Chapter 1: Functions and Models

Lecture 2

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Inverse Functions
2. Logarithmic Functions
3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4. Parametric Curves

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 1. Inverse Functions
Definition: A function f is
called a one-to-one function if
it never takes on the same
value twice; that is
f ( x)  f ( y) for x  y

Example: a) f ( x) = 2 x + 1
b) f ( x ) = a x , a  0, a  1
c) f ( x ) = x , x  [1, 2]
2

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 Example 2
Functions that are not 1-to-1:

a) f ( x) = x 2 , x 
f ( −1) = f (1) = 1
b) f ( x ) = sin x
f (0) = f ( ) = 0

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Horizontal Line Test: A function is one-to-one
if no horizontal line intersects its graph twice

One-to-one function NOT one-to-one function

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 Inverse Functions
Definition. Let f : A → B be a one-to-one function with
domain A and range B. Then its inverse function f –1
has domain B and range A and is defined by
−1
f ( y) = x  f ( x) = y

Example:

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Calculus1
 The letter x is traditionally used as the independent variable. So,
when we concentrate on f –1 rather than on f, we usually reverse
the roles of x and y and write
−1
f ( x) = y  f ( y ) = x
Calcellation Equations: −1
f ( f ( x)) = x for every x in A
f ( f −1 ( y )) = y for every y in B
𝑓 −1 𝑓 1 = 𝑓 −1 5 = 1
𝑓 𝑓 −1 7 =𝑓 3 =7

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 How to Find Inverse Functions
1. Write y=f(x)
2. Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if
possible), that is: 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)
3. To express f -1 as a function of x,
interchange x and y. The resulting equation
is y = f -1(x)

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 Example. Find the inverse of the function
f(x) = x3 + 2
Solution:
1. We first write y=x3 + 2
2. Then, we solve this equation for x:
x3 = y − 2
−1
x= 3 y − 2 = f ( y)
3. Finally, we interchange x and y:
y = f −1 ( x) = 3 x − 2
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 Graphs of Inverse Functions

• Let a point (a, b) be on the graph of f

• Then b=f(a) and so 𝑎 = 𝑓 −1 𝑏 . This means that the point
(b, a) is on the graph of f -1
• The points (a, b) and (b, a) are symmetric about the line
y=x
• The graph of f -1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f
about the line y=x.
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 Exercises
Find an explicit formula for f -1 and graph f -1
and f, and the line y=x in the same coordinates

1) f ( x) = 1 − 2 / x ,
2
x0
2) f ( x ) = x + 2 x,
2
x0

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 2. Logarithmic Functions
• If a>0 and a≠1, the exponential function f ( x ) = a x
is either increasing or decreasing. So, it is one-to-
one by Horizontal Line Test
• It therefore has an inverse function, called
logarithmic function with base a, denoted by
loga
−1
f ( x) = log a x = y  f ( y) = a = x y

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 Logarithmic Functions
• Logarithmic functions have the form
f ( x) = log a x, a  0 is constant
The domain is (0,) and the range is (-, )

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 Properties
• Cancellation Equations: log a (a ) = x, x 
x

a loga x = x, x  0
• Laws of Logarithms: if x and y > 0, then

1. l og a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y
4. log a 1 = 0
x
2. log a   = log a x − log a y 5. log a a = 1
 y
3. log a ( x r ) = r log a x
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 Common and Natural Logarithms

Base 10 log x = log10 x Common Logarithm

Base e ln x = log e x Natural Logarithm

ln x = y  x = e y
ln(e x ) = x, x 
eln x = x, x  0
ln x
ln e = 1, log a x =
ln a Calculus1
 Example
Suppose that the temperature T, in degrees Fahrenheit,
of an object after t minutes can be modeled using the
following equation: −0.3t
T (t ) = 200 − 150e
1. Find the temperature after 5 minutes.
−0.3(5)
T (5) = 200 − 150e  166.5
2. Find the time it takes to reach 190°.
190 = 200 − 150e−0.3t
1/15 = e−0.3t
ln (1/15 )
t=  9 min.
−0.3 Calculus1
3. Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
 Inverse sine function

• f(x)=sin x is not one-to-one

• But the function f(x)=sin x , - π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2 is one-to-
one to [-1, 1]. The restricted sine function has an
inverse function which is denoted by sin-1 or arcsin
and is called inverse sine function.
−1
sin x = y  sin y = x

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 Inverse sine function

• Example: sin-1(1/2) = π/6 .

• Cancellation equations for sin and sin-1:

sin −1 (sin x) = x for −  / 2  x   / 2

sin(sin −1 x) = x for − 1  x  1

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 Inverse cosine function
• f(x)=cos x is not one-to-one
• But the function f(x)=cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π is one-to-one to
[-1, 1]. The restricted cosine function has an inverse
function which is denoted by cos-1 or arccos and is called
inverse cosine function. −1
cos x = y  cos y = x

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 Inverse tangent function
• f(x)=tan x is not one-to-one
• But the function f(x)=tan x , -π/2 < x < π/2 is one-to-one to
(- ∞ ,∞). The restricted tangent function has an inverse
function which is denoted by tan-1 or arctan and is called
inverse tangent function.

tan −1 x = y  tan y = x - / 2  y   / 2
• Example: tan-1(1) = π/4 .

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Inverse cotangent function:
y = cot −1 x ( x  )  cot y = x 0 y 

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 4. Parametric Curves
• A parametric curve C is the set of points
(x,y), given by the parametric equations:
x = f (t ), y = g (t ), t  [ a, b]

t: parameter
P=(f(a),g(a)): initial point
Q=(f(b),g(b)): terminal point

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 Example 1: Sketch and identify the parametric curve
x = 2t , y = 4t; t  0 The t values we pick must
be greater than or equal to
0. Let's start with 0.
t x y (x, y )
4(0) = 0 (0,0)
0 2(0) = 0
( 6 ,12 )
1 2(1)  1.4 4(1) = 4 ( 2 ,4 )
2(2) = 2 4(2) = 8 (2,8) (2,8)
2
3 2(3)  2.4 4(3) = 12 ( 6 ,12 ) ( 2 ,4 )
(0,0)
We'll make a chart and
choose some t values We see the "path" of the
and find the particle. The orientation is the
corresponding x and y direction it would be moving
values. over time (shown by the arrows)
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We could take these parametric equations and find an
equivalent rectangular equation with substitution. This
is called "eliminating the parameter."
Solve for the parameter t in one
x = 2t , y = 4t; t  0 of equations (whichever one is
easier).
y ( 6 ,12 )
t= Substitute for t in the other
4 equation.
(2,8)
y
x =
2
2  y 2
x = 2  2 ( 2 ,4 )
4 2x2 = y (0,0)
We recognize this as a
parabola opening up. Since
our domain for t started at 0,
it is only the right half. Calculus1