Basic Python Interview Questions for

Fresher’s
Q1. What is the difference between list and tuples in
Python?

LIST vs TUPLES

LIST TUPLES
Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be
Lists are mutable i.e they can be edited.
edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.

Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
Q2. What are the key features of Python?

 Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages like C and its
variants, Python does not need to be compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages
include PHP and Ruby.
 Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state the types of variables
when you declare them or anything like that. You can do things like x=111 and then x="I'm
a string" without error
 Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it allows the definition of
classes along with composition and inheritance. Python does not have access specifiers
(like C++’s public, private).
 In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they can be assigned to
variables, returned from other functions and passed into functions. Classes are also first
class objects
 Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than compiled languages.
Fortunately ， Python allows the inclusion of C-based extensions so bottlenecks can be
optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a good example of this, it’s really
quite quick because a lot of the number-crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
 Python finds use in many spheres – web applications, automation, scientific modeling, big
data applications and many more. It’s also often used as “glue” code to get other languages
and components to play nice. Learn more about Big Data and its applications from the Data
Engineering Training.

Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or

scripting?
Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-purpose
programming language. To know more about Scripting, you can refer to the Python Scripting
Tutorial.

Q4.Python an interpreted language. Explain.

Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in machine-level code
before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted language.

Q5.What is pep 8?

Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify how to
format Python code for maximum readability.

Q6.What are the benefits of using Python?

Ans: The benefits of using python are-

1.
1. Easy to use– Python is a high-level programming language that is easy to use, read,
write and learn.
2. Interpreted language– Since python is interpreted language, it executes the code
line by line and stops if an error occurs in any line.
3. Dynamically typed– the developer does not assign data types to variables at the
time of coding. It automatically gets assigned during execution.
4. Free and open-source– Python is free to use and distribute. It is open source.
5. Extensive support for libraries– Python has vast libraries that contain almost any
function needed. It also further provides the facility to import other packages using
Python Package Manager(pip).
6. Portable– Python programs can run on any platform without requiring any change.
7. The data structures used in python are user friendly.
8. It provides more functionality with less coding.

Q7.What are Python namespaces?

Ans: A namespace in python refers to the name which is assigned to each object in python. The
objects are variables and functions. As each object is created, its name along with space(the
address of the outer function in which the object is), gets created. The namespaces are
maintained in python like a dictionary where the key is the namespace and value is the address of
the object. There 4 types of namespace in python-

1. Built-in namespace– These namespaces contain all the built-in objects in python and are
available whenever python is running.
2. Global namespace– These are namespaces for all the objects created at the level of the
main program.
3. Enclosing namespaces– These namespaces are at the higher level or outer function.
 4. Local namespaces– These namespaces are at the local or inner function.

Q8.What are decorators in Python?

Ans: Decorators are used to add some design patterns to a function without changing its
structure. Decorators generally are defined before the function they are enhancing. To apply a
decorator we first define the decorator function. Then we write the function it is applied to and
simply add the decorator function above the function it has to be applied to. For this, we use the
@

Q9.What are Dict and List comprehensions?

Ans: Dictionary and list comprehensions are just another concise way to define dictionaries and
lists.

Example of list comprehension is-

1 x=[i for i in range(5)]

The above code creates a list as below-

1 4
2 [0,1,2,3,4]
Example of dictionary comprehension is-

1 x=[i : i+2 for i in range(5)]

The above code creates a list as below-

1 [0: 2, 1: 3, 2: 4, 3: 5, 4: 6]
Q10.What are the common built-in data types in Python?

Ans: The common built-in data types in python are-

Numbers– They include integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers. eg. 1,
7.9,3+4i

List– An ordered sequence of items is called a list. The elements of a list may belong to different
data types. Eg. [5,’market’,2.4]

Tuple– It is also an ordered sequence of elements. Unlike lists , tuples are immutable, which
means they can’t be changed. Eg. (3,’tool’,1)

String– A sequence of characters is called a string. They are declared within single or double-
quotes. Eg. “Sana”, ‘She is going to the market’, etc.

Set– Sets are a collection of unique items that are not in order. Eg. {7,6,8}
Dictionary– A dictionary stores values in key and value pairs where each value can be accessed
through its key. The order of items is not important. Eg. {1:’apple’,2:’mango}

Boolean– There are 2 boolean values- True and False.

Q11.What is the difference between .py and .pyc files?

Ans: The .py files are the python source code files. While the .pyc files contain the bytecode of
the python files. .pyc files are created when the code is imported from some other source. The
interpreter converts the source .py files to .pyc files which helps by saving time. You can get a
better understanding with the Data Engineering Course in Washington.

Q12.What is slicing in Python?

Ans: Slicing is used to access parts of sequences like lists, tuples, and strings. The syntax of
slicing is-[start:end:step]. The step can be omitted as well. When we write [start:end] this
returns all the elements of the sequence from the start (inclusive) till the end-1 element. If the
start or end element is negative i, it means the ith element from the end. The step indicates the
jump or how many elements have to be skipped. Eg. if there is a list- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].
Then [-1:2:2] will return elements starting from the last element till the third element by
printing every second element.i.e. [8,6,4].

Q13.What are Keywords in Python?

Ans: Keywords in python are reserved words that have special meaning.They are generally used
to define type of variables. Keywords cannot be used for variable or function names. There are
following 33 keywords in python-

 And
 Or
 Not
 If
 Elif
 Else
 For
 While
 Break
 As
 Def
 Lambda
 Pass
 Return
 True
 False
 Try
 With
  Assert
 Class
 Continue
 Del
 Except
 Finally
 From
 Global
 Import
 In
 Is
 None
 Nonlocal
 Raise
 Yield

Q14.What are Literals in Python and explain about different Literals

Ans: A literal in python source code represents a fixed value for primitive data types. There are 5
types of literals in python-

1. String literals– A string literal is created by assigning some text enclosed in single or
double quotes to a variable. To create multiline literals, assign the multiline text enclosed in
triple quotes. Eg.name=”Tanya”
2. A character literal– It is created by assigning a single character enclosed in double quotes.
Eg. a=’t’
3. Numeric literals include numeric values that can be either integer, floating point value, or
a complex number. Eg. a=50
4. Boolean literals– These can be 2 values- either True or False.
5. Literal Collections– These are of 4 types-

a) List collections-Eg. a=[1,2,3,’Amit’]

b) Tuple literals- Eg. a=(5,6,7,8)

c) Dictionary literals- Eg. dict={1: ’apple’, 2: ’mango, 3: ’banana`’}

d) Set literals- Eg. {“Tanya”, “Rohit”, “Mohan”}

6. Special literal- Python has 1 special literal None which is used to return a null variable.

Q15.How to combine dataframes in pandas?

Ans: The dataframes in python can be combined in the following ways-

1. Concatenating them by stacking the 2 dataframes vertically.

 2. Concatenating them by stacking the 2 dataframes horizontally.
3. Combining them on a common column. This is referred to as joining.

The concat() function is used to concatenate two dataframes. Its syntax

is- pd.concat([dataframe1, dataframe2]).

Dataframes are joined together on a common column called a key. When we combine all the
rows in dataframe it is union and the join used is outer join. While, when we combine the
common rows or intersection, the join used is the inner join. Its syntax
is- pd.concat([dataframe1, dataframe2], axis=’axis’, join=’type_of_join)

Q16.What are the new features added in Python 3.9.0.0 version?

Ans: The new features in Python 3.9.0.0 version are-

 New Dictionary functions Merge(|) and Update(|=)

 New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes
 Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections
 New Parser based on PEG rather than LL1
 New modules like zoneinfo and graphlib
 Improved Modules like ast, asyncio, etc.
 Optimizations such as optimized idiom for
assignment, signal handling, optimized
python built ins, etc.
 Deprecated functions and commands such as deprecated parser and symbol modules,
deprecated functions, etc.
 Removal of erroneous methods, functions, etc.

Q17. How is memory managed in Python?

Ans: Memory is managed in Python in the following ways:

1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space. All Python
objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have
access to this private heap. The python interpreter takes care of this instead.
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory manager. The
core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused memory and so
that it can be made available to the heap space.

Q18. What is namespace in Python?

Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are unique to avoid naming
conflicts.
Q19. What is PYTHONPATH?
Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is imported. Whenever a
module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked up to check for the presence of the imported
modules in various directories. The interpreter uses it to determine which module to load.

Q20. What are python modules? Name some commonly used

built-in modules in Python?

Ans: Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can either be functions classes
or variables. A Python module is a .py file containing executable code.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

 os
 sys
 math
 random
 data time
 JSON

Q21.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Global Variables:

Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global variables. These
variables can be accessed by any function in the program.

Local Variables:

Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This variable is present in
the local space and not in the global space.

Example:

1 a=2
2 def add():
3 b=3
4 c=a+b
print(c)
5
add()
6
Output: 5

When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will throw an error.

Q22. Is python case sensitive?

Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.

Q23.What is type conversion in Python?

Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type into another.

int() – converts any data type into integer type

float() – converts any data type into float type

ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() – converts integer to octal

tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.

dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key, value) into a dictionary.

str() – Used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) – This function converts real numbers to complex(real,imag) number.

Q24. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?

Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:

 Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

 After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where PYTHON has been installed
on your PC using the following command on your command prompt: cmd python.
 Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable and name it as
PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
 Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
 Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not present and then type
%PYTHON_HOME%

Q25. Is indentation required in python?

Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All code within loops,
classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented block. It is usually done using four space
characters. If your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute accurately and will throw
errors as well.

Q26. What is the difference between Python Arrays and

lists?

Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But, arrays can hold only a
single data type elements whereas lists can hold any data type elements.

Example:

1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4])
3 My_list=[1,'abc',1.20]
4 print(My_Array)
print(My_list)
5
Output:

array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]

Q27. What are functions in Python?

Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define a Python
function, the def keyword is used.

Example:

1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
3 Newfunc(); #calling the function
Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka

Q28.What is __init__?

Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically called to

allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__
method.

Here is an example of how to use it.

1 class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
2
self.name = name
3 self.age = age
4 self.salary = 20000
5 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
6 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
 7
8 #__init__ allocates memory for E1.
print(E1.name)
9 print(E1.age)
10 print(E1.salary)
11
Output:

XYZ

23

20000

Q29.What is a lambda function?

Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function can have any number
of parameters but, can have just one statement.

Example:

1 a = lambda x,y : x+y

2 print(a(5, 6))
Output: 11

Q30. What is self in Python?

Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as the first
parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where it’s optional. It helps to differentiate
between the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.

The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in other methods, it
refers to the object whose method was called.

Q31. How does break, continue and pass work?

Allows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is transferre
Break
statement.
Allows skipping some part of a loop when some specific condition is met and
Continue
transferred to the beginning of the loop
Used when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to skip its exec
Pass
basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
Q32. What does [::-1} do?
Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.
For example:
1 import array as arr
2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
3 My_Array[::-1]
Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array or a list. the original
array or list remains unchanged.

Q33. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in

Python?

Ans: Consider the example shown below:

1 from random import shuffle

2 x = ['Keep', 'The', 'Blue', 'Flag', 'Flying', 'High']
3 shuffle(x)
print(x)
4
The output of the following code is as below.

['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q34. What are python iterators?

Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated upon.

Q35. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Ans: Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a random number. The
method is defined as:

1 import random
2 random.random
The statement random.random() method return the floating-point number that is in the range of
[0, 1). The function generates random float numbers. The methods that are used with the random
class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The instances of the Random can be done to
show the multi-threading programs that creates a different instance of individual threads. The
other random generators that are used in this are:

1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b). It returns the
elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified. It doesn’t build a range
object.
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of [a,b).Iyt
returns the floating point number
 3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is a mean
and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates independent multiple random
number generators.

Q36. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Ans: For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality. They both
provide a way to generate a list of integers for you to use, however you please. The only
difference is that range returns a Python list object and x range returns an xrange object.

This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range does. It
creates the values as you need them with a special technique called yielding. This technique is
used with a type of object known as generators. That means that if you have a really gigantic

Q37. How do you write comments in python?

Ans: Comments in Python start with a # character. However, alternatively at times, commenting
is done using docstrings(strings enclosed within triple quotes).

Example:

1 <span data-mce-type="bookmark" style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow

class="mce_SELRES_end"></span>
2 <pre><span>#Comments in Python start like this
3 print("Comments in Python start with a #")
Output: Comments in Python start with a #

Q38. What is pickling and unpickling?

Ans: Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string representation and
dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is called pickling. While the process of
retrieving original Python objects from the stored string representation is called unpickling.

Q39. What are the generators in python?

Ans: Functions that return an iterable set of items are called generators.

Q40. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Ans: In Python, the capitalize() method capitalizes the first letter of a string. If the string
already consists of a capital letter at the beginning, then, it returns the original string.

Q41. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Ans: To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 print(stg.lower())
Output: abcd

Q42. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Ans: Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be commented are to be
prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut method to comment multiple lines. All you
need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place wherever you want to include a #
character and type a # just once. This will comment all the lines where you introduced your
cursor.

Q43.What are docstrings in Python?

Ans: Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation strings. These
docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and therefore, at times,
serve the purpose of comments as well.

Example:

1
"""
2 Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
y=4
6
z=x/y
7 print(z)
8
Output: 2.0

Q44. What is the purpose of ‘is’, ‘not’ and ‘in’ operators?

Ans: Operators are special functions. They take one or more values and produce a corresponding
result.

is: returns true when 2 operands are true (Example: “a” is ‘a’)

not: returns the inverse of the boolean value

in: checks if some element is present in some sequence

Q45. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in

Python?
Ans: Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python interpreter and used for
viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions.

1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string and also
facilitates you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.

Q46. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-
allocated?

Ans:

1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular
references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the global namespaces are
not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism, Python would try to de-
allocate/destroy every other object.

Q47. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one relationship
between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their corresponding values.
Dictionaries are indexed by keys.

Let’s take an example:

The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their corresponding values
are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.

1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1 print dict[Country]
Output:India
1 print dict[Capital]
Output:Delhi
1 print dict[PM]
Output:Modi
Q48. How can the ternary operators be used in python?

Ans: The Ternary operator is the operator that is used to show the conditional statements. This
consists of the true or false values with a statement that has to be evaluated for it.

Syntax:

The Ternary operator will be given as:

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 25, 50big = x if x < y else y
Example:

The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true then the value is
returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then big=y will be sent as a result.

Q49. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would
we use it?

Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a
function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs is used
when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a function, or it can be
used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments. The identifiers args and kwargs
are a convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would not be wise.

Q50. What does len() do?

Ans: It is used to determine the length of a string, a list, an array, etc.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)
Output:4

Q51. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in

Python.

Ans: To modify the strings, Python’s “re” module is providing 3 methods. They are:

 split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

 sub() – finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then replace them with a
different string
 subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along with the no. of
replacements.

Q52. What are negative indexes and why are they used?

Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as negative
numbers. The numbers that are positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as first index and ‘1’ as the second
index and the process goes on like that.

The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the sequence
and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and the sequence carries forward like the positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow the string to
except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used to show the index
to represent the string in correct order.

Q53. What are Python packages?

Ans: Python packages are namespaces containing multiple modules.

Q54.How can files be deleted in Python?

Ans: To delete a file in Python, you need to import the OS Module. After that, you need to use
the os.remove() function.

Example:

1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")
Q55. What are the built-in types of python?

Ans: Built-in types in Python are as follows –

 Integers
 Floating-point
 Complex numbers
 Strings
 Boolean
 Built-in functions

Q56. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested)

Python lists?

Ans:

1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly) efficient
insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list comprehensions make
them easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like elementwise
addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain objects of differing types
mean that Python must store type information for every element, and must execute type
dispatching code when operating on each element.
3. NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector and
matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work. And
they are also efficiently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions, fast
searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.
Q57. How to add values to a python array?

Ans: Elements can be added to an array using the append(), extend() and the insert
(i,x) functions.

Example:

1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

2 a.append(3.4)
3 print(a)
4 a.extend([4.5,6.3,6.8])
5 print(a)
a.insert(2,3.8)
6 print(a)
7
Output:

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

Q58. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method. The difference between
these two functions is that the former returns the deleted value whereas the latter does not.

Example:

1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.1, 3.7, 1.2, 4.6])

2 print(a.pop())
3 print(a.pop(3))
4 a.remove(1.1)
print(a)
5
array(‘d’, [2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.2])

Q59. Does Python have OOps concepts?

Ans: Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that any program can be
solved in python by creating an object model. However, Python can be treated as a procedural as
well as structural language.

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Q60. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it keeps the values that are
copied in the new instance. Shallow copy is used to copy the reference pointers just like it copies
the values. These references point to the original objects and the changes made in any member of
the class will also affect the original copy of it. Shallow copy allows faster execution of the
program and it depends on the size of the data that is used.

Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep copy doesn’t copy the
reference pointers to the objects. It makes the reference to an object and the new object that is
pointed by some other object gets stored. The changes made in the original copy won’t affect any
other copy that uses the object. Deep copy makes execution of the program slower due to making
certain copies for each object that is been called.

Q61. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Ans:

1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread to speed your code
up, then it’s usually not a good idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL makes sure that
only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at any one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a
little work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your threads are executing
in parallel, but they are really just taking turns using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if you want to make your
code run faster then using the threading package often isn’t a good idea.

Q62. What is the process of compilation and linking in

python?

Ans: The compiling and linking allow the new extensions to be compiled properly without any
error and the linking can be done only when it passes the compiled procedure. If the dynamic
loading is used then it depends on the style that is being provided with the system. The python
interpreter can be used to provide the dynamic loading of the configuration setup files and will
rebuild the interpreter.

The steps that are required in this as:

1. Create a file with any name and in any language that is supported by the compiler of your
system. For example file.c or file.cpp
2. Place this file in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the file Setup.local that is present in the Modules/ directory.
4. Run the file using spam file.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make command on the
top-level directory.
6. If the file is changed then run rebuildMakefile by using the command as ‘make Makefile’.
Q63. What are Python libraries? Name a few of them.

Python libraries are a collection of Python packages. Some of the majorly used python libraries
are – Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn and many more.

Q64. What is split used for?

The split() method is used to separate a given String in Python.

Example:

1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())
Output: [‘edureka’, ‘python’]

Q65. How to import modules in python?

Modules can be imported using the import keyword. You can import modules in three ways-

Example:

1 import array #importing using the original module name

2 import array as arr # importing using an alias name
3 from array import * #imports everything present in the array module
Next, in this Python Interview Questions blog, let’s have a look at Object Oriented Concepts in
Python.

Here is the list of Top 10 Trending Technologies in 2023 that will be in demand!

These Python Interview Questions and Answers will help you prepare for Python job interviews.
Start your preparation by going through the most frequently asked questions on Python.

OOPS Python Interview Questions

Q66. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example.

Ans: Inheritance allows One class to gain all the members(say attributes and methods) of another
class. Inheritance provides code reusability, makes it easier to create and maintain an application.
The class from which we are inheriting is called super-class and the class that is inherited is
called a derived / child class.

They are different types of inheritance supported by Python:

1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of a single super class.
 2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base class base1, and d2 are
inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any number of child
classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one base class.

Q67. How are classes created in Python?

Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.

Example:

1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name):
3 self.name = name
4 E1=Employee("abc")
print(E1.name)
5
Output: abc

Q68. What is monkey patching in Python?

Ans: In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class or
module at run-time.

Consider the below example:

1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
print "f()"
4
We can then run the monkey-patch testing like this:

1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
obj = m.MyClass()
6
obj.f()
7
The output will be as below:

monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the function
we defined, monkey_f(), outside of the module m.

Q69. Does python support multiple inheritance?

Ans: Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from more than one parent classes.
Python does support multiple inheritance, unlike Java.

Q70. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Ans: Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for instance, if the parent class
has a method named ABC then the child class also can have a method with the same name ABC
having its own parameters and variables. Python allows polymorphism.

Q71. Define encapsulation in Python?

Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python class in an example
of encapsulation.

Q72. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Ans: Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hiding the implementation from
the world. It can be achieved in Python by using interfaces and abstract classes.

Q73.Does python make use of access specifiers?

Ans: Python does not deprive access to an instance variable or function. Python lays down the
concept of prefixing the name of the variable, function or method with a single or double
underscore to imitate the behavior of protected and private access specifiers.
Q74. How to create an empty class in Python?

Ans: An empty class is a class that does not have any code defined within its block. It can be
created using the pass keyword. However, you can create objects of this class outside the class
itself. IN PYTHON THE PASS command does nothing when its executed. it’s a null statement.
For example-
1 class a:
2 pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
print("Name = ",obj.name)
5
Output:

Name = xyz
Q75. What does an object() do?

Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes. Also, it does not take any
parameters.
Next, let us have a look at some Basic Python Programs in these Python Interview Questions.
Basic Python Programs – Python Interview
Questions
Q76. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort
algorithm.

1
def bs(a):
2 # a = name of list
3 b=len(a)-1nbsp;
4 # minus 1 because we always compare 2 adjacent values
5 for x in range(b):
6 for y in range(b-x):
a[y]=a[y+1]
7
8 a=[32,5,3,6,7,54,87]
9 bs(a)
10
Output: [3, 5, 6, 7, 32, 54, 87]

Q77. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle.

1 def pyfunc(r):
2 for x in range(r):
3 print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
pyfunc(9)
4
Output:

*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************

Q78. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.

1 # Enter number of terms needednbsp;#0,1,1,2,3,5....

a=int(input("Enter the terms"))
2
f=0;#first element of series
3 s=1#second element of series
4 if a=0:
5 print("The requested series is",f)
6 else:
print(f,s,end=" ")
7 for x in range(2,a):
8 print(next,end=" ")
9 f=s
10 s=next
11
 12

Output: Enter the terms 5 0 1 1 2 3

Q79. Write a program in Python to check if a number is

prime.

1
2 a=int(input("enter number"))
if a=1:
3 for x in range(2,a):
4 if(a%x)==0:
5 print("not prime")
6 break
else:
7
print("Prime")
8 else:
9 print("not prime")
10
Output:

enter number 3

Prime

Q80. Write a program in Python to check if a sequence is a

Palindrome.

1 a=input("enter sequence")
2 b=a[::-1]
3 if a==b:
4 print("palindrome")
else:
5
print("Not a Palindrome")
6
Output:

enter sequence 323 palindrome

Q81. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital

letters in a file. Your code should work even if the file is too
big to fit in memory.

Ans: Let us first write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one-liner code.

1 with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as fh:

count = 0
2
text = fh.read()
 3
for character in text:
4 if character.isupper():
5 count += 1
6
We will now try to transform this into a single line.

1 count sum(1 for line in fh for character in line if character.isupper())

Q82. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in
Python.

Ans: The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:

1 list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]

2 list = [int(i) for i in list]
3 list.sort()
print (list)
4
Q83. Looking at the below code, write down the final values
of A0, A1, …An.

1 A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5)))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in A0])
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]
6 print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)
7
Ans: The following will be the final outputs of A0, A1, … A6

A0 = {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'e': 5, 'd': 4} # the order may vary

A1 = range(0, 10)
A2 = []
A3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A4 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A5 = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
A6 = [[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 4], [3, 9], [4, 16], [5, 25], [6, 36], [7, 49], [8,
64], [9, 81]]

Next, in this Python Interview Questions let's have a look at some Python
Libraries

Python Libraries – Python Interview

Questions
Q84. Explain what Flask is and its benefits?

Ans: Flask is a web microframework for Python based on “Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good
intentions” BSD license. Werkzeug and Jinja2 are two of their dependencies. This means it will
have little to no dependencies on external libraries. It makes the framework light while there is a
little dependency to update and fewer security bugs.

A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In a flask,
a session uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents and modify them. The
user can modify the session if only it has the secret key Flask.secret_key.

Q85. Is Django better than Flask?

Ans: Django and Flask map the URL’s or addresses typed in the web browsers to functions in
Python.

Flask is much simpler compared to Django but, Flask does not do a lot for you meaning you will
need to specify the details, whereas Django does a lot for you wherein you would not need to do
much work. Django consists of prewritten code, which the user will need to analyze whereas
Flask gives the users to create their own code, therefore, making it simpler to understand the
code. Technically both are equally good and both contain their own pros and cons.

Q86. Mention the differences between Django, Pyramid and

Flask.

Ans:

 Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler

requirements. In flask, you have to use external libraries. Flask is ready to use.
 Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the developer use the
right tools for their project. The developer can choose the database, URL structure,
templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy configurable.
 Django can also be used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It includes an ORM.

Q87. Discuss Django architecture.

Ans: Django MVT Pattern:

 Figu
re: Python Interview Questions – Django Architecture

The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a URL and
Django does the magic to serve it to the user.

Q88. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django.

Ans: You can use the command edit mysite/setting.py, it is a normal python module with
module level representing Django settings.

Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t require any other type
of installation. In the case your database choice is different that you have to the following keys in
the DATABASE ‘default’ item to match your database connection settings.

 Engines: you can change the database by using ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’ ,

‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’, ‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,
‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
 Name: The name of your database. In the case if you are using SQLite as your database, in
that case, database will be a file on your computer, Name should be a full absolute path,
including the file name of that file.
 If you are not choosing SQLite as your database then settings like Password, Host, User,
etc. must be added.

