Complex Analysis

Lecture 2a

1
 Complex analysis importance
• Complex analysis has not only transformed the world
of mathematics, but surprisingly, we find its
application in many areas of physics and engineering.
• For example, we can use complex numbers to
describe the behavior of the electromagnetic field.
• In atomic systems, which are described by quantum
mechanics, complex numbers and complex functions
play a central role,

2
 Complex Variables
• A Complex Variable can assume any complex value
• We use z to represent a complex variable.
z = x + jy
• We can graph complex numbers in the x-y plane, which we
sometimes call the complex plane or the z plane.
• We also keep track of the angle θ that this vector makes with
the real axis.

3
 Very Important complex
transformations
e i + e − i e i + e − i
cos  = sin  =
2 2i

It appears that complex numbers are not so “imaginary” after all;

The modulus of the complex variable z is given by

z = x 2 + y2  z = x 2 + y2
2

4
 EULER’S FORMULA
• Euler’s formula allows us to write the expression
cos + isin in terms of a complex exponential.
•
ei = cos + isin
e-i = cos - isin

5
 EULER’S FORM

• These relationships allow us to write a

complex number in complex exponential
form or more commonly polar form. This is
given by z = rei

6
 EULER’S FORM operations
The polar form can be very useful for calculation, since exponentials are so
simple to work with. For example, the product of two complex numbers z = re i
and w = ei is given by
zw = (rei)(ei) = rei( + )

Note that moduli multiply and arguments add. Division is also very simple:

z rei r r
= i = ei ei = ei ( − )
w e  

7
 EULER’S FORM operations
Raising a complex number to a power is also easy:
zn = (rei)n = rnein

The complex conjugate is just

z = re − i
Euler’s formula can be used to derive some interesting expressions.
For example, we can easily derive one of the most mysterious
equations in all of mathematics:
ei = cos + isin
➔ ei + 1 = 0

8
 Complex Functions Functions
Examples of Complex Functions

9
 Complex Functions Functions
Natural Domains

10
 Complex Functions Functions
Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex Function
➢ If w = f (z ) is a complex function, then the image of a complex
number z = x + iy under f is a complex number w = u + iv . By
simplifying the expression f (x + iy ), we can write the real
variables u and v in terms of the real variables x and y .
Example: By replacing the symbol z with x + iy in the complex
function w = z 2, we obtain:
w = u + iv = (x + iy)2 = x2 − y2 + 2xyi .
Thus, u = x 2 − y 2 and v = 2xy , respectively.
➢ If w = u + iv = f (x + iy) is a complex function, then both u and v
are real functions of the two real variables x and y , i.e., by
setting z = x + iy , we can express any complex function w = f (z)
in terms of two real functions as:
f (z ) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ).
➢ The functions u(x, y ) and v(x, y ) are called the real and
imaginary parts of f , respectively.

11
 Complex Functions Functions
Examples

12
 Complex Functions Reciprocal Function

Complex Conjugation

➢ The second complex mapping that is helpful for describing

the reciprocal mapping is a reflection across the real axis.
➢ Under this mapping the image of the point (x , y ) is (x , −y ).
➢ This complex mapping is given by the function c (z ) = z ,
called the complex conjugation function.
➢ The relationship between z and its image c (z ) is shown
below:

13
 Elementary Functions
❑ Exponential Functions
❑ Logarithmic Functions
❑ Complex Powers
❑ Complex Trigonometric Functions
❑ Complex Hyperbolic Functions
❑ Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

14
Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function

15
 Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function
Analyticity of ez

16
 Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

17
 Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function
Modulus, Argument, and Conjugate

18
 Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function
Algebraic Properties

19
 Elementary Functions Complex Exponential
Function
Periodicity

20
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Complex Logarithm

21
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Definition of the Complex Logarithmic Function

22
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Solving Exponential Equations I

23
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Solving Exponential Equations II

24
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Identities

25
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Computing the Principal Value of the Complex Logarithm

26
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Lnz as an Inverse Function

27
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Lnz as an Inverse Function (Cont’d)

28
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Continuity

29
 Elementary Functions Logarithmic Functions
Analyticity

30
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Complex Powers

31
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Complex Power Function

32
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Computing Complex Powers

33
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Properties of Complex Powers

34
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Principal Value of a Complex Power

35
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Computing the Principal Value of a Complex Power

36
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Analyticity

37
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Derivative of a Power Function

38
 Elementary Functions Complex Powers
Remarks

39
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Complex Sine and Cosine Functions

40
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
The Complex Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, and Cosecant

41
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Values of Complex Trigonometric Functions

42
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Identities

43
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Periodicity

44
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Trigonometric Equations

45
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Trigonometric Equations (Cont’d)

46
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
sin z and cos z in terms of x and y

47
 Complex Trigonometric
Elementary Functions Functions
Modulus of Sine and Cosine

48
 Complex Hyperbolic
Elementary Functions Functions
Complex Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine

49
 Complex Hyperbolic
Elementary Functions Functions
Derivatives of Complex Hyperbolic Functions

50
 Complex Hyperbolic
Elementary Functions Functions
Relation To Sine and Cosine

51
 Complex Hyperbolic
Elementary Functions Functions
Obtaining Hyperbolic Identities

52
 Inverse Trigonometric and
Elementary Functions Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Sine

53
 Inverse Trigonometric and
Elementary Functions Hyperbolic Functions
Values of Inverse Sine

54
 Inverse Trigonometric and
Elementary Functions Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Cosine and Tangent

55