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Programming Languages
and Program Development

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Problem Statement:
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Problem Statement help diagnose the situation so

that your focus is on the problem, helpful tools at this
stage include Algorithms and flowcharts for identifying
the expected steps of a process. Therefore to solve any
problem,

 Collect and analyze information and data

 Talk with people familiar with the problem
 If at all possible, view the problem first hand
 Confirm all findings

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 What is Programming
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 Program – a very specific set of instructions (or

command lines) that making a computer do
what you want it to do

 Programming – the process of creating a

program
 the development of a solution to an identified
program, and setting up of a related series of
instructions which, when directed through computer
hardware, will produce the desired results

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Steps in program development
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1. Define the problem

2. Outline the solution
3. Develop the outline into an algorithm
4. Test the algorithm for correctness
5. Code the algorithm into a specific
programming language
6. Run the program on the computer
7. Document and maintain the program

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Define the Problem
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 Divide the problem into three components

(called IPO):
 Inputs – what do you have?
 Outputs – what do you want to have?

 Processing
◼ how do you go from inputs to outputs?
 A defining diagram is recommended

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Define the Problem
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Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Outline the Solution
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 The major processing steps involved

 The major subtasks (if any)
 The major control structures (e.g. repetition
loops)
 The major variables and record structures
 The mainline logic

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

Develop the Outline into an Algorithm
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 Algorithm is a set of precise steps that

describe exactly the tasks to be performed,
and the order in which they are to be carried
out

 Pseudocode (a form of structured English) is

used to represent the solution algorithm

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Test the Algorithm for Correctness
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 The main purpose of desk checking the

algorithm is to identify major logic errors early,
so that they may be easily corrected
 Test data needs to be walked through each step
in the algorithm, to check that the instructions
described in the algorithm will actually do what
they are supposed to

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Code the Algorithm into a Specific
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Programming Language
 Only after all design considerations have been
met should you actually start to code the
program into your chosen programming
language (e.g. Visual Basic, Java, C++)

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Run the Program on the Computer
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 This step uses a program compiler and

programmer-designed test data to machine test
the code for syntax errors
 Program complier translate high-level languages
(e.g. VB) to low-level machine language before
execution

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Document and Maintain the
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Program
 Not the last step in the program development
process

 An ongoing task from the initial definition of the

problem to the final test result

 Involves both external documentation (such as

hierarchy charts) and internal documentation
that may have been coded in the program

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 1: Circle
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 Calculate the circumference and area

 IPO
 I:radius
 P: calculate circumference and area as

circumference = 2 * P I* radius
area=PI * radius ^ 2
 O: radius, circumference, area

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode
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 A typical programming task can be divided into

two phases:
 Problem solving phase
 produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
 this sequence of steps is called an algorithm

 Implementation phase
 implement the program in some programming
language

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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 First produce a general algorithm (one can use

pseudocode)
 Refine the algorithm successively to get step by
step detailed algorithm that is very close to a
computer language.
 Pseudocode is an artificial and informal
language that helps programmers develop
algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to
everyday English.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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Pseudocode common format

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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Pseudocode common format

NOT a
language
syntax

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode (cont.)
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 Example: Student pass

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Algorithms and pseudocode (cont.)
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Example : Student pass?

1. GET Grade
2. If Grade is greater than or equal to 60
THEN
3. Print "passed"
4. ELSE
5. Print "failed

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 The Flowchart
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 (Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence

of operations, as in a manufacturing process or
computer program.
 (Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence
of operations in an information system or program.
Information system flowcharts show how data flows
from source documents through the computer to final
distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the
sequence of instructions in a single program or
subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
type of flowchart.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 The Flowchart
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A Flowchart
 shows logic of an algorithm
 emphasizes individual steps and their
interconnections
 e.g. control flow from one action to the next

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

Flowchart Symbols
Symbol Function
Show the direction of data flow or logical
solution.

Indicate the beginning and ending of a set of

actions or instructions (logical flow) of a module
or program.

Indicate a process, such as calculations,

opening and closing files.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 22

Flowchart Symbols
Indicate input to the program and output from the
program.

Use for making decision. Either True or False based

on certain condition.

Use for doing a repetition or looping of certain steps.

Connection of flowchart on the same page.

Connection of flowchart from page to page.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 23

 The Flowchart (cont.)

Example:
Average of 3 numbers

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 24

 Example 2
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 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert

the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
 Input the length in feet (Lft)

 Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying

LFT with 30
 Print length in cm (LCM)

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 2
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Algorithm Flowchart
 Step 1: Input Lft
START
 Step 2: Lcm  Lft x 30
Input
 Step 3: Print Lcm Lft

Lcm  Lft x 30

Print
Lcm

STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
 Example 3
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Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will

read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its
area.
Pseudocode
 Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle

 Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W

 Print A

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 3
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Algorithm START
 Step 1: Input W,L
Input
 Step 2: AL x W W, L
 Step 3: Print A
A LxW

Print
A

STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 4

 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that

will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
 Hint: d = sqrt (b 2 − 4ac ), and the roots
are: x1 = (–b + d)/2a and x2 = (–b –
d)/2a

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 29

 Example 4
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Pseudocode:
 Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic
equation
 Calculate d

 Calculate x1

 Calculate x2

 Print x1 and x2

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

Example 4
START
 Algorithm:
Input
 Step 1: Input a, b, c a, b, c
 Step 2: d  sqrt ( b  b − 4  a  )c
d  sqrt(b x b – 4 x a x c)
 Step 3: x1  (–b + d) / (2 x a)
 Step 4: x2  (–b – d) / (2 x a) x1 (–b + d) / (2 x a)
 Step 5: Print x1, x2
X2  (–b – d) / (2 x a)

Print
x1 ,x2

STOP

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 31

 Example 5
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Draw a flowchart for a problem that to read two numbers. The

first number represents the unit price of a product and the
second number represents the quantity of the product sold.
Calculate and print the total sale.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 5 START

READ
 Algorithm: PRICE

 Step 1: Read Price, Quantity

 Step 2: Sale  Price * quantity READ
QUANTITY
 Step 3: Print SALE

SALE = PRICE ´
QUANTITY

Print
SALE

STOP

33 Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 5
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START A

READ SALE =
UNIT PRICE UNITPRICE * QUANTITY

READ Print
QUANTITY SALE

A STOP

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 DECISION STRUCTURES
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 The expression A>B is a logical expression

 it describes a condition we want to test
 if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we
take the action on left
 print the value of A
 if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B)
we take the action on right
 print the value of B

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
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 The structure is as follows

If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

37
Decision Logic Structure

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
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 The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows:

If A>B then
print A
else Y
is
N
A>B
print B
endif Print Print
A B

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 6
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Example : Student pass START

Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE <60) then
Print “FAIL”
else N IS Y
Print “PASS” GRADE<60

endif
PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”

STOP

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

Relational Operators

Operator Description
> Greater than
< Less than
= Equal to
 Greater than or equal to
 Less than or equal to
 Not equal to
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 40
 Example 7
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 Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines

the largest value and prints the largest value with an
identifying message.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example 7
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Algorithm
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX  VALUE1
else
MAX  VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 7 START

Input
VALUE1,VALUE2

Y is N
VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX  VALUE1 MAX  VALUE2

Print
“The largest value is”, MAX

STOP
43 Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
 Example
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 Assume your are calculating pay at an hourly

rate, and overtime pay(over 40 hours) at 1.5
times the hourly rate.
 IF the hours are greater than 40, THEN the
pay is calculated for overtime, or ELSE the
pay is calculated in the usual way.

Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled

 Example Decision Structure
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Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled