SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to perform operations on the records

stored in the database, such as updating records, inserting records, deleting

records, creating and modifying database tables, views, etc.

What is SQL?
SQL is a short-form of the structured query language, and it is pronounced as
S-Q-L or sometimes as See-Quell.

This database language is mainly designed for maintaining the data in

relational database management systems. It is a special tool used by data
professionals for handling structured data (data which is stored in the form of
tables). It is also designed for stream processing in RDSMS.

You can easily create and manipulate the database, access and modify the
table rows and columns, etc. This query language became the standard of
ANSI in the year of 1986 and ISO in the year of 1987.

Why SQL?
Nowadays, SQL is widely used in data science and analytics. Following are
the reasons which explain why it is widely used:

o The basic use of SQL for data professionals and SQL users is to insert,
update, and delete the data from the relational database.
o SQL allows the data professionals and users to retrieve the data from
the relational database management systems.
o It also helps them to describe the structured data.
o It allows SQL users to create, drop, and manipulate the database and
its tables.
o It also helps in creating the view, stored procedure, and functions in
the relational database.
o It allows you to define the data and modify that stored data in the
relational database.
o It also allows SQL users to set the permissions or constraints on table
columns, views, and stored procedures
 Process of SQL
o When we are executing the command of SQL on any Relational
database management system, then the system automatically finds
the best routine to carry out our request, and the SQL engine
determines how to interpret that particular command.
o Structured Query Language contains the following four components in
its process:
o Query Dispatcher
o Optimization Engines
o Classic Query Engine
o SQL Query Engine, etc.

A classic query engine allows data professionals and users to maintain non-
SQL queries. The architecture of SQL is shown in the following diagram:
Some SQL Commands
The SQL commands help in creating and managing the database. The most
common SQL commands which are highly used are mentioned below:

1. CREATE command
2. UPDATE command
3. DELETE command
4. SELECT command
5. DROP command
6. INSERT command

Most Important SQL Commands and Statements

1. Select Statement
2. Update Statement
3. Delete Statement
4. Create Table Statement
5. Alter Table Statement
6. Drop Table Statement
7. Create Database Statement
8. Drop Database Statement
9. Insert Into Statement
10.Truncate Table Statement
11.Describe Statement
12.Distinct Clause
13.Commit Statement
14.Rollback Statement
15.Create Index Statement
16.Drop Index Statement
17.Use Statement
Let's discuss each statement in short one by one with syntax and
one example:

1. SELECT Statement
This SQL statement reads the data from the SQL database and shows it as
the output to the database user.

Syntax of SELECT Statement:

SELECT column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN

[ FROM table_name ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_column_name1 [ ASC | DESC ], .... ];

Example of SELECT Statement:

SELECT Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, City

FROM Employee_details
WHERE Salary = 100000
ORDER BY Last_Name

This example shows the Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and

City of those employees from the Employee_details table
whose Salary is 100000. The output shows all the specified details
according to the ascending alphabetical order of Last_Name.

3. UPDATE Statement
This SQL statement changes or modifies the stored data in the SQL
database.

Syntax of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1 = new_value_1, column_name2 = new_value_2, ...., column_na
meN = new_value_N
[ WHERE CONDITION ];

Example of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE Employee_details
SET Salary = 100000
WHERE Emp_ID = 10;

This example changes the Salary of those employees of

the Employee_details table whose Emp_ID is 10 in the table.

3. DELETE Statement
This SQL statement deletes the stored data from the SQL database.

Syntax of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM table_name

[ WHERE CONDITION ];

Example of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE First_Name = 'Sumit';

This example deletes the record of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose First_Name is Sumit in the table.

4. CREATE TABLE Statement

This SQL statement creates the new table in the SQL database.

Syntax of CREATE TABLE Statement:

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type [column1 constraint(s)],
column_name2 data_type [column2 constraint(s)],
.....
.....,
column_nameN data_type [columnN constraint(s)],
PRIMARY KEY(one or more col)
);
This example creates the table Employee_details with five columns or
fields in the SQL database. The fields in the table are Emp_Id, First_Name,
Last_Name, Salary, and City. The Emp_Id column in the table acts as
a primary key, which means that the Emp_Id column cannot contain
duplicate values and null values.

5. ALTER TABLE Statement

This SQL statement adds, deletes, and modifies the columns of the table in
the SQL database.

Syntax of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype[(size)];

The above SQL alter statement adds the column with its datatype in the
existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_datatype[(size)];

The above 'SQL alter statement' renames the old column name to the new
column name of the existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

The above SQL alter statement deletes the column of the existing database
table.

Example of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE Employee_details

ADD Designation VARCHAR(18);

This example adds the new field whose name is Designation with size 18 in
the Employee_details table of the SQL database.

6. DROP TABLE Statement

This SQL statement deletes or removes the table and the structure, views,
permissions, and triggers associated with that table.

Syntax of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ]
table_name1, table_name2, ……, table_nameN;

The above syntax of the drop statement deletes specified tables completely
if they exist in the database.

Example of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE Employee_details;

This example drops the Employee_details table if it exists in the SQL

database. This removes the complete information if available in the table.

7. CREATE DATABASE Statement

This SQL statement creates the new database in the database management
system.

Syntax of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

Example of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE Company;

The above example creates the company database in the system.

8. DROP DATABASE Statement

This SQL statement deletes the existing database with all the data tables and
views from the database management system.

