FOC

Computer
Fundamentals
&
Programming
Presented By
Mohammad Anwar Hossain
Lecturer
Department of CSE
World University of Bangladesh

1
 Introduction of DBMS (Database
Management System)

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a

software system that is designed to manage and
organize data in a structured manner. It allows
users to create, modify, and query a database, as
well as manage the security and access controls for
that database.
 Key Features of DBMS
• Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating
and modifying data models, which define the
structure and relationships of the data in a database.
• Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for
storing and retrieving data from the database, and can
provide various methods for searching and querying
the data.
• Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms
for controlling concurrent access to the database, to
ensure that multiple users can access the data without
conflicting with each other.
 Key Features of DBMS
• Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools
for enforcing data integrity and security
constraints, such as constraints on the values of
data and access controls that restrict who can
access the data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides
mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
• DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS) and Non-
Relational Database Management System (NoSQL
or Non-SQL)
 Key Features of DBMS
• RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and
each table has a set of rows and columns. The data
are related to each other through primary and
foreign keys.
• NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value
pairs, documents, graphs, or column-based. These
are designed to handle large-scale, high-
performance scenarios.
 Key Features of DBMS
• A database is a collection of interrelated data
which helps in the efficient retrieval, insertion, and
deletion of data from the database and organizes
the data in the form of tables, views, schemas,
reports, etc. For Example, a university database
organizes the data about students, faculty, admin
staff, etc. which helps in the efficient retrieval,
insertion, and deletion of data from it.
 Database Languages
• Data Definition Language
• Data Manipulation Language
• Data Control Language
• Transactional Control Language
 Data Definition Language
• DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language,
which deals with database schemas and descriptions,
of how the data should reside in the database.
• CREATE: to create a database and its objects like
(table, index, views, store procedure, function, and
triggers)
• ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
• DROP: delete objects from the database
• TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including
all spaces allocated for the records are removed
• COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
• RENAME: rename an object
 Data Manipulation Language
• DML is the short name for Data Manipulation
Language which deals with data manipulation and
includes most common SQL statements such
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is
used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update
data in a database.
 Data Manipulation Language
• SELECT: retrieve data from a database
• INSERT: insert data into a table
• UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
• DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
• MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
• CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
• EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access
path
• LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control
 Data Control Language
• DCL is short for Data Control Language which acts
as an access specifier to the database.(basically to
grant and revoke permissions to users in the
database
• GRANT: grant permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) commands on the
table
• REVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for
running DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) command
on the specified table
 Transactional Control Language
• TCL is short for Transactional Control Language
which acts as an manager for all types of
transactional data and all transactions.Some of the
command of TCL are
• Roll Back: Used to cancel or Undo changes made
in the database
• Commit: It is used to apply or save changes in the
database
• Save Point: It is used to save the data on the
temporary basis in the database
 Database Management System
The software which is used to manage databases is
called Database Management System (DBMS). For
Example, MySQL, Oracle, etc. are popular
commercial DBMS used in different applications.
DBMS allows users the following tasks:
• Data Definition: It helps in the creation,
modification, and removal of definitions that
define the organization of data in the database.
 Database Management System
• Data Updation: It helps in the insertion,
modification, and deletion of the actual data in the
database.
• Data Retrieval: It helps in the retrieval of data from
the database which can be used by applications for
various purposes.
• User Administration: It helps in registering and
monitoring users, enforcing data security,
monitoring performance, maintaining data
integrity, dealing with concurrency control, and
recovering information corrupted by unexpected
failure.
 Advantages of DBMS
• Data organization: A DBMS allows for the
organization and storage of data in a structured
manner, making it easy to retrieve and query the
data as needed.
• Data integrity: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
enforcing data integrity constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access
controls that restrict who can access the data.
• Concurrent access: A DBMS provides mechanisms
for controlling concurrent access to the database,
to ensure that multiple users can access the data
without conflicting with each other.
 Advantages of DBMS
• Data security: A DBMS provides tools for managing
the security of the data, such as controlling access
to the data and encrypting sensitive data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides
mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
• Data sharing: A DBMS allows multiple users to
access and share the same data, which can be
useful in a collaborative work environment.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
• Complexity: DBMS can be complex to set up and
maintain, requiring specialized knowledge and
skills.
• Performance overhead: The use of a DBMS can
add overhead to the performance of an
application, especially in cases where high levels of
concurrency are required.
• Scalability: The use of a DBMS can limit the
scalability of an application, since it requires the
use of locking and other synchronization
mechanisms to ensure data consistency.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost: The cost of purchasing, maintaining and
upgrading a DBMS can be high, especially for large
or complex systems.
• Limited Use Cases: Not all use cases are suitable
for a DBMS, some solutions don’t need high
reliability, consistency or security and may be
better served by other types of data storage.
 Several Types of DBMS
• Relational DBMS (RDBMS): An RDBMS stores data
in tables with rows and columns, and uses SQL
(Structured Query Language) to manipulate the
data.
• Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): An OODBMS
stores data as objects, which can be manipulated
using object-oriented programming languages.
• NoSQL DBMS: A NoSQL DBMS stores data in non-
relational data structures, such as key-value pairs,
document-based models, or graph models.
Thank You