Django uses SQLite as a default database, it stores data as a single file in the filesystem. If you
do have a database server—PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL—and want to use it rather
than SQLite, then use your database’s administration tools to create a new database for your
Django project. Either way, with your (empty) database in place, all that remains is to tell
Django how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py file comes in.
We will add the following lines of code to the setting.py file:

1 DATABASES = {
2 'default': {
3 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
4 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
5
}
6
Q89. Give an example how you can write a VIEW in Django?

Ans: This is how we can use write a view in Django:

1 from django.http import HttpResponse

2 import datetime
3
4 def Current_datetime(request):
5 now = datetime.datetime.now()
html = "It is now %s/body/html % now
6
return HttpResponse(html)
7
Returns the current date and time, as an HTML document

Q90. Mention what the Django templates consist of.

Ans: The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format like XML, CSV,
HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced with values when the template is
evaluated and tags (% tag %) that control the logic of the template.
 Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Template

Q91. Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Ans: Django provides a session that lets you store and retrieve data on a per-site-visitor basis.
Django abstracts the process of sending and receiving cookies, by placing a session ID cookie on
the client side, and storing all the related data on the server side.

Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Framework

So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security perspective.

Q92. List out the inheritance styles in Django.

Ans: In Django, there are three possible inheritance styles:

1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only want parent’s class to hold
information that you don’t want to type out for each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an existing model and
need each model to have its own database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the Python level
behavior of the model, without changing the model’s fields.

Next in this Python Interview Question blog, let’s have a look at questions related to Web
Scraping

Web Scraping – Python Interview Questions

Q93. How To Save An Image Locally Using Python Whose
URL Address I Already Know?

Ans: We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL address

1 import urllib.request
2 urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-filename.jpg")
Q94. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or
web page?

Ans: Use the following URL format:

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:URLGOESHERE

Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the page or site whose
cache you want to retrieve and see the time for. For example, to check the Google Webcache age
of edureka.co you’d use the following URL:

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:edureka.co

Q95. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250
movies page. It should only have fields movie name, year,
and rating.

Ans: We will use the following lines of code:

1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 2
3
import requests
4
import sys
5
6 url = '<a href="http://www.imdb.com/chart/top">http://www.imdb.com/chart/top</
7 response = requests.get(url)
8 soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
9 tr = soup.findChildren("tr")
tr = iter(tr)
10 next(tr)
11
12 for movie in tr:
13 title = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('a').contents[0]
14 year = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('span', {'class':
15 'secondaryInfo'}).contents[0]
rating = movie.find('td', {'class': 'ratingColumn imdbRating'} ).find('strong').con
16 row = title + ' - ' + year + ' ' + ' ' + rating
17
18 print(row)
19
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list

Next in this Python Interview Questions blog, let’s have a look at questions related to Data
Analysis in Python.

Data Analysis – Python Interview Questions

Q96. What is map function in Python?

Ans: map function executes the function given as the first argument on all the elements of the
iterable given as the second argument. If the function given takes in more than 1 arguments, then
many iterables are given. #Follow the link to know more similar functions.

Q97. Is python numpy better than lists?

Ans: We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:

1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient

For more information on these parameters, you can refer to this section – Numpy Vs List.

Q98. How to get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy

array?

Ans: We can get the indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array using the below code:
 1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output

[ 4 3 1 ]
Q99. How do you calculate percentiles with Python/ NumPy?

Ans: We can calculate percentiles with the following code

1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile, e.g. median
print(p)
4
Output:3

Q100. What is the difference between NumPy and SciPy?

Ans:

NumPy SciPy
It refers to Numerical python. It refers to Scientific python.
Most new scientific computing features belong
It has fewer new scientific computing features.
in SciPy.
It has more fully-featured versions of the linear
It contains less linear algebra functions. algebra modules, as well as many other
numerical algorithms.
SciPy on the other hand has slower
NumPy has a faster processing speed.
computational speed.

Q101. How do you make 3D plots/visualizations using

NumPy/SciPy?

Ans: Like 2D plotting, 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and SciPy, but just as in the
2D case, packages exist that integrate with NumPy. Matplotlib provides basic 3D plotting in
the mplot3d subpackage, whereas Mayavi provides a wide range of high-quality 3D visualization
features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine

Q102. Which of the following statements create a

dictionary? (Multiple Correct Answers Possible)

a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”)

Answer: b, c & d.

Dictionaries are created by specifying keys and values.

Q103. Which one of these is floor division?

a) /
b) //
c) %
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b) //

When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction part and gives you the
round off value, to get the accurate answer use floor division. For ex, 5/2 = 2.5 but both of the
operands are integer so answer of this expression in python is 2. To get the 2.5 as the answer, use
floor division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5

Q104. What is the maximum possible length of an identifier?

a) 31 characters
b) 63 characters
c) 79 characters
d) None of the above

Answer: d) None of the above

Identifiers can be of any length.

Q105. Why are local variable names beginning with an

underscore discouraged?

a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class

b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution
Answer: a) they are used to indicate a private variable of a class

As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are used to indicate variables
that must not be accessed from outside the class.

Q106. Which of the following is an invalid statement?

a) abc = 1,000,000
b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
c) a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000
d) a_b_c = 1,000,000

Answer: b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000

Spaces are not allowed in variable names.

Q107. What is the output of the following?

1 try:
2 if '1' != 1:
3 raise "someError"
4 else:
5 print("someError has not occured")
except "someError":
6 print ("someError has occured")
7
a) someError has occured
b) someError has not occured
c) invalid code
d) none of the above

Answer: c) invalid code

A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such inheritance here.

Q108. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?

a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2
Answer: c) 25

The index -1 corresponds to the last index in the list.

Q109. To open a file c:scores.txt for writing, we use

a) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “r”)

b) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “w”)
c) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “r”)
d) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “o”)

Answer: b) The location contains double slashes ( ) and w is used to indicate that file is
being written to.

Q110. What is the output of the following?

1 f = None
2
3 for i in range (5):
with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
4 if (i > 2):
6 break
7
8 print f.closed
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error

Answer: a) True

The WITH statement when used with open file guarantees that the file object is closed when the
with block exits.

Q111. When will the else part of try-except-else be

executed?

a) always
b) when an exception occurs
c) when no exception occurs
d) when an exception occurs into except block
Answer: c) when no exception occurs

The else part is executed when no exception occurs.