Syntax of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Example of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE Company;

The above example deletes the company database from the system.
 9. INSERT INTO Statement
This SQL statement inserts the data or records in the existing table of the
SQL database. This statement can easily insert single and multiple records in
a single query statement.

Syntax of insert a single record:

INSERT INTO table_name

(
column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN ) VALUES (value_1, value_2,
..…, value_N );

Example of insert a single record:

1. INSERT INTO Employee_details (Emp_ID, First_name, Last_name,Salary, City ) VA

LUES (101, Akhil, Sharma, 40000, Bangalore );

This example inserts 101 in the first column, Akhil in the second
column, Sharma in the third column, 40000 in the fourth column,
and Bangalore in the last column of the table Employee_details.

Syntax of inserting a multiple records in a single query:

INSERT INTO table_name ( column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN)

VALUES (value_1, value_2, ..…, value_N), (value_1, value_2, ..…, value_N),….;

Example of inserting multiple records in a single query:

INSERT INTO Employee_details ( Emp_ID, First_name, Last_name, Salary, City ) V

ALUES (101, Amit, Gupta, 50000, Mumbai), (101, John, Aggarwal, 45000, Calcutta),
(101, Sidhu, Arora, 55000, Mumbai);

This example inserts the records of three employees in

the Employee_details table in the single query statement.

10. TRUNCATE TABLE Statement

This SQL statement deletes all the stored records from the table of the SQL
database.
Syntax of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE Employee_details;

This example deletes the record of all employees from the Employee_details
table of the database.

11. DESCRIBE Statement

This SQL statement tells something about the specified table or view in the
query.

Syntax of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE table_name | view_name;

Example of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE Employee_details;

This example explains the structure and other details about

the Employee_details table.

12. DISTINCT Clause

This SQL statement shows the distinct values from the specified columns of
the database table. This statement is used with the SELECT keyword.

Syntax of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT column_name1, column_name2, ...

FROM table_name;

Example of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT City, Salary

FROM Employee_details;
This example shows the distinct values of the City and Salary column from
the Employee_details table.

13. COMMIT Statement

This SQL statement saves the changes permanently, which are done in the
transaction of the SQL database.

Syntax of COMMIT Statement:

COMMIT

Example of COMMIT Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE salary = 30000;
COMMIT;

This example deletes the records of those employees

whose Salary is 30000 and then saves the changes permanently in the
database.

14. ROLLBACK Statement

This SQL statement undo the transactions and operations which are not yet
saved to the SQL database.

Syntax of ROLLBACK Statement:

ROLLBACK

Example of ROLLBACK Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details

WHERE City = Mumbai;
ROLLBACK;

This example deletes the records of those employees

whose City is Mumbai and then undo the changes in the database.
15. CREATE INDEX Statement
This SQL statement creates the new index in the SQL database table.

Syntax of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name ( column_name1, column_name2, …, column_nameN );

Example of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX idx_First_Name

ON employee_details (First_Name);

This example creates an index idx_First_Name on the First_Name column

of the Employee_details table.

16. DROP INDEX Statement

This SQL statement deletes the existing index of the SQL database table.

Syntax of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX index_name;

Example of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX idx_First_Name;

This example deletes the index idx_First_Name from the SQL database.

17. USE Statement

This SQL statement selects the existing SQL database. Before performing the
operations on the database table, you have to select the database from the
multiple existing databases.

Syntax of USE Statement:

USE database_name;

Example of USE DATABASE Statement:

USE Company;

SQL Data Types

Data types are used to represent the nature of the data that can be stored in
the database table. For example, in a particular column of a table, if we want
to store a string type of data then we will have to declare a string data type
of this column.

Data types mainly classified into three categories for every database

o String Data types

o Numeric Data types
o Date and time Data types

Data Types in MySQL, SQL Server and Oracle

Databases
MySQL Data Types
A list of data types used in MySQL database. This is based on MySQL 8.0.

MySQL String Data Types

CHAR(Size) It is used to specify a fixed length string that can contain

numbers, letters, and special characters. Its size can be 0 to
255 characters. Default is 1.

VARCHAR(Size) It is used to specify a variable length string that can contain

numbers, letters, and special characters. Its size can be from 0
to 65535 characters.

BINARY(Size) It is equal to CHAR() but stores binary byte strings. Its size
parameter specifies the column length in the bytes. Default is
1.

VARBINARY(Size It is equal to VARCHAR() but stores binary byte strings. Its size
) parameter specifies the maximum column length in bytes.

TEXT(Size) It holds a string that can contain a maximum length of 255

 characters.

TINYTEXT It holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters.

MEDIUMTEXT It holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215.

LONGTEXT It holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295

characters.

ENUM(val1, It is used when a string object having only one value, chosen
val2, val3,...) from a list of possible values. It contains 65535 values in an
ENUM list. If you insert a value that is not in the list, a blank
value will be inserted.

SET( val1,val2,v It is used to specify a string that can have 0 or more values,
al3,....) chosen from a list of possible values. You can list up to 64
values at one time in a SET list.

BLOB(size) It is used for BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). It can hold up to

65,535 bytes.

MySQL Numeric Data Types

BIT(Size) It is used for a bit-value type. The number of bits per value is
specified in size. Its size can be 1 to 64. The default value is 1.

INT(size) It is used for the integer value. Its signed range varies from -
2147483648 to 2147483647 and unsigned range varies from 0 to
4294967295. The size parameter specifies the max display width
that is 255.

