Electronics & Robotics

▪ Open-source electronic prototyping platform enabling users to create

interactive electronic objects (https://www.arduino.cc/en/about)
▪ an easy to learn, open-source programmable electronics platform
(MakeUseOf, 2021)

▪ Basically Arduino is Microcontroller.

▪ With Arduino, you can control almost everything around you be it simple LED
or giant Robots.

▪ Arduino is the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists, students, and anyone with a
gadgetry dream.

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▪ The key component of an Arduino board is the microcontroller.
▪ Traditionally, microcontrollers are pretty complicated to use.
▪ The user manual for one is easily over 300 pages long, and it’s filled
with tons of technical jargon.
▪ What the creators of Arduino did was make using microcontrollers as
easy as possible.
▪ So instead of just electrical engineers and computer scientists using
microcontrollers, now pretty much anybody can get their hands dirty
on them, and start building stuff.

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 TRIFECTA
ARDUINO Board
▪ Hardware (Circuit Board) – the physical component of the Arduino

ARDUINO IDE
▪ Integrated Development Environment – the software where code is
programmed

ARDUINO Code
▪ Arduino code you write is called a Sketch (a jargon which is the same
w/ program)
▪ a basically C & C++ programming languages but it got some Arduino
specific functions and structure
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 USB
PWR IN
(to Computer)

RESET

SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus) ▪ the Hardware –
the physical
component of
POWER the Arduino
5V / 3.3V /
GND Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10,
11)

Analog
INPUTS

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 Arduino Nano Arduino LilyPad

Arduino Mega 2560

DIY Arduino

Arduino Uno

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a Microcontroller
Development Board

Microcontroller is
microprocessor with memory,
RAM and some other
peripheral connected with it.

The Arduino Uno is a

microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328 .
The ATmega328 has Flash
memory of 32 KB (with 0.5 KB
used for the bootloader). It
also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1
KB of EEPROM
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▪ What does it have?
▪ 14 Digital In/Out pins (6 can be used as PWM)
▪ 6 Analog Inputs
▪ A USB Connection
▪ A Power Jack
▪ Reset Button
▪ On-board LED
▪ SCL/SDA pins (Serial Clock/ Serial Data pins)

▪ In short, it contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

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Digital pins:
▪ 14 digital IO pins
▪ 6 are PWM pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11).

Analog pins:
▪ 6 analog pins(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, and
A5)
▪ Takes analog values as an input

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▪Microcontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF. Also called – discrete.

▪Analog signals are anything that can be a full range of values.

5V 5V

0V 0V

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▪Analog Sensors ▪Digital Sensors
•Digital sensors are more
Sensors Variables straight forward than Analog.
•No matter what the sensor
Mic soundVolume there are only two settings: On
Photoresistor lightLevel and Off
Potentiometer dialPosition
•Example, Push button, Switch
Temp Sensor temperature
Flex Sensor bend
Accelerometer tilt/acceleration

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13
▪ the software where
code is programmed
▪ or Arduino Software
(IDE) - contains a text
editor for writing
code, a message area,
a text console, a
toolbar with buttons
for common functions
and a series of
menus. It connects to
the Arduino hardware
to upload programs
and communicate
with them
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▪ You need to download Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
▪ Arduino IDE is available for all Mac, Windows.and Linux.

▪ Once you have downloaded and installed/extracted the folder,

you can directly run Arduino.exe, which will take you to its IDE.
▪ The IDE will look like the shown screenshot.

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▪ Before you start programming,
double check that correct board is
selected under Tools → Board.
▪ Now, you can start playing with
Arduino.

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▪ The Arduino Uno can be
programmed with the Arduino
software. Select "Arduino Uno from
the Tools > Board menu (according
to the microcontroller on your
board).
▪ All the peripheral connected with
Computers are using Serial Port.
▪ You can check port for Arduino Uno
in Device Manger.

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 VERIFY SERIAL
MONITOR
UPLOAD
NEW TAB
OPEN CODE GOES
SAVE HERE
BOARD &
SERIAL PORT
SELECTIONS

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 Upload

Compile

Status Message
error & status messages

19
▪ Arduino programming
language (API) can be
divided in three main
parts: functions, values
(variables and
constants), and
structure.

