UNIT I

Introduction: Historical development ,Vision of Cloud Computing, Characteristics of cloud

computing as per NIST , Cloud computing reference model ,Cloud computing environments, Cloud
services requirements, Cloud and dynamic infrastructure, Cloud Adoption and rudiments.
Overview of cloud applications: ECG Analysis in the cloud, Protein structure prediction, Gene
Expression Data Analysis, Satellite Image Processing, CRM and ERP, Social networking.

Unit I

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a technological advancement that focuses on the way we design computing systems,
develop applications, and leverage existing services for building software.Cloud computing is based on
dynamic provisioning.Here, dynamic provisioning refers to the ability to acquire on demand virtual
machines.Cloud Computing is the delivery the services over the Cloud (Internet).Cloud computing allows
renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a pay-per-use basis.

Cloud computing deliver services such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics,
intelligence and more.Cloud computing means from a single computer using services provided by other
companies over the network.Exactly where the hardware and software is located and how it all works
doesn’t matter to you.Most of us are using clouding computing all the day but they don’t what what its
actually called.
For example,

 Searching on Google is an example of cloud computing.

 Email

 Messaging over internet

 Watching videos on YouTube

All above examples have their storage from where we fetch data. We are not having any personal storage
but we can still store lot of daily emails on Google’s Gmail storage. But we required internet here,Which
is an example of cloud computing.

Historical development of Cloud Computing

1. In 1950 the main frame and time sharing are born, introducing the concept of shared computer
resources.
2. During this time word cloud was not in use.
3. Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s
with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time.
4. In 1969 the first working prototype of ARPANET is launched.
5. In 1970 the word “Client-Server” comes in to use.
6. Client server defines the computing model where client access the data and applications from a
central server.
7. In 1995, pictures of cloud are started showing in diagrams, for not technical people to understand.
8. At that time AT & T had already begun to develop an architecture and system where data would
be located centrally.
9. In 1999 the salesforce.com was launched, the first company to make enterprise applications
available from a website.
10. In 1999, the search engine Google launches.
11. In 1999, Netflix was launched, introducing the new revenue way.
12. In 2003, web2.0 is born, which is characterized by rich multimedia. Now user can generate
content.
13. In 2004 Facebook launches giving users facility to share themselves.
14. In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), giving users a new way.
15. In2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt uses the word “cloud” as an industry event.
16. In 2007, Apple launches iPhone, which could be used on any wireless network.
17. In 2007, Netflix launches streaming services, and live video watching is born.
18. In 2008, private cloud comes in to existence.
19. In 2009, browser based application like google apps are introduced. 20.In 2010, hybrid
cloud (private + public cloud) comes in to existence. 21.In 2012, Google launches Google

drive with free cloud storage.

22. Now cloud adoption is present, which makes Cloud computing stronger.
23. The IT services progressed over the decades with the adoption of technologies such as Internet
Service Providers (ISP) Application Service Providers.

Vision of Cloud Computing

Here vision of cloud computing means idea behind cloud computing.

1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime environment and
services to a person having money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user; there is no requirement for
the upfront commitment.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities, which can
be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no
maintenance costs.
4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an open
market without technological and legal barriers.
5. In the near future we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that matches with
our requirements by simply entering our request in a global digital market that trades with cloud
computing services.
6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of the discovery process and its
integration into its existing software systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service
providers to potentially increase their revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competitor service in order to fulfill its
promises to customers.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing as per NIST

NIST stands for National institute of standards and technology.

According to NIST there are five essential characteristics of cloud computing:

1. On Demand Self Service

2. Broad network access
3. Resource pooling
4. Rapid elasticity
5. Measured service

1. On Demand Self Service

User gets on demand self-services. User can get computer services like email, applications
etc. without interacting with each service provider.
Some of the cloud service providers are- Amazon Web Service, Microsoft, IBM, Salesforce.com.

2. Broad network access

Cloud services are available over the network and can be accessed through different clients such as
mobile, laptops etc.

3. Resource pooling
Same resources can be used by more than one customer at a same time. For example: storage,
network bandwidth can be used by any number of customers and without knowing the exact location of
that resource.

4. Rapid elasticity
On users demand cloud services can be available and released. Cloud service capabilities are
unlimited and used in any quantity at any time.