INTEGER(siz It is equal to INT(size).

e)

FLOAT(size, It is used to specify a floating point number. Its size parameter

d) specifies the total number of digits. The number of digits after the
decimal point is specified by d parameter.

FLOAT(p) It is used to specify a floating point number. MySQL used p

 parameter to determine whether to use FLOAT or DOUBLE. If p is
between 0 to24, the data type becomes FLOAT (). If p is from 25 to
53, the data type becomes DOUBLE().

DOUBLE(siz It is a normal size floating point number. Its size parameter

e, d) specifies the total number of digits. The number of digits after the
decimal is specified by d parameter.

DECIMAL(siz It is used to specify a fixed point number. Its size parameter

e, d) specifies the total number of digits. The number of digits after the
decimal parameter is specified by d parameter. The maximum
value for the size is 65, and the default value is 10. The maximum
value for d is 30, and the default value is 0.

DEC(size, d) It is equal to DECIMAL(size, d).

BOOL It is used to specify Boolean values true and false. Zero is

considered as false, and nonzero values are considered as true.

MySQL Date and Time Data Types

DATE It is used to specify date format YYYY-MM-DD. Its

supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'.

DATETIME(fsp It is used to specify date and time combination. Its format

) is YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. Its supported range is from
'1000-01-01 00:00:00' to 9999-12-31 23:59:59'.

TIMESTAMP(f It is used to specify the timestamp. Its value is stored as

sp) the number of seconds since the Unix epoch('1970-01-01
00:00:00' UTC). Its format is YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss. Its
supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to
'2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC.

TIME(fsp) It is used to specify the time format. Its format is

hh:mm:ss. Its supported range is from '-838:59:59' to
'838:59:59'

YEAR It is used to specify a year in four-digit format. Values

allowed in four digit format from 1901 to 2155, and 0000.
float(n) It is used to specify floating precision number data from -
1.79E+308 to 1.79E+308. The n parameter indicates
whether the field should hold the 4 or 8 bytes. Default
value of n is 53.

real It is a floating precision number data from -3.40E+38 to

3.40E+38.

money It is used to specify monetary data from -

922,337,233,685,477.5808 to
922,337,203,685,477.5807.

SQL Server Date and Time Data Type

datetim It is used to specify date and time combination. It supports

e range from January 1, 1753, to December 31, 9999 with an
accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds.

datetim It is used to specify date and time combination. It supports

e2 range from January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 with an
accuracy of 100 nanoseconds

date It is used to store date only. It supports range from January 1,

0001 to December 31, 9999

time It stores time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds

timesta It stores a unique number when a new row gets created or

mp modified. The time stamp value is based upon an internal clock
and does not correspond to real time. Each table may contain
only one-time stamp variable.
SQL Operators
Every database administrator and user uses SQL queries for manipulating and accessing the data
of database tables and views.

The manipulation and retrieving of the data are performed with the help of reserved words and
characters, which are used to perform arithmetic operations, logical operations, comparison
operations, compound operations, etc.

What is SQL Operator?

The SQL reserved words and characters are called operators, which are used with a WHERE
clause in a SQL query. In SQL, an operator can either be a unary or binary operator. The unary
operator uses only one operand for performing the unary operation, whereas the binary operator
uses two operands for performing the binary operation.

Syntax of Unary SQL Operator

Operator SQL_Operand

Syntax of Unary SQL Operator

Operand1 SQL_Operator Operand2

What is the Precedence of SQL Operator?
The precedence of SQL operators is the sequence in which the SQL evaluates
the different operators in the same expression. Structured Query Language
evaluates those operators first, which have high precedence.

In the following table, the operators at the top have high precedence, and
the operators that appear at the bottom have low precedence.

SQL Operator Symbols Operators

** Exponentiation operator

+, - Identity operator, Negation operator

 *, / Multiplication operator, Division operator

+, -, || Addition (plus) operator, subtraction (minus)

operator, String Concatenation operator

=, !=, <, >, <=, >=, IS Comparison Operators

NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN

NOT Logical negation operator

&& or AND Conjunction operator

OR Inclusion operator

For Example,

UPDATE employee
SET salary = 20 - 3 * 5 WHERE Emp_Id = 5;

In the above SQL example, salary is assigned 5, not 85, because the *
(Multiplication)

Operator has higher precedence than the - (subtraction) operator, so it first

gets multiplied with 3*5 and then subtracts from 20.

Types of Operator
SQL operators are categorized in the following categories:

1. SQL Arithmetic Operators

2. SQL Comparison Operators
3. SQL Logical Operators
4. SQL Set Operators
5. SQL Bit-wise Operators
6. SQL Unary Operators

Let's discuss each operator with their types.

 SQL Arithmetic Operators
The Arithmetic Operators perform the mathematical operation on the
numerical data of the SQL tables. These operators perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division operations on the numerical
operands.

Following are the various arithmetic operators performed on the

SQL data:

1. SQL Addition Operator (+)

2. SQL Subtraction Operator (-)
3. SQL Multiplication Operator (+)
4. SQL Division Operator (-)
5. SQL Modulus Operator (+)

SQL Addition Operator (+)

The Addition Operator in SQL performs the addition on the numerical data
of the database table. In SQL, we can easily add the numerical values of two
columns of the same table by specifying both the column names as the first
and second operand. We can also add the numbers to the existing numbers
of the specific column.

