CHAPTER-1 Data Handling using Pandas –I

Pandas:
 It is a package useful for data analysis and manipulation.
 Pandas provide an easy way to create, manipulate and
wrangle the data.
 Pandas provide powerful and easy-to-use data structures,
as well as the means to quickly perform operations on these
structures.

Data scientists use Pandas for its following advantages:

 Easily handles missing data.

 It uses Series for one-dimensional data structure and
DataFrame for multi-dimensional data structure.
 It provides an efficient way to slice the data.
 It provides a flexible way to merge, concatenate or reshape
the data.

DATA STRUCTURE IN PANDAS

A data structure is a way to arrange the data in such a way that
so it can be accessed quickly and we can perform various
operation on this data like- retrieval, deletion, modification etc.

Pandas deals with 3 data structure-

1. Series
2. Data Frame
3. Panel

We are having only series and data frame in our syllabus.

 Series
Series-Series is a one-dimensional array like structure with
homogeneous data, which can be used to handle and
manipulate data. What makes it special is its index attribute,
which has incredible functionality and is heavily mutable.

It has two parts-

1. Data part (An array of actual data)
2. Associated index with data (associated array of indexes or data labels)
e.g.-

Index Data

0 10

1 15

2 18

3 22

 We can say that Series is a labeled one-dimensional

array which can hold any type of data.
 Data of Series is always mutable, means it can be changed.
 But the size of Data of Series is always immutable,
means it cannot be changed.
 Series may be considered as a Data Structure with
two arrays out which one array works as Index (Labels)
and the second array works as original Data.
 Row Labels in Series are called Index.

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ PGT(CS) KV NO1 TEZPUR, VINOD VERMA PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
Syntax to create a
Series:
<Series Object>=pandas.Series (data, index=idx
(optional))
 Where data may be python sequence (Lists),
ndarray, scalar value or a python dictionary.

How to create Series with nd array

Program-

import pandas as
pd Output-
import numpy Default
as np Index 0 10
arr=np.array([10,15,18,
22]) 1 15
2 18
s = pd.Series(arr)
print( 3 22
s)
Dat
a
Here we create
an array of 4
values.
 How to create Series with Mutable index

Program-

import pandas as pd Output-

import numpy as np first a
arr=np.array(['a','b','c','d' second b
third c
]) s=pd.Series(arr,
fourth d
index=['first','second','third','fourth']
)

print(s)
Creating a series from Scalar value

To create a series from scalar value, an index must be provided.

The scalar value will be repeated as per the length of index.

Creating a series from a Dictionary

Mathematical Operations in Series

Print all the values of the Series by multiplying

them by 2.

Print Square of all the values of the series.

Print all the values of the Series that are greater

than 2.
Example-2

While adding two series, if Non-Matching Index is found in either of the

Series, Then NaN will be printed corresponds to Non-Matching Index.

If Non-Matching Index is found in either of the series, then this Non-

Matching Index corresponding value of that series will be filled as 0.
Head and Tail Functions in Series

head (): It is used to access the first 5 rows of a series.

Note :To access first 3 rows we can call
series_name.head(3)

Result of s.head()

Result of s.head(3)
tail(): It is used to access the last 5 rows of a series.
Note :To access last 4 rows we can call
series_name.tail (4)
Selection in Series

Series provides index label loc and ilocand [] to access rows and
columns.

1. loc index label :-

Syntax:-series_name.loc[StartRange:
StopRange] Example-

To Print Values from Index 0 to

2
To Print Values from Index 3 to 4
2. Selection Using iloc index label :-

Syntax:-series_name.iloc[StartRange :
StopRange] Example-

To Print Values from Index 0 to

1.
3. Selection Using [] :

Syntax:-series_name[StartRange> :
StopRange] or series_name[ index]
Example-

To Print Values at Index 3.

Indexing in Series

Pandas provide index attribute to get or set the index of

entries or values in series.

Example-
Slicing in Series

Slicing is a way to retrieve subsets of data from a pandas object.

A slice object syntax is –

SERIES_NAME [start:end: step]

The segments start representing the first item, end representing
the last item, and step representing the increment between each
item that you would like.

Example :-

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ PGT(CS) KV NO1 TEZPUR, VINOD VERMA PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 DATAFRAME
DATAFRAME-It is a two-dimensional object that is useful in
representing data in the form of rows and columns. It is similar to
a spreadsheet or an SQL table. This is the most commonly used
pandas object. Once we store the data into the Dataframe, we
can perform various operations that are useful in analyzing and
understanding the data.

DATAFRAME STRUCTURE
COLUMNS PLAYERNAME IPLTEAM BASEPRICEINCR

0 ROHIT MI 13

1 VIRAT RCB 17

2 HARDIK MI 14

INDEX DATA

PROPERTIES OF DATAFRAME

1. A Dataframe has axes  Row index (axis=0)

(indices)-
 Column index (axes=1)
2. It is similar to a spreadsheet , whose row index is called index and
column index is called column name.
3. A Dataframe contains Heterogeneous data.
4. A Dataframe Size is Mutable.
5. A Dataframe Data is Mutable.
A data frame can be created using any of the following-

1. Series
2. Lists
3. Dictionary
4. A numpy 2D array

How to create Dataframe From Series

Program-
Output-
import pandas as pd
0
s= 0 a
pd.Series(['a','b','c','d']) 1 b Default Column Name As
0
df=pd.DataFrame(s) 2 c
print(df) 3 d
DataFrame from Dictionary of Series

Example-

DataFrame from List of Dictionaries

Example-
Iteration on Rows and Columns

If we want to access record or data from a data frame row wise or

column wise then iteration is used. Pandas provide 2 functions to
perform iterations-

1. iterrows ()
2. iteritems ()

iterrows()

It is used to access the data row wise. Example-

iteritems()

It is used to access the data column

wise. Example-
Select operation in data frame
To access the column data ,we can mention the
column name as subscript.
e.g. - df[empid] This can also be done by using df.empid.
To access multiple columns we can write as df[ [col1, col2,---] ]

Example -
>>df.empid or
df[‘empid’] 0 101
1 102
2 103
3 104
4 105
5 106
Name: empid, dtype:
int64

empi ename
d
>>df[[‘empid’,’ena
0 101
me’]] Sachin
1 102 Vinod
2 103 Lakhbir
3 104 Anil
4 105 Devinder
5 106 UmaSelvi
To Add & Rename a column in
data frame
import pandas as pd

s=
pd.Series([10,15,18,22])
df=pd.DataFrame(s)
df.columns=[‘List1’] To Rename the default column of
Data Frame as List1

df[‘List2’]=20 To create a new column List2 with all

values as 20

df[‘List3’]=df[‘List1’]+df[‘List2’] Output-

Add Column1 and Column2 and List1 List2 List3

store in 0 10 20 30
New column List3 1 15 20 35
2 18 20 38
print(df) 3 22 20 42
To Delete a Column in data frame
We can delete the column from a data frame by
using any of the the following –
1. del
2. pop()
3. drop()

Output-
>>del We can simply delete a column by
df[‘List3’]
column passing
name in subscript
List1 List2
with df
0 10 20
>>df
1 15 20
2 18 20
3 22 20

>>df.pop(‘List2’) we can simply delete a column by passing column

name in pop method.
>>df

List1
0 10
1 15
2 18
3 22
To Delete a Column Using drop()
import pandas as pd
s=
pd.Series([10,20,30,40])
df=pd.DataFrame(s)
df.columns=[‘List1’]
df[‘List2’]=40
df1=df.drop(‘List2’,axis=1) (axis=1) means to delete Data
column wise
df2=df.drop(index=[2,3],axis=0) (axis=0) means to
delete
data row wise with given index
print(df)
print(“ After deletion::”)
print(df1)
print (“ After row deletion::”)
print(df2)

Output-
List1 List2
0 10 40
1 20 40
2 30 40
3 40 40
After deletion::
List1
0 10
1 20
2 30
3 40
After row deletion::
List1
0 10
1 20
Accessing the data frame through
loc() and iloc() method or indexing
using Labels

Pandas provide loc() and iloc() methods to access the subset

from a data frame using row/column.

Accessing the data frame through loc()

It is used to access a group of rows and

columns. Syntax-

Df.loc[StartRow : EndRow, StartColumn : EndColumn]

Note -If we pass : in row or column part then pandas provide the
entire rows or columns respectively.

To access a single
row

To access multiple Rows Qtr1 to Qtr3

Example 2:-

To access single
column

To access Multiple Column namely TCS and

WIPRO
Example-3

To access first row

To access first 3
Rows
 Accessing the data frame through iloc()

It is used to access a group of rows and columns based on

numeric index value.

Syntax-

Df.loc[StartRowindexs : EndRowindex, StartColumnindex : EndColumnindex]

Note -If we pass : in row or column part then pandas

provide the entire rows or columns respectively.

To access First two

Rows and Second
column
To access all Rows and
First Two columns Record
 head()Visit
and tail() for more update s
Python4csip.com
Method
The method head() gives the first 5 rows and the
method tail() returns the last 5 rows.
import pandas as pd
empdata={ 'Doj':['12-01-2012','15-01-2012','05-09-2007',
'17-01-2012','05-09-2007','16-01-2012'], 'empid':
[101,102,103,104,105,106],
'ename':
['Sachin','Vinod','Lakhbir','Anil','Devinder','UmaSelvi']
}
df=pd.DataFrame(empdata)
print(df)
print(df.head())
print(df.tail())

Output-
Doj empi ename
d
0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir Data Frame
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi
Doj empi ename
0 12-01-2012 d Sachin
101
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod head() displays first 5 rows
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105
Devind
er
Doj empi ename
d
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil tail() display last 5 rows
4 05-09-2007 105 Devind
er
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSel
vi
To display first 2 rows we can use head(2) and to returns
last2 rows we can use tail(2) and to return 3rd to 4th row
we can write df[2:5].

import pandas as pd
empdata={ 'Doj':['12-01-2012','15-01-2012','05-09-2007',
'17-01-2012','05-09-2007','16-01-2012'], 'empid':
[101,102,103,104,105,106],
'ename':
['Sachin','Vinod','Lakhbir','Anil','Devinder','UmaSelvi']
}
df=pd.DataFrame(empdata)
print(df)
print(df.head(
2))
print(df.tail(2)
)
Output
- Doj empid ename
0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01- 2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi

Doj empid ename

0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin head(2) displays first 2
rows 1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod

Doj empid ename

4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder tail(2) displays last 2
rows 5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi
Doj empid
ename 2
05-09-2007 103
Lakhbir
3 17-01- 2012 104 Anil df[2:5] display 2nd to 4th
row 4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
Boolean Indexing in Data Frame

Boolean indexing helps us to select the data from the

DataFrames using a boolean vector. We create a DataFrame with
a boolean index to use the boolean indexing.

To Return Data frame where index is True

We can pass only integer value in iloc

Concat operation in data frame

Pandas provides various facilities for easily combining together Series,

DataFrame.

pd.concat(objs, axis=0, join='outer',

join_axes=None,ignore_index=False)
 objs − This is a sequence or mapping of Series,
DataFrame, or
Panel objects.
 axis − {0, 1, ...}, default 0. This is the axis to concatenate
along.
 join − {‘inner’, ‘outer’}, default ‘outer’. How to handle
indexes on
other axis(es). Outer for union and inner for intersection.
 ignore_index − boolean, default False. If True, do not use
the index values on the concatenation axis. The resulting
axis will be labeled 0, ..., n - 1.
 join_axes − This is the list of Index objects. Specific indexes
to use for the other (n-1) axes instead of performing

The Concat() performs concatenation operations along an axis.

Merge operation in data frame

Two DataFrames might hold different kinds of information about

the same entity and linked by some common feature/column. To
join these DataFrames, pandas provides multiple functions like
merge(), join() etc.

Example-1

This will give the common rows between

the two data frames for the corresponding
column values (‘id’).
Example-2

It might happen that the column on

which you want to merge the Data
Frames have different names (unlike in
this case). For such merges, you will have
to specify the arguments left_on as the
left DataFrame name and right_on as the
right DataFrame name.
Join operation in data frame

It is used to merge data frames based on some common column/key.

1. Full Outer Join:- The full outer join combines the results of
both the left and the right outer joins. The joined data frame will
contain all records from both the data frames and fill in NaNs for
missing matches on either side. You can perform a full outer join
by specifying the how argument as outer in merge() function.

Example-

The resulting DataFrame had

all the entries from both the
tables with NaN values for
missing matches on either
side. However, one more thing
to notice is the suffix which
got appended to the column
names to show which column
came from which DataFrame.
The default suffixes are x and
y, however, you can modify
them by specifying the
suffixes argument in the
merge() function.
Example-2
2. Inner Join :- The inner join produce only those records that
match in both the data frame. You have to pass inner in how
argument inside merge() function.

Example-
3. RightJoin :-The right join produce a complete set of
records from data frame B(Right side Data Frame) with the
matching records (where available) in data frame A( Left side data
frame). If there is no match right side will contain null. You have
to pass right in how argument inside merge() function.

Example-
4. Left Join :- The left join produce a complete set of records
from data frame A(Left side Data Frame) with the matching
records (where available) in data frame B( Right side data frame).
If there is no match left side will contain null. You have to pass
left in how argument inside merge() function.

Example-
5. Joining on Index :-Sometimes you have to perform the
join on the indexes or the row labels. For that you have to specify
right_index( for the indexes of the right data frame ) and
left_index( for the indexes of left data frame) as True.

Example-
CSV File
A CSV is a comma separated values file, which allows
data to be saved in a tabular format. CSV is a simple file
such as a spreadsheet or database. Files in the csv
format can be imported and exported from programs that
store data in tables, such as Microsoft excel or Open
Office.
CSV files data fields are most often
separated, or delimited by a comma. Here the data in
each row are delimited by comma and individual rows are
separated by newline.
To create a csv file, first choose your
favorite text editor such as- Notepad and open a new file.
Then enter the text data you want the file to contain,
separating each value with a comma and each row with a
new line. Save the file with the extension.csv. You can
open the file using MS Excel or another spread sheet
program. It will create the table of similar data.
pd.read_csv() method is used to read a csv file.
Exporting data from
dataframe to CSV File

To export a data frame into a csv file first of all, we create

a data frame say df1 and use dataframe.to_csv(‘ E:\
Dataframe1.csv ’ ) method to export data frame df1 into
csv file Dataframe1.csv.
And now the content of df1 is exported to csv file Dataframe1.