ELECTRIC ENGINEERING

Program: ENERGY Program

Course: Microprocessor-Based Automated Systems (ELE335)

4(2-2-3) Hrs.

Lecture: Lecture # 1

Assoc. Professor: R. A. Mahmoud Date : 21 / 2 / 2024

Course Description
Course outlines
• Revision of numbering systems and Data representations
• Definition of microprocessor-based automated systems
• Basic principles of microprocessors and microcontrollers
• The difference between microprocessor, microcontroller and CPU
• Instruction sets and microcontroller programming
• Microcontroller peripheral: Digital I/O ports, Interrupts, Timer, EEPROM, Analogue
ports.
• Signal conditioning circuits and interfacing circuits with external devices: Seven
segments, switches, and relays.
• Applications: Lookup tables, Alarming systems, PWM, Speed control, Temperature
control, Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), Digital protection relay, Digital
meter, Digital Synchro-Check Relay (SCR), Automatic Power Factor Correction
(APFC).
Marks and course work
• Full mark 100 marks
20 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
• Course work 60 marks 20 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
20 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤.
• Final exam 40 marks
Definition of Microprocessor-based automated System
• A microprocessor system consists of data input, storage, processing and output
devices, under the control of a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Microcomputer= Microcontroller Unit (MCU)=
MP + Peripheral Units= CPU + Peripheral Units

Figure 1-1
Microcomputer= Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
A computer chip:
A set of microminiaturized electronic circuits fabricated on a thin slice of semiconductor
material. The most amazing technology, the chip is the driving force in this industry, and it
resides in nearly every electronic device on the planet. Officially an "integrated circuit" (IC),
unpackaged ICs look like tiny "chips" of aluminum. While most chips contain only digital
circuits, some are analog only, and some are mixed analog and digital.
The primary element in a chip is the transistor, and small chips contain tens of thousands,
while large chips have billions. Although chips may be formed from other materials, silicon is
the primary element.

A single chip:
It is one integrated circuit (i.e., one chip) made from semiconductor martials such as Silicon.
As you trace the evolution of all electronic devices (computers, calculators, phones, etc.),
more circuits are combined into one chip all the time.
Microcomputer= Microcontroller Unit (MCU)

From Tube to Transistors in a Chip

 Transistors to Gates to Circuits

Pulses flow through transistors that

open or close when activated. The
current flowing through one affects
the opening or closing of another and
so on. Transistors are wired together
in Boolean logic gates. Gates make up
circuits, and circuits make up CPUs
and other types of processors.
 Transistor Concept

Silicon Is Switchable
The active part of the transistor is
silicon, which changes its electrical
state when pulsed. A transistor may
normally allow or impede current flow,
but when voltage is applied, it flips its
state. See chip and active area.

Current Is Always at the Source

There is always current at the
transistor's input side. When the gate
is pulsed, the semiconductor element
becomes conductive and current
flows to the output side (drain).
 Definitions
Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• The Foundation of all activity for CPU/ MP/ MCU is Integrated Circuits (ICs).

• Transistors, wired in patterns, enable a computer to follow instructions to calculate,

compare and copy data. All instruction execution and data processing take place because
transistors are wired together in digital circuits.
 Definitions
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The central processing unit (CPU) is the primary logic chip in every computer or
computer-based device. Also called a "microprocessor," the CPU is a general-purpose
machine because it follows instructions in software and thus can perform countless
different tasks. If there is no CPU in a device, it cannot really be called a computer.

• The processor or the CPU is made up of the control unit, which executes the
instructions, and the ALU, which performs the calculations and logical operations.
Today, the CPUs of almost all computers are contained on a single microprocessor
chip, and multiple processing units on one chip are commonplace.
 Definitions
Computer vs. Computer System
Technically, the CPU, clock and main memory make up a computer. In addition to the CPU, a
complete computer system requires input/output channels, peripheral control units, storage
devices and an operating system. In practice, the terms "computer" and "computer system" are
synonymous.