Syntax of SQL Addition Operator:

1. SELECT operand1 + operand2;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Addition Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_Monthlybonus.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp Monthlybonus

101 Tushar 25000 4000

102 Anuj 30000 200

 o Suppose, we want to add 20,000 to the salary of each employee
specified in the table. Then, we have to write the following query in the
SQL:

SELECT Emp_Salary + 20000 as Emp_New_Salary FROM Employee_details;

In this query, we have performed the SQL addition operation on the single
column of the given table.

o Suppose, we want to add the Salary and monthly bonus columns of the
above table, then we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT Emp_Salary + Emp_Monthlybonus as Emp_Total_Salary FROM Emplo

yee_details;

In this query, we have added two columns with each other of the above
table.

SQL Subtraction Operator (-)

The Subtraction Operator in SQL performs the subtraction on the numerical
data of the database table. In SQL, we can easily subtract the numerical
values of two columns of the same table by specifying both the column
names as the first and second operand. We can also subtract the number
from the existing number of the specific table column.

Syntax of SQL Subtraction Operator:

1. SELECT operand1 - operand2;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Subtraction Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_Monthlybonus.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Penalty

201 Abhay 25000 200

202 Sumit 30000 500

 o Suppose we want to subtract 5,000 from the salary of each employee
given in the Employee_details table. Then, we have to write the
following query in the SQL:

SELECT Emp_Salary - 5000 as Emp_New_Salary FROM Employee_details;

In this query, we have performed the SQL subtraction operation on the single
column of the given table.

o If we want to subtract the penalty from the salary of each employee,

then we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT Emp_Salary - Penalty as Emp_Total_Salary FROM Employee_details;

SQL Multiplication Operator (*)

The Multiplication Operator in SQL performs the Multiplication on the
numerical data of the database table. In SQL, we can easily multiply the
numerical values of two columns of the same table by specifying both the
column names as the first and second operand.

Syntax of SQL Multiplication Operator:

SELECT operand1 * operand2;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Multiplication Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_Monthlybonus.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Penalty

201 Abhay 25000 200

202 Sumit 30000 500

 o Suppose, we want to double the salary of each employee given in
the Employee_details table. Then, we have to write the following query in
the SQL:

1. SELECT Emp_Salary * 2 as Emp_New_Salary FROM Employee_details;

In this query, we have performed the SQL multiplication operation on the

single column of the given table.

o If we want to multiply the Emp_Id column to Emp_Salary column of that

employee whose Emp_Id is 202, then we have to write the following query in
SQL:

1. SELECT Emp_Id * Emp_Salary as Emp_Id * Emp_Salary FROM Employee_details WHE

RE Emp_Id = 202;

In this query, we have multiplied the values of two columns by using the
WHERE clause.

SQL Division Operator (/)

The Division Operator in SQL divides the operand on the left side by the
operand on the right side.

Syntax of SQL Division Operator:

1. SELECT operand1 / operand2;

In SQL, we can also divide the numerical values of one column by another
column of the same table by specifying both column names as the first and
second operand.

We can also perform the division operation on the stored numbers in the
column of the SQL table.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Division Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.
 Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 25000

202 Sumit 30000

o Suppose, we want to half the salary of each employee given in the

Employee_details table. For this operation, we have to write the following
query in the SQL:

1. SELECT Emp_Salary / 2 as Emp_New_Salary FROM Employee_details;

In this query, we have performed the SQL division operation on the single
column of the given table.

SQL Modulus Operator (%)

The Modulus Operator in SQL provides the remainder when the operand on
the left side is divided by the operand on the right side.

Syntax of SQL Modulus Operator:

1. SELECT operand1 % operand2;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Modulus Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of a Division table, which has three

columns Number, First_operand, and Second_operand.

Number First operand Second operand

1 56 4

2 32 8

3 89 9
 4 18 10

5 10 5

o If we want to get the remainder by dividing the numbers of First_operand

column by the numbers of Second_operand column, then we have to write
the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT First_operand % Second_operand as Remainder FROM Employee_details;

SQL Comparison Operators

The Comparison Operators in SQL compare two different data of SQL table
and check whether they are the same, greater, and lesser. The SQL
comparison operators are used with the WHERE clause in the SQL queries

Following are the various comparison operators which are

performed on the data stored in the SQL database tables:

1. SQL Equal Operator (=)

2. SQL Not Equal Operator (!=)
3. SQL Greater Than Operator (>)
4. SQL Greater Than Equals to Operator (>=)
5. SQL Less Than Operator (<)\
6. SQL Less Than Equals to Operator (<=)

SQL Equal Operator (=)

This operator is highly used in SQL queries. The Equal Operator in SQL
shows only data that matches the specified value in the query.

This operator returns TRUE records from the database table if the value of
both operands specified in the query is matched.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Equal Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.
 Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 30000

202 Ankit 40000

203 Bheem 30000

204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 30000

o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose salary is 30000. Then, we have to write
the following query in the SQL database:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary = 30000;

In this example, we used the SQL equal operator with WHERE clause for
getting the records of those employees whose salary is 30000.

SQL Equal Not Operator (!=)

The Equal Not Operator in SQL shows only those data that do not match
the query's specified value.

This operator returns those records or rows from the database views and
tables if the value of both operands specified in the query is not matched
with each other.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Equal Not Operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

 201 Abhay 45000

202 Ankit 45000

203 Bheem 30000

204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 29000

o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose salary is not 45000. Then, we have to
write the following query in the SQL database:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary != 45000;

In this example, we used the SQL equal not operator with WHERE clause for
getting the records of those employees whose salary is not 45000.

SQL Greater Than Operator (>)

The Greater Than Operator in SQL shows only those data which are
greater than the value of the right-hand operand.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Greater ThanOperator (>) in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 45000

202 Ankit 45000

203 Bheem 30000

 204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 29000

o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose employee id is greater than 202. Then,
we have to write the following query in the SQL database:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id > 202;

Here, SQL greater than operator displays the records of those employees
from the above table whose Employee Id is greater than 202.

SQL Greater Than Equals to Operator (>=)

The Greater Than Equals to Operator in SQL shows those data from the
table which are greater than and equal to the value of the right-hand
operand.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

greater than equals to the operator (>=) in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 45000

202 Ankit 45000

203 Bheem 30000

204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 29000

 o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from
the Employee_details table whose employee id is greater than and equals
to 202. For this, we have to write the following query in the SQL database:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id >= 202;

Here,'SQL greater than equals to operator' with WHERE clause displays

the rows of those employees from the table whose Employee Id is greater
than and equals to 202.

SQL Less Than Operator (<)

The Less Than Operator in SQL shows only those data from the database
tables which are less than the value of the right-side operand.

This comparison operator checks that the left side operand is lesser than the
right side operand. If the condition becomes true, then this operator in SQL
displays the data which is less than the value of the right-side operand.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

less than operator (<) in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 45000

202 Ankit 45000

203 Bheem 30000

204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 29000

 o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from
the Employee_details table whose employee id is less than 204. For this, we
have to write the following query in the SQL database:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id < 204;

Here,SQL less than operator with WHERE clause displays the records of
those employees from the above table whose Employee Id is less than 204.

SQL Less Than Equals to Operator (<=)

The Less Than Equals to Operator in SQL shows those data from the table
which are lesser and equal to the value of the right-side operand.

This comparison operator checks that the left side operand is lesser and
equal to the right side operand.

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

less than equals to the operator (<=) in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, and Emp_Salary.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary

201 Abhay 45000

202 Ankit 45000

203 Bheem 30000

204 Ram 29000

205 Sumit 29000

o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose employee id is less and equals 203. For
this, we have to write the following query in the SQL database:
1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id <= 203;

Here, SQL less than equals to the operator with WHERE clause displays
the rows of those employees from the table whose Employee Id is less than
and equals 202.

SQL Logical Operators

The Logical Operators in SQL perform the Boolean operations, which give
two results True and False. These operators provide True value if both
operands match the logical condition.

Following are the various logical operators which are performed on

the data stored in the SQL database tables:

1. SQL ALL operator

2. SQL AND operator
3. SQL OR operator
4. SQL BETWEEN operator
5. SQL IN operator
6. SQL NOT operator
7. SQL ANY operator
8. SQL LIKE operator

SQL ALL Operator

The ALL operator in SQL compares the specified value to all the values of a
column from the sub-query in the SQL database.

This operator is always used with the following statement:

1. SELECT,
2. HAVING, and
3. WHERE.

Syntax of ALL operator:

1. SELECT column_Name1, ...., column_NameN FROM table_Name WHERE column Com
parison_operator ALL (SELECT column FROM tablename2)

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

ALL logical operators in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Gurgaon

202 Ankit 45000 Delhi

203 Bheem 30000 Jaipur

204 Ram 29000 Mumbai

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o If we want to access the employee id and employee names of those

employees from the table whose salaries are greater than the salary of
employees who lives in Jaipur city, then we have to type the following query
in SQL.

1. SELECT Emp_Id, Emp_Name FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary > ALL ( SE

LECT Emp_Salary FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_City = Jaipur)

Here, we used the SQL ALL operator with greater than the operator.

SQL AND Operator

The AND operator in SQL would show the record from the database table if
all the conditions separated by the AND operator evaluated to True. It is also
known as the conjunctive operator and is used with the WHERE clause.

Syntax of AND operator:

1. SELECT column1, ...., columnN FROM table_Name WHERE condition1 AND condition
2 AND condition3 AND ....... AND conditionN;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

AND logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Delhi

202 Ankit 45000 Chandigarh

203 Bheem 30000 Delhi

204 Ram 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose salary is 25000 and the city is Delhi. For
this, we have to write the following query in SQL:
1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary = 25000 OR Emp_City
= 'Delhi';

Here,SQL AND operator with WHERE clause shows the record of

employees whose salary is 25000 and the city is Delhi.

SQL OR Operator
The OR operator in SQL shows the record from the table if any of the
conditions separated by the OR operator evaluates to True. It is also known
as the conjunctive operator and is used with the WHERE clause.

Syntax of OR operator:
1. SELECT column1, ...., columnN FROM table_Name WHERE condition1 OR condition2
OR condition3 OR ....... OR conditionN;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

OR logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Delhi

202 Ankit 45000 Chandigarh

203 Bheem 30000 Delhi

204 Ram 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o If we want to access all the records of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose salary is 25000 or the city is Delhi. For
this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary = 25000 OR Emp_City = 'Del

hi';

Here, SQL OR operator with WHERE clause shows the record of employees
whose salary is 25000 or the city is Delhi.

SQL BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN operator in SQL shows the record within the range
mentioned in the SQL query. This operator operates on the numbers,
characters, and date/time operands.

If there is no value in the given range, then this operator shows NULL value.
 Syntax of BETWEEN operator:

1. SELECT column_Name1, column_Name2 ...., column_NameN FROM table_Name WH

ERE column_nameBETWEEN value1 and value2;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

BETWEEN logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Delhi

202 Ankit 45000 Chandigarh

203 Bheem 30000 Delhi

204 Ram 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to access all the information of those employees from

the Employee_details table who is having salaries between 20000 and
40000. For this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 45000;

Here, we used the SQL BETWEEN operator with the Emp_Salary field.