5. Measured service
Resources used by the users can be monitored, controlled. This report is available for both cloud
providers and consumer. On the basis of this measured reports cloud systems automatically controls and
optimizes the resources based on the type of services.

Services like- Storage, processing, bandwidth etc.

Cloud computing reference model

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and standardizes a cloud
computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions.
 From the book of Sir Rajkumar Buyya cloud computing reference model

Cloud computing environments

1. Application development
2. Infrastructure and system development
3. Computing platforms and technologies
1. Application development
Applications that leverage cloud computing benefit.

Web applications are one class of it:

 Applications performance influenced by the workload generated by the different users demand.
 With the diffusion of Web 2.0 technologies, the Web has become a platform for developing rich and
complex applications.
 It includes enterprise applications that now leverage the Internet as the preferred channel for service
delivery and user interaction.
Resource-intensive applications are another class of it:
 These can be either data intensive or compute-intensive applications.
 For example, scientific applications.
 Resource-intensive applications are not interactive and they are mostly
characterized by batch processing.
 cloud computing provides application services that mimic the behavior of desktop applications but that
are completely hosted and managed on the providers side.

Developers access such services via simple Web interfaces, often implemented through RREST
(Representational State Transfer) Web services.

2. Infrastructure and system development

 IaaS solutions provide the capabilities to add and remove resources.
 PaaS solutions embed into their core offering algorithms and rules that control the provisioning
process and the lease of resources.
 Integration between cloud resources and existing system deployment is another element of concern.
 Web 2.0 technologies constitute the interface through which cloud
computing services are delivered, managed, and provisioned.
 Virtualization technology is a core feature of the infrastructure used by cloud providers.
3. Computing platforms and technologies
Development of a cloud computing application happens by leveraging platforms and frameworks that
provide different types of services, from the bare-metal infrastructure to customizable applications
serving specific purposes.
Some of the cloud computing platforms and technologies are:
 Amazon web services (AWS): Provides customers with a wide array of cloud services.
 Google AppEngine: For developing and hosting web applications in Google- managed data centers.
 Microsoft Azure: It provides a range of cloud services, including those for compute, analytics, storage
and networking.
 Hadoop: Hadoop is a Java-based framework used to manipulate data in the cloud or on premises.
Hadoop can be installed on cloud servers to manage Big data whereas cloud alone cannot manage data
without Hadoop in It.
 Salesforce.com: It is a cloud computing SaaS company that specializes in customer relationship
management (CRM). Salesforce’s services allow businesses to use cloud technology to better connect
with customers, partners and potential customers.
 Manjrasoft Aneka: It is focused on the creation of innovative software technologies for simplifying the
development and deployment of applications on private or public Clouds.

Cloud service requirements

1. Efficiency / cost reduction
2. Data security
3. Scalability
4. Mobility
5. Disaster recovery
6. Control
7. Market reach
8. Automatic Software Updates
1. Efficiency / cost reduction
By using cloud infrastructure, you don’t have to spend huge amounts of money on purchasing and
maintaining equipment.
2. Data security
Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data is securely stored and handled.
Cloud storage providers implement baseline protections for their platforms and the data they process,
such authentication, access control, and encryption.

3. Scalability
Different companies have different IT needs — a large enterprise of 1000+ employees won’t have the
same IT requirements as a start-up.Using cloud is a great solution because it enables enterprise to
efficiently — and quickly — scale up/down according to business demands.

4. Mobility
Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smart phones and devices, which is a great
way to ensure that no one is ever left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long way
away from the corporate office, can use this feature to keep instantly up-to-date with clients and
coworkers.

5. Disaster recovery
Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data security. Storing your data in the cloud
guarantees that data is always available, even if your equipment like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-
based services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency scenarios.
6. Control
Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over your data. You can easily decide which users have
what level of access to what data.

7. Market reach
Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market quickly.

8. Automatic Software Updates

Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update themselves.

Cloud and dynamic infrastructure

 Cloud and Dynamic infrastructure

1. Service management
This type of special facility or a functionality is provided to the cloud IT services by the cloud service
providers. This facility includes visibility, automation and control to delivering the first class IT services.

2. Asset-Management
In this the assets or the property which is involved in providing the cloud services are getting managed.

