iMScIT

SEMESTER – 3

221601304

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATIONG SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL OF OPERATIONG SYSTEM

UNIT MODULES WEIGHTAGE

1 INTRODUCATION TO OPERATING SYSTEM 20 %

2 PROCESS MANAGEMENT 20 %

PROCESS COMMUNICATION AND

3 20 %
SYNCHRONIZATION

4 MEMORY MANAGEMENT 20 %

FILE MANAGEMENT , DISK MANAGEMENT ,

5 20 %
SECURITY AND PROTECTION
2
TEXT BOOK

Principles of Operating systems

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–Publisher : - Oxford
–Author : - Naresh Chauhan

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 UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION TO OS

Course Outline
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Defination of Operating System
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Need for Operating System
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Advantages and disadvantages of OS
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Types of Operating System

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UNIT -1 Introduction

It is a software designed to
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work on the hardware.

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This software did all the
functionalities that need
to be performed on the
hardware on behalf of the
user and is known as
“Operating System” (OS).
●
It acts as a layer between
the user and the hardware
and provide friendly
environment for the user.
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UNIT -1 OS

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UNIT -1 OS Defination

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“A software that acts as an interface between the users and
hardwar of the computer system.”
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“A software that provides a working environment for the
users's applications.”
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“A resource manager that manages the resources needed
for all the applications in the background.”
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“A software in which all common fuctions required to work on
the computer system have been put together.”

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UNIT -1 Need for Os

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Who Schedules tasks
for the CPU to
execution?
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Who manage printing
on LAN Printer?
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Who protect the
user's area from
unauthorized access.

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UNIT -1 Need for Os

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While saving and running a program in file, which part of
the computer system that allocates memory to the file?
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How are the files as a logical concept mapped to the
physical disk?
We can open many windows at a time, Who manage it?
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Who ensure that the CPU is not sitting idle?

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Who detects error like “out of run memory”?

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UNIT -1 Need for Os

Allows convenient usage and hides tedious stuff.

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Allows efficient usage, parallel activity and avoids

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wasted cycles.
Provides information protection.
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Give each user a slice of resource.

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Act as control program.

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Services provided By OS
Following are few common services provided by operating
systems-
It provides programs, an environment to execute.
●

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It provides users, services to execute the programs in a
convenient manner.
Helps in I/O operations
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File System manipulation

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Communication
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Error Detection
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Resource Allocation & Protection

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Advantages of OS
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Computing Source − OS acts as an interface between the user and
the hardware. It allows users to perform different tasks like input data,
process the operation, and access the output. It let users to
communicate with computers to perform various functions.
●
User-Friendly Interface − When the Windows operating system
came into existence with Graphical User Interface (GUI), it became
user friendly. It also helps the users to quickly understand, interact,
and communicate with computer machines.
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Resource Sharing − Operating systems allow resource sharing. It
shares the data and information with other users with the help of
printers, modems, and Fax Machines. With the help of networks we
are able to share the information and data via mails and also different
apps, images, and media files can be transferred from PC to other
devices with the help of an operating system.
Advantages of OS

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No Coding Lines − After the invention of GUI the operating
systems are allowed to access hardware without writing
programs.
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Safeguard of Data − We are able to store more information
on the computers and are able to access that information with
the help of OS. OS is maintaining safely and securely
managing the data.
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Multitasking − An operating system can handle more than
one task simultaneously.

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Disadvantages of OS

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Expensive − When compared to other platforms like Linux,
some operating systems are costly. Users can use a free OS
but generally they are a bit more difficult to run than others.
Microsoft Windows operating system with GUI and other in-
built features carry a costly price.
●
System Failure − The whole system will be affected if the
central operating system fails, and the computer will not work.
OS is the heart of the number and If the central system
crashes, the whole communication will be halted, and there
will be no further processing of data.
Disadvantages of OS
●
Highly Complex − Operating systems are highly complex, and the
language which used to establish these OS are not clear and well
defined.
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Virus Threats − Threats to the operating systems are higher as
they are open to such virus attacks. Many users download malicious
software packages on their system which halts the functioning of the
OS and slows it down.
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Fragmentation − Fragmentation in the computer is a state when
storage memory breaks into pieces. Internal fragmentation occurs
when the method of process is larger than the memory size. External
fragmentation occurs when the method or process is eliminated.
Types of Operating System
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UNIT -1 Batch Processing Systems

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The batch prcessing system was developed as a result of
more set-up time for execution of different types of user
programs.
Jobs can be combined in a batch and sent for execution
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without the intervention of the user.