SQL IN Operator
The IN operator in SQL allows database users to specify two or more values
in a WHERE clause. This logical operator minimizes the requirement of
multiple OR conditions.
 This operator makes the query easier to learn and understand. This operator
returns those rows whose values match with any value of the given list.

Syntax of IN operator:

1. SELECT column_Name1, column_Name2 ...., column_NameN FROM table_Name WH

ERE column_name IN (list_of_values);

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

IN logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has three

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Delhi

202 Ankit 45000 Chandigarh

203 Bheem 30000 Delhi

204 Ram 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to show all the information of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose Employee Id is 202, 204, and 205. For
this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id IN (202, 204, 205);

Here, we used the SQL IN operator with the Emp_Id column.

o Suppose, we want to show all the information of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose Employee Id is not equal to 202 and
205. For this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Id NOT IN (202,205);

 Here, we used the SQL NOT IN operator with the Emp_Id column.

SQL NOT Operator

The NOT operator in SQL shows the record from the table if the condition
evaluates to false. It is always used with the WHERE clause.

Syntax of NOT operator:

1. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name WHERE NOT condition;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

NOT logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Abhay 25000 Delhi

202 Ankit 45000 Chandigarh

203 Bheem 30000 Delhi

204 Ram 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to show all the information of those employees from

the Employee_details table whose Cityis not Delhi. For this, we have to
write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE NOT Emp_City = 'Delhi' ;

In this example, we used the SQL NOT operator with the Emp_City column.
 o Suppose, we want to show all the information of those employees from
the Employee_details table whose Cityis not Delhi and Chandigarh. For this,
we have to write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE NOT Emp_City = 'Delhi' AND NOT Emp_Cit
y = 'Chandigarh';

In this example, we used the SQL NOT operator with the Emp_City column.

SQL ANY Operator

The ANY operator in SQL shows the records when any of the values
returned by the sub-query meet the condition.

The ANY logical operator must match at least one record in the inner query
and must be preceded by any SQL comparison operator.

Syntax of ANY operator:

1. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name WHERE column_name co

mparison_operator ANY ( SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition
(s)) ;
SQL LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator in SQL shows those records from the table which match
with the given pattern specified in the sub-query.

The percentage (%) sign is a wildcard which is used in conjunction with this
logical operator.

This operator is used in the WHERE clause with the following three
statements:

1. SELECT statement
2. UPDATE statement
3. DELETE statement

Syntax of LIKE operator:

1. SELECT column_Name1, column_Name2 ...., column_NameN FROM table_Name WH
ERE column_name LIKE pattern;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

LIKE logical operator in SQL query:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Chandigarh

203 Saket 30000 Delhi

204 Abhay 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o If we want to show all the information of those employees from

the Employee_details whose name starts with ''s''. For this, we have to
write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Name LIKE 's%' ;

In this example, we used the SQL LIKE operator with Emp_Name column
because we want to access the record of those employees whose name
starts with s.

o If we want to show all the information of those employees from

the Employee_detailswhose name ends with ''y''. For this, we have to write
the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Name LIKE '%y' ;

 o If we want to show all the information of those employees from
the Employee_detailswhose name starts with ''S'' and ends with ''y''. For
this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

1. SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE Emp_Name LIKE 'S%y' ;

SQL Set Operators

The Set Operators in SQL combine a similar type of data from two or more
SQL database tables. It mixes the result, which is extracted from two or more
SQL queries, into a single result.

Set operators combine more than one select statement in a single query and
return a specific result set.

Following are the various set operators which are performed on the
similar data stored in the two SQL database tables:

1. SQL Union Operator

2. SQL Union ALL Operator
3. SQL Intersect Operator
4. SQL Minus Operator

SQL Union Operator

The SQL Union Operator combines the result of two or more SELECT
statements and provides the single output.

The data type and the number of columns must be the same for each
SELECT statement used with the UNION operator. This operator does not
show the duplicate records in the output table.

Syntax of UNION Set operator:

1. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name1 [WHERE conditions]

2. UNION
3. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name2 [WHERE conditions];

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Union operator in Structured Query Language:
 In this example, we used two tables. Both tables have four
columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Delhi

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

Table: Employee_details1

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

204 Saurabh 40000 Delhi

205 Ram 30000 Kerala

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

Table: Employee_details2

o Suppose, we want to see the employee name and employee id of each

employee from both tables in a single output. For this, we have to write the
following query in SQL:

1. SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Name FROM Employee_details1

2. UNION
3. SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Name FROM Employee_details2 ;
SQL Union ALL Operator
The SQL Union Operator is the same as the UNION operator, but the only
difference is that it also shows the same record.
 Syntax of UNION ALL Set operator:

1. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name1 [WHERE conditions]

2. UNION ALL
3. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name2 [WHERE conditions];

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Union ALL operator in Structured Query Language:

In this example, we used two tables. Both tables have four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Delhi

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

Table: Employee_details1

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

204 Saurabh 40000 Delhi

205 Ram 30000 Kerala

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

Table: Employee_details2

o If we want to see the employee name of each employee of both tables in a

single output. For this, we have to write the following query in SQL:
1. SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details1
2. UNION ALL
3. SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details2 ;
SQL Intersect Operator
The SQL Intersect Operator shows the common record from two or more
SELECT statements. The data type and the number of columns must be the
same for each SELECT statement used with the INTERSECT operator.