3. Virtualization and consolidation

Consolidation is an effort to reduce the cost of a technology by improving its operating efficiency and
effectiveness. It means migrating from large number of resources to fewer one, which is done by
virtualization technology.
4. Information Infrastructure
It helps the business organizations to achieve the following : Information compliance, availability of
resources retention and security objectives.

5. Energy-Efficiency
Here the IT infrastructure or organization sustainable. It means it is not likely to damage or effect any
other thing.

6. Security
This cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management. Risk management Refers to the risks
involved in the services which are being provided by the cloud- service providers.

7. Resilience
This infrastructure provides the feature of resilience means the services are resilient. It means the
infrastructure is safe from all sides. The IT operations will not be easily get affected.
Cloud adoption
Cloud adoption means adopting a service or technology from another cloud service provide.

1. Here Cloud means the environment of cloud where the cloud services are being operated.
2. Adoption term states that accepting the services of new Technology.
3. Adoption means following some kind of new trend or existing trend or a technology.
4. This Cloud adoption is suitable for low priority business applications.
5. It supports some interactive applications that combines two or more data sources.
6. For example:-if a marketing company requires to grow his business in the whole country in a short
span of time then it must need a quick promotion or short promotion across the country.
7. Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery management, backup recovery based implementations
are required.
8. By considering the above key points we conclude that it is only suitable for the applications that are
modular and loosely coupled.
9. It will work well with research and development projects.
10. It means the testing of new services, design models and also the applications that can be get adjusted
on small servers.
11. Applications which require different level of infrastructure throughout the day or throughout the month
should be deployed Through the cloud.
12. The applications whose demand is unknown can also be deployed using clouds.

Benefits of cloud adoption:

1. Data security
2. Increased resource sharing
3. Flexibility
4. Business agility
5. Facilitates innovation
6. Great efficiency at lower price
7. Better collaboration
8. Better backup

Cloud application: ECG Analysis in the cloud Scientific

Applications:
 Now the cloud computing is getting involved in the scientific applications.
 Because of this the resources and storage are available infinitely at reasonable prices.
High Performance Computing:
 Here this term represents that the computing with a high performance.
 High performance in terms of resource availability, quality of service,
monitoring of service etc.
High Throughput Computing:
 It means the users- requests will get processed within a span of time which is already decided by
the cloud service providers.
Healthcare: ECG Analysis in cloud computing:
 Healthcare is a field or domain or area or a region where the information technology has found many
of the applications.
 These applications are getting involved to help business firms in assisting the scientists to develop
solutions to prevent the diseases.
 Due to the invention of internet or we can say due to the availability of internet cloud computing
has came into the picture and represent itself as a attractive option for developing health monitoring
system.
 Example of health monitoring system is ECG machine which is used to measure the Heart-Beat of
Human body and the output is get printed on the graph paper.
 The full form of ECG is Electrocardiogram.

 The analysis of the shape is used to identify arrhythmias, and it is the most common way of
detecting the heart diseases.

 Here the meaning of arrhythmias means “not having a steady rhythm”, “an arrhythmic heartbeat”
means a heart beat which is not in its rhythm.
 Now we will let this concept enter into the cloud computing.
 Cloud computing technologies allow the remote monitoring of a patient’s heart beat data.
 Through this way the patient at risk can be constantly monitored without going to the hospital for
ECG analysis.
 At the same time the Doctor’s can instantly be notified with cases that need’s their attention.

 Here in this fig there are different types of computing devices equipped with ECG sensors to
constantly monitor the patient’s heart beat.
 The respective information is transmitted to the patient’s mobile device that will immediately
forwarded to the cloud- hosted web services for analysis.
 The entire web services from the front end of a platform that is completely hosted in the cloud
that consist of three layers:Saas,Paas,Iaas.
 Advantages:
1. The first advantage is elasticity of the cloud infrastructure that can minimize and maximize according
to the requests served.
2. Second advantage is that cloud computing technologies are now become easily accessible and also it
promises to deliver the services with minimum time.
3. As a result the doctor’s has no need to invest in large computing infrastructures.

Cloud application: Protein structure prediction What is Protein?