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Batch processing system take a sequence of jobs in a
batch and executes them one by one without any
intervention of the user.
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UNIT -1 Batch Processing Systems

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UNIT -1 Batch Processing Systems

Advantages -
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The main advantage of batch processing OS is it increase the CPU
utilization.
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Multiple users can share the batch systems.
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The idle time for batch system is very less.
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It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

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Unit-1 Batch OS

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Disadvantage of Batch OS-
–Computer operators must be trained for using batch
systems.
–Batch systems are hard to debug.
–The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any
job fails.
–Examples of Batch based Operating System:
–Payroll System, Bank Statements, Printer Job etc.

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UNIT -1 Multi – Programming Systems

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When a program is being performed, it is known as a
"Task", "Process", and "Job".
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Multi Programming means placing several programs or
jobs in the main memory at a time.
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It means that now several jobs are ready to be executed,
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But CPU can execute only one job at time.
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How Multipal job can execute ?
–It can be achived with idea of switching between the jobs.

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UNIT -1 Multi – Programming Systems

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There can be two type of Instruction in a programm
–CPU bound
–I/O boud
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CPU bound instruction means when CPU has an
instruction for processing or computation.
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I/o bound instruction means there is a request to an input
or output device to read or write.

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UNIT -1 Multi – Programming Systems

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At the time of I/O instruction, CPU remain Ideal.
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Since due to multi-programming concept there are many
jobs ready in the main memory, the CPU can switch to
second job while the first is waiting for an I/O.
If the second job also reaches an I/O bound instruction, then
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CPU switches to another job and so on.

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UNIT -1 Multi – Programming Systems

Program P1 Execute I/O Execute I/O Execute

Program P2 I/O I/O I/O

Execute Execute

Multi -
Programming Exe P1 Exe P2 Exe P1 Exe P2 Exe P1

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UNIT -1 Multi – Programming Systems

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The major benefits of multi programming system are
–Less execution time
–Increased utilization of memory
–Increased throughput
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(Throughput = number of jobs completed per unit time)
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Throughput is increased if degree of multi programming is
increase.

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UNIT -1 Multi – User Time – Sharing Systems

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Batch and Multi-programmed systems do not provide
immediate response to the user.
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In Multi-user time sharing system desing, where in multiple
users with their terminals (having no processors) were
connected to a computer system (with processor) to
perform their jobs.
In this arrangement, the jobs of multiple interactive users
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were placed in the main memory.

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This system was called multiuser.

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UNIT -1 Multi – User Time – Sharing Systems

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It was also known as time sharing as CPU time of main
computer system was shared among multiple users to
execute their jobs.
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Multiuser time sharing system are the systems where
multiple interactive users connected through their dumb
terminals access the main computer system to perform
their jobs.

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UNIT -1 Multi – User Time – Sharing Systems

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

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UNIT -1 Multi – User Time – Sharing Systems

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The CPU switches from one job to another job on
regular intervals to have a fair distribution of its time for the
users.
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The user jobs are scheduled in such a manner that each
job gets equal chance for computation.
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UNIT -1 Multi – User Time – Sharing Systems

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The Major benefits of multiuser time sharing systems are:
–Multiuser facility
–Improved Response time
–Improved Debugging and Productivity
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UNIT -1 Multi Tasking Systems

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Window was developed for personal computers such that a
single users working on a PC can open multiple
windows.
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In this way user is able to open many windows or tasks
and work on them. This is known as multi – tasking.
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With the availability of high speed of processor, the user has
the illusion of working in parallel on multiple tasks.
But it is the time – sharing scheduling techique which has
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made it possible.
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UNIT -1 Multi Tasking Systems

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task n

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UNIT -1 Network Operating System

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Network operating system is the earliest form of operating
system that coordinates the activities on a network
system.
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In a network each node has its own local operating sytem.
A user sitting on a node may want to work as on the local
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machine through its local Os or on the network system, he

may do some control operations on remote node.
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Here the role of network operating system starts.
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UNIT -1 Network Operating System

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These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. These type of operating systems allow
shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network.
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One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is
that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration,
of all other users within the network, their individual
connections etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly
known as tightly coupled systems.
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UNIT -1 Network Operating System

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Advantages of Network OS

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Highly stable centralized servers.
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Security concerns are handled through servers.
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New technologies and hardware upgradation are easily
integrated to the system.
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Server access are possible remotely from different
locations and types of systems.