Syntax of INTERSECT Set operator:

1. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name1 [WHERE conditions]

2. INTERSECT
3. SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM table_Name2 [WHERE conditions];

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

INTERSECT operator in Structured Query Language:

In this example, we used two tables. Both tables have four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Delhi

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

Table: Employee_details1

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

204 Saurabh 40000 Delhi

 205 Ram 30000 Kerala

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

Table: Employee_details2

Suppose, we want to see a common record of the employee from both the
tables in a single output. For this, we have to write the following query in
SQL:

SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details1

INTERSECT
SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details2 ;
SQL Minus Operator
The SQL Minus Operator combines the result of two or more SELECT
statements and shows only the results from the first data set.

Syntax of MINUS operator:

SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM First_tablename [WHERE conditions]

MINUS
SELECT column1, column2 ...., columnN FROM Second_tablename [WHERE condition
s];

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

INTERSECT operator in Structured Query Language:

In this example, we used two tables. Both tables have four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Delhi

 203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

Table: Employee_details1

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

203 Saket 30000 Aligarh

204 Saurabh 40000 Delhi

205 Ram 30000 Kerala

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

Table: Employee_details2

Suppose, we want to see the name of employees from the first result set
after the combination of both tables. For this, we have to write the following
query in SQL:

SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details1

MINUS
SELECT Emp_Name FROM Employee_details2 ;

SQL Unary Operators

The Unary Operators in SQL perform the unary operations on the single
data of the SQL table, i.e., these operators operate only on one operand.

These types of operators can be easily operated on the numeric data value
of the SQL table.

Following are the various unary operators which are performed on

the numeric data stored in the SQL table:

1. SQL Unary Positive Operator

2. SQL Unary Negative Operator
 3. SQL Unary Bitwise NOT Operator

SQL Unary Positive Operator

The SQL Positive (+) operator makes the numeric value of the SQL table
positive.

Syntax of Unary Positive Operator

1. SELECT +(column1), +(column2) ...., +(columnN) FROM table_Name [WHERE conditi

ons] ;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

a Positive unary operator on the data of SQL table:

This example consists of anEmployee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Chandigarh

203 Saket 30000 Delhi

204 Abhay 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to see the salary of each employee as positive from the
Employee_details table. For this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT +Emp_Salary Employee_details ;

SQL Unary Negative Operator
The SQL Negative (-) operator makes the numeric value of the SQL table
negative.
Syntax of Unary Negative Operator

SELECT -(column_Name1), -(column_Name2) ...., -(column_NameN) FROM table_Na

me [WHERE conditions] ;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Negative unary operator on the data of SQL table:

This example consists of an Employee_details table, which has four

columns Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Salary, and Emp_City.

Emp Id Emp Name Emp Salary Emp City

201 Sanjay 25000 Delhi

202 Ajay 45000 Chandigarh

203 Saket 30000 Delhi

204 Abhay 25000 Delhi

205 Sumit 40000 Kolkata

o Suppose, we want to see the salary of each employee as negative from the
Employee_details table. For this, we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT -Emp_Salary Employee_details ;

o Suppose, we want to see the salary of those employees as negative whose
city is Kolkatain the Employee_details table. For this, we have to write the
following query in SQL:

SELECT -Emp_Salary Employee_details WHERE Emp_City = 'Kolkata';

SQL Bitwise NOT Operator
The SQL Bitwise NOT operator provides the one's complement of the single
numeric operand. This operator turns each bit of numeric value. If the bit of
any numerical value is 001100, then this operator turns these bits into
110011.
Syntax of Bitwise NOT Operator

SELECT ~(column1), ~(column2) ...., ~(columnN) FROM table_Name [WHERE conditi

ons] ;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

the Bitwise NOT operator on the data of SQL table:

This example consists of aStudent_details table, which has four

columns Roll_No, Stu_Name, Stu_Marks, and Stu_City.

Emp Id Stu Name Stu Marks Stu City

101 Sanjay 85 Delhi

102 Ajay 97 Chandigarh

103 Saket 45 Delhi

104 Abhay 68 Delhi

105 Sumit 60 Kolkata

If we want to perform the Bitwise Not operator on the marks column

of Student_details, we have to write the following query in SQL:

SELECT ~Stu_Marks Employee_details ;

SQL Bitwise Operators

The Bitwise Operators in SQL perform the bit operations on the Integer
values. To understand the performance of Bitwise operators, you just knew
the basics of Boolean algebra.

Following are the two important logical operators which are

performed on the data stored in the SQL database tables:

1. Bitwise AND (&)

2. Bitwise OR(|)
 Bitwise AND (&)
The Bitwise AND operator performs the logical AND operation on the given
Integer values. This operator checks each bit of a value with the
corresponding bit of another value.

Syntax of Bitwise AND Operator

1. SELECT column1 & column2 & .... & columnN FROM table_Name [WHERE conditions]
;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Bitwise AND operator on the data of SQL table:

This example consists of the following table, which has two columns. Each
column holds numerical values.

When we use the Bitwise AND operator in SQL, then SQL converts the values
of both columns in binary format, and the AND operation is performed on the
converted bits.

After that, SQL converts the resultant bits into user understandable format,
i.e., decimal format.