 Proteins are large molecules consisting of amino acids which our bodies and the cells in our bodies
need to function properly.
 Our body structures, functions, the regulation of the body’s cells, tissues and organs cannot exist
without proteins.
 Our muscles, skin, bones and many other parts of the body contain significant amounts of protein.
 Protein accounts for 20% of total body Weight.
Why do we need Protein?
 Your hair, your nails, and the outer layers of your skin are made of the protein keratin. Keratin is a
protein resistant to digestive enzymes. So if you bite your nails, you can’t digest them.
 Bone has plenty of protein. the soft material inside the bone, also contains protein.
 Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein compound that carries oxygen throughout the body.
 Finally, proteins play an important part in the creation of every new cell and every new individual.

 Application or s/w that requires high computing capabilities and they are having large data sets may
cause high I/O operations.
 Due to these requirements they are overusing the super computing and cluster computing
Infrastructures.
 Protein structure Prediction is a computationally intensive task fundamental for different type of
research in the life sciences.
 The prediction of the protein structure will help the medical scientists to develop new drugs.
 This task requires the investigation of protein structure at so many number of states and also it is
creating a large no of computing calculations for all of these states.
 The computational Power required for this prediction can now be acquired online, without owning it.
 Cloud computing grants the access to such capacity on pay per use basis.
 A project that can analyze the use of cloud Technologies for protein structure prediction is JEEVA
PORTAL.
 It is an integrated web portal that enables the scientists to do the prediction task using cloud
techniques.
 This prediction Task uses machine learning techniques for explaining the secondary structure of
proteins.
 These techniques will convert the problem in a manner so that they can be classified into 3
phases: initialization, classification and a final phase.
 As It is already cleared By its name it the first phase of this prediction named “Initialization of
protein structure prediction”.
 The actual Prediction starts in the initialization phase.
 In the second phase the execution is get completed concurrently.
 This will reduce the computational time.
 The prediction algorithm is then transformed into a Task graph and that is submitted to Aneka
 Aneka is a platform and a framework for developing distributed applications on the Cloud. It harnesses
the spare CPU cycles of a heterogeneous network of desktop PCs and servers or datacenters on
demand.
 Aneka provides developers with a rich set of APIs for transparently exploiting such resources and
expressing the business logic of applications by using the preferred programming abstractions.
 System administrators can leverage on a collection of tools to monitor and control the deployed
infrastructure. This can be a public cloud available to anyone through the Internet, or a private cloud
constituted by a set of nodes with restricted access.
 Jeeva is a computational platform which simplifies the development of new prediction algorithms and
improves the efficiency at the same time.
 Jeeva web portal system consists of an interactive web interface and a Grid middleware.
 With the interactive web interface, users can submit prediction requests for protein secondary
structures, collect results, and manage the history of prediction data.
 By means of the Grid middleware, researchers can not only deploy their prediction applications in a
distributed environment easily, but also monitor and manage the execution in the distributed
environment.

Cloud application: Gene expression data analysis Gene

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as
instructions to make molecules, such as proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA
bases to more than 2 million bases.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional
gene product, such as proteins.
 Some of the tools for gene expression analysis are
1. AltAnalyze
2. Dchip
3. geWorkbench 2.5.1 from NCI.
4. Babelomics suit
5. Myrna
 Cloud-CoXCS, is a machine learning classification system for gene expression datasets on the Cloud
infrastructure.
 It is composed of three components: CoXCS, Aneka, and Cloud
computing infrastructure.

 Gene expression technology, allows for the monitoring of the expression levels of thousands of
genes at once.
 As a direct result of recent advances technology, it is now feasible to obtain gene expression profiles of
tissue samples at relatively low costs.
 The gene expression software’s, such as as Myrna, uses Cloud computing, an Internet-based method of
sharing computer resources.
 Cloud computing bundles together the processing power of the individual computers using the Internet.
 A number of firms with large computing centers like Amazon, Microsoft etc, rent unused computers
over the Internet for a fee.
 Cloud computing makes economic sense because cloud vendors are very efficient at running and
maintaining huge collections of computers.
 Researchers struggling to keep pace with their sequencing instruments can use the cloud to scale up
their analyses while avoiding the headaches associated with building and running their own computer
center.
 Unit-II Cloud Computing Architecture: Cloud Reference Model, Types of Clouds, Cloud
Interoperability & Standards, Scalability and Fault Tolerance Cloud computing

Cloud computing architecture

Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and Internet-centric way of delivering IT services on demand.As

seen in the image below.
Cloud computing architecture includes:

1. IaaS, Infrastructure as a service

2. PaaS, Platform as a service
3. SaaS, Software as a service

From the book of Sir Rajkumar Buyya Cloud computing Architecture

Cloud infrastructure can be heterogeneous in nature because a variety of resources, such as

 Clusters
 Networked PCs,
 Databases
 Cloud application
 Cloud programming tools
 Hosting platforms
 Virtual machines, etc are used.
From the diagram above, we will discuss about:

1. IaaS
2. PaaS
3. SaaS
4. User applications
5. User-level middleware
6. Core middleware
7. System infrastructure
1. IaaS:
1. IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a service.
2. Infrastructure as service or IaaS is the basic layer in Cloud computing model.
3. IaaS offers servers, network devices, load balancers, database, Web servers etc.
4. IaaS examples can be categorized in two categories
a. IaaS Management layer
b. IaaS Physical infrastructure
5. Some service providers provide both above categories and some provides only management layer.
6. IaaS management layer also required integration with other IaaS solutions that provide physical
infrastructure.
7. Main technologies behind IaaS are hardware virtualization.
8. Some examples:
 Amazon Web Services (AWS),
 Microsoft Azure,
 Google Compute Engine (GCE)
2. PaaS:
1. PaaS stands for platform as a service.
2. PaaS provides a computing platform with a programming language execution environment.
3. PaaS offered to the user is a development platform
4. PaaS solutions generally include the infrastructure as well.
5. PurePaaS offered only the user-level middleware.
6. Some examples:
 Google App Engine
 Force.com
3. SaaS:
1. SaaS stands for software as a service.
2. Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the Internet.
3. SaaS is the service with which end users interact directly.
4. Some examples:
 Gmail
 Google drive
 Dropbox
 WhatsApp
4. User applications:
1. It includes cloud applications through which end user get interact.
2. There may be different types of user applications, like scientific, gaming, social etc.
3. Some of the examples are Gmail, Facebook.com, etc.
5. User-level middleware:
1. It includes cloud programming environment and tools.
2. There may be different types of programming environments and tools depends on the user
applications.
3. Some of the examples of user level middleware are web 2.0, libraries, scripting.
6. Core middleware:
1. It includes cloud hosting platforms.
2. It manages quality of service.
3. Execution management.
4. Accounting, metering etc.
5. Virtual machines are the part of core middleware.
7. System infrastructure:
1. It includes cloud resources.
2. Storage hardware
3. Servers, databases are part of it.

Types of clouds

Clouds constitute the primary outcome of cloud computing.

Clouds build the infrastructure on top of which services are implemented and delivered to customers.

According to the administrative domain, clouds are classified.

Cloud type identifies the boundaries within which cloud computing services are implemented.

There are four different types of cloud:

1. Public clouds
2. Private clouds
3. Hybrid or heterogeneous clouds
4. Community clouds
1. Public clouds:
1. The cloud is open to the wider public.
2. In public cloud the services offered are made available to anyone, from anywhere, and at any time
through the Internet.
3. From a structural point of view they are a distributed system.
4. In public clouds one or more datacenters connected together.
5. On these data centers services are implemented.
6. Customer may require his/her credentials or billing details to access the offered services.
7. Small enterprises prefer public clouds due to its less cost.
8. Public clouds offers renting the infrastructure or subscribing to application services.
9. Customer can use on demand services.
10. Public cloud keeps monitoring of services used by users to provide billing as per the uses.
11. Public clouds offer any kind of services like,
 IaaS by Amazon EC2 is a public cloud
  PaaS by Google App Engine is a public cloud
 SaaS by SalesForce.com is a public cloud
12. At the same time large quantity of users can access the public cloud.
2. Private clouds:
1. The cloud is implemented within the private premises of an institution and generally made accessible
to the members of the institution or a subset of them.
2. When customers privacy in important private clouds are preferable over public clouds.
3. Instead of pay-as-you-go model as in public cloud, there could be other scheme in private clouds.
4. In private cloud sensitive information are kept in house.
5. Private cloud provides customer information protection better than public lcouds.
6. Private clouds can be implemented on more heterogeneous hardware.
7. Some of the options available for private deployment of clouds we can consider are Data Synapse,
Zimory Pools, Elastra, and Aneka.
8. Data Synapse provides a flexible environment for building private clouds on top of datacenters.
9. Elastra Cloud Server is a platform for easily configuring and deploying distributed application
infrastructures on clouds.
10. Zimory provides a software infrastructure layer that automates the use of resource pools based on
Xen, KVM, and VMware virtualization technologies.
11. Aneka is a software development platform that can be used to deploy a cloud infrastructure on top of
heterogeneous hardware: datacenters, clusters, and desktop grids.