1. What are the basic Datatypes supported in C Programming

Language?
Ans: The Datatypes in C Language are broadly classified into 4 categories. They are as follows:

 Basic Datatypes
 Derived Datatypes
 Enumerated Datatypes
 Void Datatypes

The Basic Datatypes supported in C Language are as follows:

Datatype Name Datatype Size Datatype Range

short 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned short 1 byte 0 to 255
char 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 10 bytes 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932

Q2. What do you mean by Dangling Pointer Variable in C Programming?

Ans: A Pointer in C Programming is used to point the memory location of an existing variable. In case if that
particular variable is deleted and the Pointer is still pointing to the same memory location, then that particular pointer
variable is called as a Dangling Pointer Variable.

Q3. What do you mean by the Scope of the variable? What is the scope
of the variables in C?
Ans: Scope of the variable can be defined as the part of the code area where the variables declared in the program
can be accessed directly. In C, all identifiers are lexically (or statically) scoped.

Q4. What are static variables and functions?

Ans: The variables and functions that are declared using the keyword Static are considered as Static Variable and
Static Functions. The variables declared using Static keyword will have their scope restricted to the function in which
they are declared.

Q5. Differentiate between calloc() and malloc()

Ans: calloc() and malloc() are memory dynamic memory allocating functions. The only difference between them is
that calloc() will load all the assigned memory locations with value 0 but malloc() will not.

Q6. What are the valid places where the programmer can apply Break
Control Statement?
Ans: Break Control statement is valid to be used inside a loop and Switch control statements.

Q7. How can we store a negative integer?

Ans: To store a negative integer, we need to follow the following steps. Calculate the two’s complement of the same
positive integer.

Eg: 1011 (-5)

Step-1 − One’s complement of 5: 1010

Step-2 − Add 1 to above, giving 1011, which is -5

Q8. Differentiate between Actual Parameters and Formal Parameters.

Ans: The Parameters which are sent from main function to the subdivided function are called as Actual
Parameters and the parameters which are declared a the Subdivided function end are called as Formal
Parameters.

Q9. Can a C program be compiled or executed in the absence of a

main()?
Ans: The program will be compiled but will not be executed. To execute any C program, main() is required.
Q10. What do you mean by a Nested Structure?
Ans: When a data member of one structure is referred by the data member of another function, then the structure is
called a Nested Structure.

Q11. What is a C Token?

Ans: Keywords, Constants, Special Symbols, Strings, Operators, Identifiers used in C program are referred to as C
Tokens.

Q12. What is Preprocessor?

Ans: A Preprocessor Directive is considered as a built-in predefined function or macro that acts as a directive to the
compiler and it gets executed before the actual C Program is executed.

In case you are facing any challenges with these C Programming Interview Questions, please write your problems in
the comment section below.

Q13. Why is C called the Mother of all Languages?

Ans: C introduced many core concepts and data structures like arrays, lists, functions, strings, etc. Many
languages designed after C are designed on the basis of C Language. Hence, it is considered as the mother of all
languages.

Q14. Mention the features of C Programming Language.

Ans:
Q15. What is the purpose of printf() and scanf() in C Program?
Ans: printf() is used to print the values on the screen. To print certain values, and on the other hand, scanf() is used
to scan the values. We need an appropriate datatype format specifier for both printing and scanning purposes. For
example,

 %d: It is a datatype format specifier used to print and scan an integer value.
 %s: It is a datatype format specifier used to print and scan a string.
 %c: It is a datatype format specifier used to display and scan a character value.
 %f: It is a datatype format specifier used to display and scan a float value.

Q16. What is an array?

Ans. The array is a simple data structure that stores multiple elements of the same datatype in a reserved and
sequential manner. There are three types of arrays, namely,

 One Dimensional Array

 Two Dimensional Array
 Multi-Dimensional Array
Q17. What is /0 character?
Ans: The Symbol mentioned is called a Null Character. It is considered as the terminating character used in strings
to notify the end of the string to the compiler.

Q18. What is the main difference between the Compiler and the
Interpreter?
Ans: Compiler is used in C Language and it translates the complete code into the Machine Code in one shot. On the
other hand, Interpreter is used in Java Programming Langauge and other high-end programming languages. It is
designed to compile code in line by line fashion.

Q19. Can I use int datatype to store 32768 value?

Ans: No, Integer datatype will support the range between -32768 and 32767. Any value exceeding that will not be
stored. We can either use float or long int.

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 Intermediate C Interview Questions

Q20. How is a Function declared in C Language?

Ans: A function in C language is declared as follows,

1 return_type function_name(formal parameter list)

2 {
3 Function_Body;
}
4

Q21. What is Dynamic Memory allocation? Mention the syntax.

Ans: Dynamic Memory Allocation is the process of allocating memory to the program and its variables in runtime.
Dynamic Memory Allocation process involves three functions for allocating memory and one function to free the used
memory.

malloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:

1 ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size);

calloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:

1 ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size);

realloc() – Allocates memory

Syntax:
 1 ptr = realloc(ptr, newsize);
free() – Deallocates the used memory

Syntax:

1 free(ptr);

Q22. What do you mean by Dangling Pointer Variable in C

Programming?
Ans: A Pointer in C Programming is used to point the memory location of an existing variable. In case if that
particular variable is deleted and the Pointer is still pointing to the same memory location, then that particular pointer
variable is called as a Dangling Pointer Variable.

Q23. Where can we not use &(address operator in C)?

Ans: We cannot use & on constants and on a variable which is declared using the register storage class.

Q24. Write a simple example of a structure in C Language

Ans: Structure is defined as a user-defined data type that is designed to store multiple data members of the different
data types as a single unit. A structure will consume the memory equal to the summation of all the data members.

1
2 struct employee
3 {
4 char name[10];
5 int age;
}e1;
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf("Enter the name");
9 scanf("%s",e1.name);
printf("n");
10
printf("Enter the age");
11 scanf("%d",&amp;e1.age);
12 printf("n");
13 printf("Name and age of the employee: %s,%d",e1.name,e1.age);
14 return 0;
}
15
16

Q25. Differentiate between call by value and call by reference.

