Operating system concepts

1) introduction to os & memory management:

=>What is operating system??

->Operating System lies in the category of system software. It basically manages all the
resources of the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between the software and
different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating system is designed in
such a way that it can manage the overall resources and operations of the computer.

Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the operations
of the computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the
computer, which also includes application programs and other system software of the computer.
Examples of Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the
most important type of system software in a computer system.

=>Operating system software:

->Common desktop operating systems include the following:

Windows is Microsoft's flagship operating system, the de facto standard for home and business
computers. Introduced in 1985, the GUI-based OS has been released in many versions since
then. The user-friendly Windows 95 was largely responsible for the rapid development of
personal computing.
Mac OS is the operating system for Apple's Macintosh line of PCs and workstations.
Unix is a multiuser operating system designed for flexibility and adaptability. Originally
developed in the 1970s, Unix was one of the first operating systems to be written in the C
language.
Linux is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide PC users a free or low-cost
alternative. Linux has a reputation as an efficient and fast-performing system.
Mobile operating system. Mobile operating systems are designed to accommodate the unique
needs of mobile computing and communication-centric devices, such as smartphones and
tablets. Mobile devices typically offer limited computing resources compared to traditional PCs,
and the OS must be scaled back in size and complexity in order to minimize its own resource
use, while ensuring adequate resources for one or more applications running on the device.
Mobile operating systems tend to emphasize efficient performance, user responsiveness and
close attention to data handling tasks, such as supporting media streaming. Apple iOS and
Google Android are examples of mobile operating systems.

=>Types of OS:
->There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned below.

Batch Operating System

Multi-Programming System
Multi-Processing System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Time-Sharing Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Network Operating System
Real-Time Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

Batch Operating System

1. Batch operating system

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

->Advantages of Batch Operating System:

-Multiple users can share the batch systems.

-The idle time for the batch system is very less.
-It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

->Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

-The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.

-Batch systems are hard to debug.
It is sometimes costly.

-The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately predict
while they are in the queue.

-It is difficult to accurately predict the exact time required for a job to complete while it is in the
queue.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one program is
present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically
used for better execution of resources.

->Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System:

-Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.

-It helps in reducing the response time.

->Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System:

-There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.
3. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more than one CPU
is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the System.

->Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System:

-It increases the throughput of the system.

-As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another processor.

->Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System:

-Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with having

facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.

There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below:
Preemptive Multi-Tasking
Cooperative Multi-Tasking

->Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System:

-Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating System.

-It comes with proper memory management.

->Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System:

-The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the
time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task
gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.

->Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

-Each task gets an equal opportunity.

-Fewer chances of duplication of software.
-CPU idle time can be reduced.
-Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources
such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.
-Improved Productivity

->Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

-Reliability problem.
-One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
-Data communication problem.
-High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems
due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with
supporting multiple users.
-complexity
-security risk
6. Distributed Operating System

Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These
are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These systems’ processors
differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system
is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually
present on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access
is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

->Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

-Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent
of each other.
-Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
-Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
-Load on host computer reduces.
-These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.
-Delay in data processing reduces.

->Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

-Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.

-To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
-These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the
underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet.

Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.

7. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow
shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a
small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the
users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their
individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly
coupled systems

->Advantages of Network Operating System :

-Highly stable centralized servers.

-Security concerns are handled through servers.
-New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system.
-Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.

->Disadvantages of Network Operating System :

-Servers are costly.

-User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
-Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.