3. Hybrid clouds:
1. Hybrid clouds are the combinations of private clouds and public clouds.
2. Private clouds stand alone are sometimes not scalable so here advantages of public clouds are
taken.
3. Public clouds suffer with security threats and administrative pitfalls or
advantages of private clouds are taken.
4. When advantages of public clouds and private clouds are taken together that known as hybrid
clouds.
5. Hybrid cloud allowed the services to be taken from public clouds when needed and keep the sensitive
information within private clouds.
6. Hybrid clouds uses cloud bursting, in which services are taken when required and released web not in
use.
7. Dynamic provisioning refers to the ability to acquire on demand virtual machines in order to increase
the capability of the resulting distributed system and then release them.
4. Community clouds:
1. Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the services of different clouds to
address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business sector.
2. Sectors for community clouds are as follows:
a. Media industry
b. Healthcare industry
c. Energy and other core industries
d. Public sector
e. Scientific research
3. Community clouds can provide a shared environment where services can facilitate business-to-
business collaboration.
4. Benefits of the community clouds:
. Openness
a. Community
b. Graceful failures
c. Convenience and control
d. Environmental sustainability
5. Openness: By removing the dependency on cloud vendors, community clouds are open systems in
which fair competition between different solutions can happen.
6. Scalable: Scalable because the system can grow simply by expanding its user base.
7. Gracefull failures: Since there is no single provider or vendor in control of the infrastructure, there is
no single point of failure.
8. Convenience and control: The cloud is shared and owned by the community, which makes all the
decisions through a collective democratic process.
9. Environmental sustainability: Hybrid clouds tend to be more organic by growing and shrinking in a
symbiotic relationship to support the demand of the community, which in turn sustains it.
Cloud Interoperability and standards
Cloud interoperability refers to the ability of customers to use the same management tools, server images
and other software with a variety of cloud computing providers and platforms.

Standards are important in cloud computing for a variety of reasons. Standards for interoperability and
data and application portability can ensure an open competitive market in cloud computing because
customers are not locked-in to cloud providers and can easily transfer data or applications between cloud
providers.
Why cloud interoperability and standards?
Vendor lock-in can prevent a customer from switching to another competitor’s solution. If switching is
possible, it happens at considerable conversion cost and requires significant amounts of time. Switching
happen because may be customer wants to find a more suitable solution for customer needs. Or vendor
may not be able to provide the service required. So, the presence of standards that are actually
implemented and adopted in the cloud computing community gives power for interoperability and then
lessen the risks resulting from vendor lock-in.

Scalability and Fault Tolerance

Cloud Scalability is the ability to scale on-demand the facilities and services as and when they are
required by the user.
Cloud Fault Tolerance is tolerating the faults by the cloud that are done by mistake by the
user. Here the scaling is beyond the limits, it means we
can’t even imagine what will be the limit.
Cloud middleware is designed on the principle of scalability along different dimensions in mind e.g.:-
performance, size and load.
The cloud middleware manages a huge number of resources and users which depends on the cloud to
obtain that they can’t obtain within the premises without affording the administrative and maintenance
costs.
So in this overall scenario the ability to tolerate failure is normal but sometimes it becomes more
important than providing an efficient & optimized system.
The overall conclusion says that “it is a challenging task for the cloud providers to develop such high
scalable and Fault Tolerance systems who can get managed and at the same time they will provide a
competitive performance.

Recommended Books:

1. Buyya, Selvi ,” Mastering Cloud Computing “,TMH Pub

2. Kumar Saurabh, “Cloud Computing”, Wiley Pub

3. Krutz , Vines, “Cloud Security “ , Wiley Pub

4. Velte, “Cloud Computing- A Practical Approach”, TMH Pub

5. Sosinsky, “Cloud Computing”, Wiley Pub