Ans:
 Factor Call by Value Call by Reference
Actual arguments cannot be changed and Operations are performed on actual arguments,
Safety
remain safe hence not safe
Memory Separate memory locations are created for Actual and Formal arguments share the same
Location actual and formal arguments memory space.
Arguments Copy of actual arguments are sent Actual arguments are passed
//Example of Call by Value method

1
2 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
3 void change(int,int);
4 int main()
5 {
int a=25,b=50;
6 change(a,b);
7 printf("The value assigned to a is: %d",a);
8 printf("n");
9 printf("The value assigned to of b is: %d",b);
return 0;
10
}
11 void change(int x,int y)
12 {
13 x=100;
14 y=200;
}
15
16
//Output

The value assigned to of a is: 25

The value assigned to of b is: 50

//Example of Call by Reference method

1
2 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
3 void change(int*,int*);
4 int main()
5 {
int a=25,b=50;
6 change(&amp;a,&amp;b);
7 printf("The value assigned to a is: %d",a);
8 printf("n");
9 printf("The value assigned to b is: %d",b);
return 0;
10
}
11 void change(int *x,int *y)
12 {
13 *x=100;
14 *y=200;
}
15
16
//Output

The value assigned to a is: 100

The value assigned to b is: 200

In case you are facing any challenges with these C Programming Interview Questions, please write your problems in
the comment section below.

Q26. Differentiate between getch() and getche().

Ans: Both the functions are designed to read characters from the keyboard and the only difference is that

getch(): reads characters from the keyboard but it does not use any buffers. Hence, data is not displayed on the
screen.

getche(): reads characters from the keyboard and it uses a buffer. Hence, data is displayed on the screen.

//Example

1
2 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
3 #include&lt;conio.h&gt;
int main()
4 {
5 char ch;
6 printf("Please enter a character ");
7 ch=getch();
8 printf("nYour entered character is %c",ch);
printf("nPlease enter another character ");
9 ch=getche();
10 printf("nYour new character is %c",ch);
11 return 0;
12 }
13
//Output

Please enter a character

Your entered character is x
Please enter another character z
Your new character is z

Q27. Explain toupper() with an example.

Ans. toupper() is a function designed to convert lowercase words/characters into upper case.

//Example

1 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include&lt;ctype.h&gt;
2
int main()
3 {
4 char c;
 5
6 c=a;
printf("%c after conversions %c", c, toupper(c));
7 c=B;
8 printf("%c after conversions %c", c, toupper(c));
9
//Output:

a after conversions A
B after conversions B

Q28. Write a code to generate random numbers in C Language.

Ans: Random numbers in C Language can be generated as follows:

1
2 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
3 #include&lt;stdlib.h&gt;
int main()
4 {
5 int a,b;
6 for(a=1;a&lt;=10;a++)
7 {
b=rand();
8
printf("%dn",b);
9 }
10 return 0;
11 }
12
//Output

1987384758
2057844389
3475398489
2247357398
1435983905

Q29. Can I create a customized Head File in C language?

Ans: It is possible to create a new header file. Create a file with function prototypes that need to be used in the
program. Include the file in the ‘#include’ section in its name.

Q30. What do you mean by Memory Leak?

Ans: Memory Leak can be defined as a situation where programmer allocates dynamic memory to the program but
fails to free or delete the used memory after the completion of the code. This is harmful if daemons and servers are
included in the program.
 1
2
3 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
4 #include&lt;stdlib.h&gt;
5 int main()
6 {
7 int* ptr;
int n, i, sum = 0;
8 n = 5;
9 printf("Enter the number of elements: %dn", n);
10 ptr = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
11 if (ptr == NULL)
{
12 printf("Memory not allocated.n");
13 exit(0);
14 }
15 else
16 {
printf("Memory successfully allocated using malloc.n");
17 for (i = 0; i&lt;= n; ++i)
18 {
19 ptr[i] = i + 1;
20 }
printf("The elements of the array are: ");
21
for (i = 0; i&lt;=n; ++i)
22 {
23 printf("%d, ", ptr[i]);
24 }
25 }
return 0;
26 }
27
28
29
//Output

Enter the number of elements: 5

Memory successfully allocated using malloc.
The elements of the array are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

In case you are facing any challenges with these C Programming Interview Questions, please write your problems in
the comment section below.

Q31. Explain Local Static Variables and what is their use?

Ans: A local static variable is a variable whose life doesn’t end with a function call where it is declared. It extends for
the lifetime of the complete program. All calls to the function share the same copy of local static variables.

1 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
void fun()
2
{
3 static int x;
4 printf("%d ", x);
5 x = x + 1;
}
 6
7 int main()
8 {
9 fun();
10 fun();
return 0;
11
}
12
13
//Output

0 1

Q32. What is the difference between declaring a header file with < > and
” “?
Ans: If the Header File is declared using < > then the compiler searches for the header file within the Built-in Path. If
the Header File is declared using ” ” then the compiler will search for the Header File in the current working directory
and if not found then it searches for the file in other locations.

Q33. When should we use the register storage specifier?

Ans: We use Register Storage Specifier if a certain variable is used very frequently. This helps the compiler to locate
the variable as the variable will be declared in one of the CPU registers.

Q34. Which statement is efficient and why? x=x+1; or x++; ?

Ans: x++; is the most efficient statement as it just a single instruction to the compiler while the other is not.

Q35. Can I declare the same variable name to the variables which have
different scopes?
Ans: Yes, Same variable name can be declared to the variables with different variable scopes as the following
example.

1 int var;
void function()
2
{
3 int variable;
4 }
5 int main()
6 {
int variable;
7 }
 8
9

Q36. Which variable can be used to access Union data members if the
Union variable is declared as a pointer variable?
Ans: Arrow Operator( -> ) can be used to access the data members of a Union if the Union Variable is declared as a
pointer variable.

Q37. Mention File operations in C Language.

Ans: Basic File Handling Techniques in C, provide the basic functionalities that user can perform against files in
the system.

Function Operation
fopen() To Open a File
fclose() To Close a File
fgets() To Read a File
fprint() To Write into a File
In case you are facing any challenges with these C Programming Interview Questions, please write your problems in
the comment section below.

Q38. What are the different storage class specifiers in C?

Ans: The different storage specifiers available in C Language are as follows:

 auto
 register
 static
 extern

Q39. What is typecasting?

Ans: Typecasting is a process of converting one data type into another is known as typecasting. If we want to store
the floating type value to an int type, then we will convert the data type into another data type explicitly.