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Disadvantages of Network OS

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Servers are costly
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User has to depend on central location for most operations
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Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
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Examples of Network Operating System are:
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Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.
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UNIT -1 Multi - Processor Systems

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With the advance in the technology, their was a desire for
parallel processing with the help of more than one
processor instead of only one.
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Multi processing systems contain more than one
processor and share other resources.
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These types of system is very useful for engineering and
scientific application.
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Other category of mutiprocessing environment is mission –
critical and real – time system.
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UNIT -1 Multi - Processor Systems

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In Multi Processor system environment there are multiple
processors, all of them should be busy.
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The processes should be distributed on various
processors for parallel computation.
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The process scheduling is another challenge as it is
needed to schedule multiple processes on multiple processors.
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The coordination of various processes should also be
taken care of different inter-process communication and
synchronization techniques are required.
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UNIT -1 Multi - Processor Systems

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UNIT -1 Distributed Operating Systems

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Distributed system are also multi – processor systems but with the
following difference:
–Distributed system works in Wide Area Network (WAN)
–Each node in a distributed system is a complete computer having
full set of peripherals including OS.
–The users of a distributed system have an impression that they
are working on a single machine.
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Resource sharing is the main motive behind distributed systems.
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This OS providing distributed computing facility employ almost
same communication method and protocols as in network OS.
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UNIT -1 Distributed Operating Systems

The following are some important tasks to be met by

Distributed OS.
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Since distributed system need to access any resource or
transfer any task on any node. There are three types of
migration provided by the OS.
–Data Migration
–Computation Migration
–Process migration
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UNIT -1 Distributed Operating Systems

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Advantages of Distributed OS
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Failure of one will not affect the other network communication,
as all systems are independent from each other
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Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
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Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and
durable
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Load on host computer reduces
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These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily
added to the network
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Delay in data processing reduces
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Disadvantages of Distributed OS

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Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication
To establish distributed systems the language
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which are used are not well defined yet

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These types of systems are not readily available as
they are very expensive.
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Example of DOS: LOCUS

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UNIT -1 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

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A RTOS response to a user request has to be immediate
or within a fixed time frame otherwise the application will
fail. This is known as real-time OS.
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This type of processing is largely useful in defence
application which are mission specific.
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It there is no timely response, there might be loss of
equipment and even life.
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Many defence applicaions like guided missile system, air
traffic control sytems etc.

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UNIT -1 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

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Real time systems are two types:
–Hard Real-Time
–Soft Real – Time
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The system that have hard deadlines and must be met are
called Hard Real-Time system.
–All Defence applications are of the this type.
There is another type known as soft real-time system where
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missing of some deadline is acceptable.

–In a video conferenceing system
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UNIT -1 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

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Characteristic of RTOS
–The RTOS schedules all tasks according to the deadline
information and ensure that all deadline are met.
–Itmust have Fault tolerance. In case of failure of any
software/hardware system should need to work continue.
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Advantages of Real Time OS
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Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system,thus more
output from all the resources
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Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For
example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to
another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
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Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
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Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are
small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
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Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.

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Disadvantages of RTOS
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Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
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Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are
not so good and they are expensive as well.
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Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult
for the designer to write on.
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Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers
and interrupt signals to response earliest to interrupts.
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Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these
systems are very less prone to switching tasks.

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UNIT -1 Embedded Operating System

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Embedded system are specialized systems that tend to have very
specific tasks.
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Embedded system also have operating systems but they are not
generalized ones.
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The user uses the devices without any awareness of Operating
system.
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Embedded operating systems are there to perform all the basic
functionalities in these systems like initialization, task manaagement,
memory management etc. With little or on user interface.
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Washing Machinnes, Televisions and cars are other examples where
these systems are being used.

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UNIT -1 Embedded Operating System

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It is an operating system but not in the same structure as
found in general purpose computer systems.
Washing Machines, Televisions and cars are other examples
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where these systems are being used.

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Palm OS is a well known OS for Embedded system.
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Other example of Operating systems are : Symbian, iPhone,
BlackBerry, Window Phone, Linux, android etc..
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UNIT -1 Embedded Operating System

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Challenges for the designers of the OS for Mobile Devices
are -
All the mobile devices have a very small memery. So the
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memory must be managed efficiently.

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All the devices have a slow power CPU as faster CPU will
require more power and there by a larger bettery.
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Devices like mobile phones and smartphones have a small
screen area. So the conents should be mapped to the
available size of the display screen.

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Types of Operating System

Types of Operating Features Example

System

Batch Systems More than one job can be FORTRAN

stored in main memory

Multiuser Systems Jobs of different users who IBM, MULTICS, UNIX

are connected to a main
computer are executed
through the multi
programming

Multi – Tasking Systems Multiple tasks of a single Window

user can be opened on the
system through multi
programming

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Types of Operating System
Types of Operating Features Example
System

Network Systems The user is able to connect Novell Netware, Window

to another machine and NT, Window XP
perform many operations
Distributed Systems When multiple nodes of a Amoeba, V system, Chorus
wide network realized as a
powerful machine sharing
the resources on the
network.

Real – Time Systems Used to handle time bound PSOS, VxWorks, RTLinux
responses to the
application

Embedded Systems Specialized systems with Oalam Pilot, Android

size, memory and power
restrictions
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 UNIT 1 COMPLETED

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