Column1 Column2

1 1

2 5

3 4

4 2

5 3

o Suppose, we want to perform the Bitwise AND operator between both the
columns of the above table. For this, we have to write the following query in
SQL:
1. SELECT Column1 & Column2 From TABLE_AND ;
Bitwise OR (|)
The Bitwise OR operator performs the logical OR operation on the given
Integer values. This operator checks each bit of a value with the
corresponding bit of another value.

Syntax of Bitwise OR Operator

1. SELECT column1 | column2 | .... | columnN FROM table_Name [WHERE conditions] ;

Let's understand the below example which explains how to execute

Bitwise OR operator on the data of SQL table:

This example consists of a table that has two columns. Each column holds
numerical values.

When we used the Bitwise OR operator in SQL, then SQL converts the values
of both columns in binary format, and the OR operation is performed on the
binary bits. After that, SQL converts the resultant binary bits into user
understandable format, i.e., decimal format.

Column1 Column2

1 1

2 5

3 4

4 2

5 3

o Suppose, we want to perform the Bitwise OR operator between both the

columns of the above table. For this, we have to write the following query in
SQL:

1. SELECT Column1 | Column2 From TABLE_OR ;

 SQL Create Database
In SQL, the 'Create Database' statement is a first step for storing the
structured data in the database.

The database developers and the users use this statement in SQL for
creating the new database in the database systems. It creates the database
with the name which has been specified in the Create Database statement.

Syntax of Create Database statement in SQL

1. CREATE DATABASE Database_Name;

In this syntax, Database_Name specifies the name of the database which

we want to create in the system. We have to type the database name in
query just after the 'Create Database' keyword.

Following are the most important points which are required to learn while
creating a database:

o The database we want to create should be a simple and unique name, which
can be easily identified.
o Database name should be no more than 128 characters.

Syntax of Create Database statement in MySQL

The same command is used in MySQL to create the new database for storing
the structured data.

1. CREATE DATABASE Database_Name;

Syntax of Create Database in Oracle
There is no need to create the database in Oracle systems. In the Oracle
database, we can directly create the database tables.

Examples of Create Database statement in SQL

In this article, we took the following two examples which will help how to run
and perform the Create Database query in SQL:

Example 1:
This example creates the Student database. To create the Student
database, you have to type the following command in Structured Query
Language:

CREATE DATABASE Student ;

When this query is executed successfully, then it will show the following
output:

Database created successfully

You can also verify that your database is created in SQL or not by using the
following query:

SHOW DATABASE ;

SQL does not allow developers to create the database with the existing
database name. Suppose if you want to create another Student database in
the same database system, then the Create Database statement will show
the following error in the output:

Can't create database 'Student'; database exists

So, firstly you have to delete the existing database by using the Drop
Statement. You can also replace the existing database with the help of
Replace keyword.

If you want to replace the existing Student database, then you have to type
the following SQL query:

CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE Student ;

Example 2:

Suppose, we want to create the Employee database in the system.

Firstly, we have to type the following command in Structured Query

Language:

CREATE DATABASE Employee ;

When this query is executed successfully, then it will show the following
output:

Database created successfully

 You can also check that your database is created in SQL by typing the
following query:

SHOW DATABASE ;

We know that SQL does not allow developers to create the database with the
existing database name.

Suppose, we want to create another Employee database in the same database

system, firstly, we have to delete the existing database using a drop statement, or
we have to replace the existing Employee database with the help of the 'replace'
keyword.

To replace the existing Employee database with a new Employee database,

we have to type the following query in SQL:

CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE Employee;

SQL DROP Database

The SQL Drop Database statement deletes the existing database
permanently from the database system. This statement deletes all the views
and tables if stored in the database, so be careful while using this query in
SQL.

Following are the most important points which are required to learn before
removing the database from the database system:

o This statement deletes all the data from the database. If you want to restore
the deleted data in the future, you should keep the backup of data of that
database which you want to delete.
o Another most important point is that you cannot delete that database from
the system which is currently in use by another database user. If you do so,
then the drop statement shows the following error on screen:

1. Cannot drop database "name_of_the_database" because it is currently in use.

Syntax of Drop Database Statement in SQL
1. DROP DATABASE Database_Name;

In this SQL syntax, we have to specify the name of that database which we
want to delete permanently from the database system. We have to write the
name of the database after the DROP DATABASE keyword in every example.
 We can also delete multiple databases easily by using the single DROP
syntax:

1. DROP DATABASE Database_Name1, [ Database_Name2, ......., Database_NameN ]

;

Using this statement, we have no need to write multiple statements for

deleting multiple databases. We can specify all the databases by using a
comma in a single statement, as shown in the above syntax.

Examples of Drop Database Statement in SQL

In this article, we took the following two examples that will help how to run
and perform the Drop Database query in SQL:

Example1:

Suppose, we want to delete the Student database with all its data from the
database system so, firstly we have to check that the Student database
exists in the system or not by using the following statement:

SHOW DATABASES ;

If the Student database is shown in the output, then we have to type the
following query in SQL for removing the Student database

DROP DATABASE Student;

If the Student database does not exist in the database system and we run
the above query in SQL, then the query will show the following output.

xample2:

Suppose, we want to delete the College database with all its tables and
views from the database system, firstly we have to check that if the College
database exists in the system or not by using the following statement:

SHOW DATABASES;

If the College database is shown in the output, then you have to type the
following query in SQL for removing the College database permanently:

DROP DATABASE College;

If the College database does not exist in the database system, and we run
the above query in SQL, then this query will show the following output:

Can't drop database 'College'; database doesn't exist