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▪ setup() function
• Called when a sketch starts.
• To initialize variables, pin modes, start using
libraries, etc.
• Will only run once, after each power-up or reset
of the Arduino board.
▪ loop() function
• Loops consecutively.
• Code in the loop() section of the sketch is used
to actively control the Arduino board.
▪ Commenting
• Any line that starts with two slashes (//) will not
be read by the compiler, so you can write
anything you want after it.
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▪ Comments are for you – the programmer and
your friends…or anyone else human that
might read your code.

comments
// this is for single line comments

// it’s good to put a description at

the top and before anything ‘tricky’

/* this is for multi-line comments

Like this…
And this….
*/
 digitalWrite()

BIG 6 CONCEPTS
analogWrite()

digitalRead()

if() statements / Boolean

analogRead()

Serial communication

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
29
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▪ pinMode()
▪ Instruction used to set the mode (INPUT or OUTPUT) in
which we are going to use a pin.
▪ Eg: pinMode (13, OUTPUT);
▪ ie. setting pin13 as output.

▪ digitalWrite()
• Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin.
• Eg: digitalWrite (11, HIGH);
• ie. setting pin 11 to high.

33
▪ delay()
• Pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds)
specified as parameter.
• Eg: delay(1000);
• ie. waits for a second (1000 ms = 1 s)

▪ digitalRead()
• Reads the value from a specified digital pin,
either HIGH or LOW
• Eg: int inPin=7;
val = digitalRead(inPin);
• ie. reads the value from inPin and assigns it to val.

34
▪ “Serial” because data is broken into bits, each sent one after another in a single
wire.

▪ Compiling turns your program into binary data (ones and zeros)

▪ Uploading sends the bits through USB cable to the Arduino

▪ The two LEDs near the USB connector blink when data is transmitted.
▪ RX blinks when the Arduino is receiving data.
▪ TX blinks when the Arduino is transmitting data

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Basic Coding
▪ Pin 13 is connected to a Test LED
▪ Pseudo-code – how should this work?

Turn Turn Rinse &

Wait Wait
LED ON LED OFF Repeat

Procedure:
1. Connect your Board to the IDE by selecting the board and port
Go to: Tools > Board > Arduino AVR Boards > Arduino Uno
Tools > Port > COM#
2. Check the BOARD & SERIAL PORT SELECTIONS at the lower right of IDE for
correctness of Board and Port
▪ pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);
▪ ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

▪ digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);
▪ ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

▪ delay(time_ms);
▪ ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5
sec.

▪ // NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive

1. In void setup(), write the pinMode you want to test and identify if it is input/output
pinMode(pin#, INPUT/OUTPUT)
i.e. pinMode(13, OUTPUT)
// NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive
& always put semicolon (;) after every line

2. In void loop(), write digitalWrite(pin#, HIGH/LOW)

i.e. digitalWrite(13, HIGH)

3. Add a delay
i.e. delay(1000)
// NOTE: -> delay time is in milliseconds

4. Add LOW and delay then Upload

Go to:

File >
Example >
Basic >
Blink

*Test LED code

is LED_BUILTIN

41
Materials Needed: LED, 330Ω resistor, Breadboard, Jumper Wires
Procedure:
1. Connect anode (longer leg) of LED with 330Ω resistor.
2. Connect a jumper wire in the cathode (shorter leg) of LED to GND
or Ground (beside pin13).
3. Connect a jumper wire from 330Ω resistor to pin 13 header.
4. Upload the code.

Image created in Tinkercad

▪ TASK 3: blink with a 200 ms second interval.

▪ TASK 4: find the fastest blink that the human eye can still detect…
1 ms delay? 2 ms delay? 3 ms delay???

▪ TASK 5: blink to mimic a heartbeat

▪ TASK 6: Generate your own Morse Code Flashing (SOS)

▪ TASK 7: make more LED (4) blink!

// NOTE: -> each LED will need its own 330Ω resistor
 FINAL TASK (Task 8)
of Arduino Activity 1

// NOTE -> the picture is

a byte (8-bits), your task
is just 4 bits

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