Syntax:

1 (type_name) expression;

Q40. Write a C program to print hello world without using a semicolon

(;).
Ans:
 1 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
2 void main()
3 {
4 if(printf("hello world")){}
}
5
//Output:

hello world

Q41. Write a program to swap two numbers without using the third
variable.
Ans:

1
2 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
3 #include&lt;conio.h&gt;
main()
4 {
5 int a=10, b=20;
6 clrscr();
7 printf("Before swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);
8 a=a+b;
b=a-b;
9 a=a-b;
10 printf("nAfter swapping a=%d b=%d",a,b);
11 getch();
12 }
13
//Output

Before swapping a=10 b=20

After swapping a=20 b=10

Advanced C Programming Interview Questions for

Experienced Professionals
Q42. How can you print a string with the symbol % in it?

Ans: There is no escape sequence provided for the symbol % in C. So, to print % we should use ‘%%’ as shown
below.

1 printf(&ldquo;there are 90%% chances of rain tonight&rdquo;);

Q43. Write a code to print the following pattern.

1
12
123
1234
12345

Ans: To print the above pattern, the following code can be used.

1 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
int main()
2
{
3 for(i=1;i&lt;=5;1++)
4 {
5 for(j=1;j&lt;=5;j++)
6 {
print("%d",j);
7 }
8 printf("n");
9 }
10 return 0;
11 }
12
 13

Q44. Explain the # pragma directive.

Ans: The following points explain the Pragma Directive.

 This is a preprocessor directive that can be used to turn on or off certain features.
 It is of two types #pragma startup, #pragma exit and pragma warn.
 #pragma startup allows us to specify functions called upon program startup.
 #pragma exit allows us to specify functions called upon program exit.
 #pragma warn tells the computer to suppress any warning or not.

Q45. How can you remove duplicates in an array?

Ans: The following program will help you to remove duplicates from an array.

1
2
3 #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
4 int main()
5 {
6 int n, a[100], b[100], calc = 0, i, j,count;
7 printf("Enter no. of elements in array.n");
scanf("%d", &amp;n);
8 printf("Enter %d integersn", n);
9 for (i = 0; i &lt; n; i++)
10 scanf("%d", &amp;a[i]);
11 for (i = 0; i&lt;n; i++)
{
12 for (j = 0; j&lt;calc; j++)
13 {
14 if(a[i] == b[j])
15 break;
16 }
if (j== calc)
17 {
18 b[count] = a[i];
19 calc++;
20 }
}
21
printf("Array obtained after removing duplicate elementsn");
22 for (i = 0; i&lt;calc; i++)
23 {
24 printf("%dn", b[i]);
25 }
return 0;
26 }
27
28
29
//Output
Enter no. of elements in array. 5
Enter 5 integers
12
11
11
10
4
Array obtained after removing duplicate elements
12
11
10
4

Q46. What is Bubble Sort Algorithm? Explain with a program.

Ans: Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements and
swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until the list is sorted.

The following code executes Bubble Sort.

1
2 int main()
3 {
4 int array[100], n, i, j, swap;
5 printf("Enter number of elementsn");
6 scanf("%d", &amp;n);
printf("Enter %d Numbers:n", n);
7 for(i = 0; i&lt;n; i++)
8 scanf("%d", &amp;array[i]);
9 for(i = 0 ; i&lt;n - 1; i++)
10 {
11 for(j = 0 ; j &lt; n-i-1; j++)
{ if(array[j]&gt;array[j+1])
12 {
13 swap=array[j];
14 array[j]=array[j+1];
15 array[j+1]=swap;
}
16 }
17 }
18 printf("Sorted Array:n");
19 for(i = 0; i &lt; n; i++)
20 printf("%dn", array[i]);
return 0;
21 }
22
23

Q47. What is Round-robin algorithm? Write a code for Round Robin

Scheduling.
Ans: Round-robin Algorithm is one of the algorithms employed by process and network schedulers in computing in
order to evenly distribute resources in the system.
The following code will execute Round Robin Scheduling

1 #include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
2
3 int main()
{
4 int i, limit, total = 0, x, counter = 0, time_quantum;
5 int wait_time = 0, turnaround_time = 0, arrival_time[10], burst_time[1
6 float average_wait_time, average_turnaround_time;
7 printf("nEnter Total Number of Processes:t");
scanf("%d", &amp;limit);
8 x = limit;
9 for(i = 0; i&lt;limit; i++)
10 {
11 printf("nEnter Details of Process[%d]n", i + 1);
12 printf("Arrival Time:t");
scanf("%d", &amp;arrival_time[i]);
13 printf("Burst Time:t");
14 scanf("%d", &amp;burst_time[i]);
15 temp[i] = burst_time[i];
16 }
17
18 printf("nEnter Time Quantum:t");
scanf("%d", &amp;time_quantum);
19 printf("nProcess IDttBurst Timet Turnaround Timet Waiting Tim
20 for(total = 0, i = 0; x != 0;)
21 {
22 if(temp[i] &lt;= time_quantum &amp;&amp; temp[i] &gt;
{
23 total = total + temp[i];
24 temp[i] = 0;
25 counter = 1;
26 }
27 else if(temp[i]&gt;0)
{
28 temp[i] = temp[i] - time_quantum;
29 total = total + time_quantum;
30 }
31 if(temp[i] == 0 &amp;&amp; counter == 1)
{
32
x--;
33 printf("nProcess[%d]tt%dtt %dttt %d", i + 1, burst_time[i], total -
34 - arrival_time[i] - burst_time[i]);
35 wait_time = wait_time + total - arrival_time[i] - burs
36 turnaround_time = turnaround_time + total - arrival_
counter = 0;
37 }
38 if(i == limit - 1)
39 {
40 i = 0;
41 }
else if(arrival_time[i + 1] &lt;= total)
42 {
43 i++;
44 }
45 else
 46
47
48
49
50
51 {
i = 0;
52 }
53 }
54
55 average_wait_time = wait_time * 1.0 / limit;
56 average_turnaround_time = turnaround_time * 1.0 / limit;
printf("nnAverage Waiting Time:t%f", average_wait_time);
57
printf("nAvg Turnaround Time:t%fn", average_turnaround_time
58 return 0;
59 }
60
61
62
63
64
//Output
In case you are facing any challenges with these C Programming Interview Questions, please write your problems in
the comment section below.

Q48. Which structure is used to link the program and the operating
system?
Ans: The answer can be explained through the following points,

 The structure used to link the operating system to a program is file.

 The file is defined in the header file “stdio.h”(standard input/output header file).
 It contains the information about the file being used, its current size and its location in memory.
 It contains a character pointer that points to the character that is being opened.
 Opening a file establishes a link between the program and the operating system about which file is to be
accessed.