CPU, MPU and MP = Processor

The terms Central Processing Unit (CPU), Microprocessor Unit (MPU) and Microprocessor (MP)
are synonymous. A Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip (Integrated Circuit, ICs).
The microprocessor term originated in the 1970s.
All CPUs are microprocessors, whether in desktops, laptops, servers, tablets or smartphones.
 Definitions
Microcontroller (MCU)
An MCU is a single chip that contains the CPU, flash storage, RAM, input/output
control and a clock (pulse generator).
System-on-Chip (SoC)
An SoC is a Microcontroller (MCU) and more. For example, in a smartphone, the SoC
includes all the MCU components along with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), image
processing section and neural processing unit.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Executing billions and trillions of calculations per second, the GPU converts the
digital images in the computer into pixels for the screen. High-end GPUs are required
for gaming Personal Computers (PCs) in order to render fast video sequences in a
realistic manner.
 Definitions
Analog/Digital and Signal Processing
"A/D converters" and "D/A converters" convert real signals (audio, video, voltage, current, etc.)
to the digital world. A related chip is a “Digital Signal Processor" (DSP), which performs fast
instruction sequences commonly used in such applications.

Flash Memory and RAM

Flash memory chips or ROM store data permanently and are used for storage and firmware.
RAM chips store data temporarily and are the computer's main memory. RAM is either
dynamic (fast) or static (faster), but both are volatile and lose their content without power.
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU
 Definitions
What is a Microprocessor?
The microprocessor is an electronic logic circuit made by semiconductor devices like
transistors, diodes mounted on a single semiconductor chip. The microprocessor can perform
or process various computing functions that is why it is called a microprocessor. It also can be
referred as an integrated circuit that performs arithmetic, logic, control, and other basic
operations required for processing data. It primarily focuses on executing instructions and
handling complex computations. A microprocessor usually requires external memory and
additional components to form a complete computer system.
 Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU
What is the difference between Microprocessor and CPU?
The Microprocessor consists of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), Registers and Timing and Control unit on a
single chip. But the CPU does not consist all the above functions on a single chip. CPU is implemented
more than one circuit boards. So the Microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU only the
difference is the Microprocessor includes all the logic circuits, including the control unit on one chip.
CPU is large in size but the microprocessor is small in size.
Actually, CPU is a term that generally refers to the main processing unit of a computer, regardless of
whether it is a microprocessor or a microcontroller. It is responsible for executing instructions,
performing calculations, and managing data flow within a computer system. In the context of a
microprocessor or microcontroller, the CPU is the core component responsible for carrying out the
primary processing tasks.
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU
What is the difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller?
The microprocessor cannot perform any computing functions or tasks, it needs some
peripheral devices like RAM, ROM etc.
When Microprocessor and other peripherals like RAM, ROM are mounted in one single chip
then it is called microcontroller.
The other differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller are given below,
1. The microprocessor has few bits handling instructions. But Microcontroller has many bits
handling instructions.
2. The microprocessor has less number of pins are multifunctional. But Microcontroller has
more number of pins are multifunctional.
3. The microprocessor is much faster than Microcontroller.
4. The microprocessor-based system requires more additional hardware but Microcontroller-
based system requires less additional hardware.
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU
What is the difference between Microprocessor, Microcontroller and CPU?
In summery, a microprocessor is a standalone chip that focuses on executing instructions in a computer
system, while a microcontroller integrates a microprocessor core with memory, input/output
peripherals, and other components on a single chip. CPU is a more general term that can refer to the
primary processing unit in either a microprocessor or a microcontroller, or even a larger computer
system.
Application: Digital/numerical relays block diagram
Application: Digital SCR wiring diagram, Siemens: 7VK512
Application: Digital SCR wiring diagram, Siemens: 7VK512
 Main Components of
Digital/numerical relay/ meter/ controller
• Analog Inputs (AI)
• Binary Input (BI)
• Digital Input (DI)
• Digital Output (Do)
• DC power supply and DC/DC voltage regulator
• Serial communication (Fibre-optic interface)
• Instrument Transformers (VTs, and CTs)
• Filter, A/D converter and D/A converter
• Keypad
• Display
• Com port
• Microprocessor Unit (CPU)
References
• Soumitra Kumar Mandal, “Microprocessors and Microcontrollers”, WBUT-2014
• https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/chip