an equivalence relation. Now,
set of all elements related to 1 is {1,5,9}.

(ii) Clearly, [1] = {1, 3, 5}

[2] = {2, 4}
[3] = {1, 3, 5} [4] = {2, 4}
and [5] = {1, 3, 5}
Thus, [1 ] = [3] = [5] = {1, 3, 5} and [2] = [4] = {2,4}
Q.1: Show that the Signum Function f: R → R, given by
Solution:
Check for one to one function:
For example:
f(0) = 0
f(-1) = -1
f(1) = 1
f(2) = 1
f(3) = 1
Since, the different elements say f(1), f(2) and f(3), shows the same image, then the
function is not one to one function.
Check for Onto Function:
For the function,f: R →R
In this case, the value of f(x) is defined only if x is 1, 0, -1
For any other real numbers(for example y = 2, y = 100) there is no corresponding
element x.
Thus, the function “f” is not onto function.
Hence, the given function “f” is neither one-one nor onto.
Q.2: If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2, find f(f(x)).
Solution:
Given function:
f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2.
To find f(f(x))
f(f(x)) = f(x)2 − 3f(x) + 2.
= (x2 – 3x + 2)2 – 3(x2 – 3x + 2) + 2
By using the formula (a-b+c)2 = a2+ b2+ c2-2ab +2ac-2ab, we get
= (x2)2 + (3x)2 + 22– 2x2 (3x) + 2x2(2) – 2x2(3x) – 3(x2 – 3x + 2) + 2
Now, substitute the values
= x4 + 9x2 + 4 – 6x3 – 12x + 4x2 – 3x2 + 9x – 6 + 2
= x4 – 6x3 + 9x2 + 4x2 – 3x2 – 12x + 9x – 6 + 2 + 4
Simplify the expression, we get,
f(f(x)) = x4 – 6x3 + 10x2 – 3x
Q.3: Let A = N × N and * be the binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) =
(a + c, b + d). Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity
element for * on A, if any.
Solution:
We know that, * is commutative if (a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b) ∀ a, b, c, d ∈ R
Check the binary operation * is commutative :

L.H.S =(a, b) * (c, d)

=(a + c, b + d)
R. H. S = (c, d) * (a, b)
=(a + c, b + d)

Since (a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b) ∀ a, b, c, d ∈ R

Hence, L.H.S = R. H. S

* is commutative (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)

We know that * is associative if (a, b) * ( (c, d) * (x, y) ) = ((a, b) * (c, d)) * (x, y) ∀ a,
Check the binary operation * is associative :

b, c, d, x, y ∈ R
L.H.S = (a, b) * ( (c, d) * (x, y) ) = (a+c+x, b+d+y)
R.H.S = ((a, b) * (c, d)) * (x, y) = (a+c+x, b+d+y)

Since (a, b) * ( (c, d) * (x, y) ) = ((a, b) * (c, d)) * (x, y) ∀ a, b, c, d, x, y ∈ R

Thus, L.H.S = R.H.S

Thus, the binary operation * is associative

Checking for Identity Element:
e is identity of * if (a, b) * e = e * (a, b) = (a, b)
where e = (x, y)
Thus, (a, b) * (x, y) = (x, y) * (a, b) = (a, b) (a + x, b + y)
= (x + a , b + y) = (a, b)
Now, (a + x, b + y) = (a, b)
Now comparing these, we get:
a+x = a
x = a -a = 0
Next compare: b +y = b
y = b-b = 0
Since A = N x N, where x and y are the natural numbers. But in this case, x and y is
not natural number. Thus, the identity element does not exist.

Q.4: Let f : N → Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3, where, Y = {y ∈ N: y =

Therefore, operation * does not have any identity element.

4x + 3 for some x ∈ N}. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse.

Solution:
Checking for Inverse:
f(x) = 4x + 3
Let f(x) = y
y = 4x + 3
y – 3 = 4x
4x = y – 3
x = (𝑦 − 3)/4
Let g(y) = (𝑦 − 3)/4
where g: Y → N
Now find gof:
gof= g(f(x))
= g(4x + 3) = [(4𝑥 + 3) − 3]/4
= [4𝑥 + 3 − 3]/4
=4x/4
= x = IN
Now find fog:
fog= f(g(y))
= f [(𝑦 − 3)/4]
=4[(𝑦 − 3)/4] +3
=y–3+3
=y+0
= y = Iy
Thus, gof = IN and fog = Iy,
Hence, f is invertible
Also, the Inverse of f = g(y) = [𝒚 – 3]/ 4
Q. 5: Let A = R {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A →B defined by f
(x) = (x- 2)/(x -3). Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Given function:
f (x) = (x- 2)/(x -3)
Checking for one-one function:
f (x1) = (x1– 2)/ (x1– 3)
f (x2) = (x2-2)/ (x2-3)
Putting f (x1) = f (x2)
(x1-2)/(x1-3)= (x2-2 )/(x2 -3)
(x1-2) (x2– 3) = (x1– 3) (x2-2)
x1 (x2– 3)- 2 (x2 -3) = x1 (x2– 2) – 3 (x2– 2)
x1 x2 -3x1 -2x2 + 6 = x1 x2 – 2x1 -3x2 + 6
-3x1– 2x2 =- 2x1 -3x2
3x2 -2x2 = – 2x1 + 3x1
x1= x2
Hence, if f (x1) = f (x2), then x1 = x2
Thus, the function f is one-one function.
Checking for onto function:

Let f(x) = y such that y B i.e. y ∈ R – {1}

f (x) = (x-2)/(x-3)

So, y = (x -2)/(x- 3)
y(x -3) = x- 2
xy -3y = x -2
xy – x = 3y-2
x (y -1) = 3y- 2

For y = 1, x is not defined But it is given that. y ∈ R – {1}

x = (3y -2) /(y-1)

Hence, x = (3y- 2)/(y- 1) ∈ R -{3} Hence, f is onto.

Practice Problems for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1
1. Show that the function f: R → R is given by f(x) = x 3 is injective.
2. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Let f: {1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5} and g: {1, 2, 5} → {1, 3} be given by f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4,
1)} d g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}. Write down gof.