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C859/D335: Course Tips | Webinar Recordings & Supplemental Videos | Study Guide |
Pacing Guide | How to Pass | Python 'CheatSheet'

# --- variable declaration and assignment ---

myVar = 5 # simple, single variable assignment

myVar = myFunction() # variable assignment... assuming myFunction() returns a value
var1, var2, var3 = 1, 2, 3 # multiple variable assignment
# --- Data Types --- myInteger = 12 # variable assigned an integer
myFloat = 12.0 # variable assigned a float
myString = "twelve" # variable assigned a string
mySecondString = '12' # variable assigned a string
myBoolean = False # variable assigned a Boolean
dataType = type(myFloat) # determines data type/class of object
convInt = int(myFloat) # converts float to an integer
convFloat = float(myInteger) # converts integer to a float
convString = str(myInteger) # converts integer to string
print(round(4.8)) # rounds a float value to the nearest whole number
print(var1) # print command

# --- arithmetic operators ---

print( 2 + 2 )# addition
print( 2 - 2 ) # subtraction
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print( 2 * 2 ) # multiplications
print( 2.1 / 2 ) # division, always results in float: 2.1 / 2 evaluates to 1.05
print( 2.1 // 2 ) # floor divisiion, gives the result of the last even division. Result will be a
"mathematical integer" but whether it's a Python int or float depends on numbers used. 2.1 // 2
evaluates to the float 1.0, while 5 // 2 evaluates to int 2
print( 5 % 2 ) # modulo (integer remainder), 5 % 2 evaluates to 1 (that's the 1 left over to get to 5
after 2 went into 4 evenly... see how floor division and modulo pair so well... 5 // 2 = 2, 5 % 2 = 1)
print( 2 ** 2 ) # power of.. 2**2 evaluates to 4

# --- assignment/reassignment operators ---

myNumt = 10 # assignment
myNum += 5 # "add and"... adds to previous value
myNum -= 5 # "substract and"... subtract from previous value
myNum *= 5 # "multiply and"... multiply by previous value
myNum /= 5 # "divide and"... divide by previous value

# --- comparison operators ---

myNum = 4 print( myNum < 2 ) # less than
print( myNum > 2 ) # greater than
print( myNum <= 4 ) # less than or equal to
print( myNum >= 2 ) # greater than or equal to
print( myNum == 2 ) # equal to print( myNum != 2 ) # not equal to
# --- string operations ---
# view all string methods: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html# string-methods
myCourse = "introduction to programming in Python"
courseLength = len(myCourse) # length function
courseProper = myCourse.title() # capitalizes first letter of each word
confirmLower = myCourse.islower() # determines if the string consists of lowercase characters

statement = "I love Python. Working with Python is amazing because, hello, it's Python!"

countPython = statement.count('Python')

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name = 'John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt'
name[0:4] # slice a string

username = "Connie"
code = "C859"
userMessage = "Welcome to {}, {}.".format(code, username)
print( userMessage )

myNewPhrase = "cowabunga dude"

mySplitPhraseList = myNewPhrase.split(" ") # split method, returns a list
print(mySplitPhraseList)

# --- function with both input and output ---

def areaOf(width,height):
# function that accepts two inputs
return width * height # function body outputs calculated area
myArea = areaOf(4,6) # function call provides two arguments and saves return value to a variable
-- we can assign a value with this function because it RETURNS a value
print( myArea ) # displays myArea

# --- if / elif / else statements ---

age = 16
if age < 16: # condition will evaluate to either True or False
print('you are not old enough to drive') # if condition is True, execute this block
elif age >= 16 and age <= 18: # second condition will evaluate to either True or False
print('you may drive with adult supervision') # if second condition is True, execute this block
else:
print('you may drive a vehicle') # both earlier conditions are False, execute this block

# --- Boolean operations ---

# Boolean and operation will always be false unless both sides are true
bool01 = True and False # ... so it's False
x=3
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bool01a = (x == 3) and (x > 9) # False!
bool01b = (x == 3) and (x >2) # True!
bool02 = True or False # but that's True! OR combos are True when any single condition is True
(pro tip: generally limit OR to joining 2 conditions -- any more than that and you're likely to have
one evaluate True unexpectedly)
bool03 = not (True and False) # True... since (True and False) is False, so the not flips it to True

# # --- Lists ---

myNumbers = [1, 4.8, 7, 9.2, 3, 0] # creates list
print(myNumbers[3]) # prints the fourth number from the list
print(myNumbers[-1]) # prints the last element from the list
yourNumbers = myNumbers[1:3] # creates a new list (via a slice) with the second and third values
from myNumbers
altNumbers = myNumbers[:3] # creates a new list (slice!) with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd values from
myNumbers
newNumbers = myNumbers[3:] # creates a new list (sliced again!) with 4th, 5th, and 6th values
from myNumbers
matchList = 9.2 in myNumbers # looks for a match and returns Boolean value... True here
noMatch = 9.3 not in myNumbers # ensures a match does not exist in list... also True here since
list does not contain 9.3
listLength = len(myNumbers) # counts items in list
listMax = max(myNumbers) # returns greatest element of list
listMin = min(myNumbers) # returns smallest element of list
listSort = sorted(myNumbers) # returns copy of list ordered smallest to largest
listSortAgain = sorted(myNumbers, reverse=True) # returns copy of list ordered largest to smallest
listSum = sum(myNumbers) # returns total sum of list values
myNames = ['Jessica', 'Connie', 'Amy']
myNames.append('Grace') # new value is added to end of list
myNames.pop() # removes last item from the list
myNames.pop(1) # removes second item from the list
listJoined = ", ".join(myNames) # a string is used to join together values from list
print('Welcome aboard ' + listJoined)

# --- Sets ---

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# note that sets aren't nearly as important to the OA as strings, lists, and dictionaries
idNums = set() # creates a new set, empty
idNums.add(12345) # adds value to set
idNums.add(12367) # adds second value to set
idNums.add(12367) # adds third value to set, but it is duplicate so it will not be added
idNums.discard(12345) # removes value from set, if found
set(myNumbers) # converts the list from line 91 above to a set
list(idNums) # converts the set from line 121 into a list

# --- For Loop ---

# a FOR loop is a natural fit for looping over a container item by item
cities = ['Albany', 'Chicago', 'Boulder', 'Tampa']
for city in cities: # performs commands for each item within list
print('Welcome to the city of ' + city) # or
# print('Welcome to the city of {}'.format(city)) # get to know str.format() or the similar f strings
way of building larger strings... concatenation with + gets old fast

sum = 0
for num in range(1,5): # runs loop for numbers 1 through 4, as range is exclusive of the ending
position
sum += num

# --- While Loop ---

# a WHILE loop is like an IF that repeats as long as its condition stays True
temp = 34
while temp >= 32: # while condition is True loop will iterate
print(temp) temp -= 1 # variable must change state, moving towards satisfying condition
print('it is freezing') # loop is done (note indentation is moved back left), so temp must be down
below 32 now

startValue = 0
while startValue < 20:
startValue += 1

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if startValue == 4: # if statement checks for a specific value
break # stops the flow of the while loop prematurely
print(startValue) # it's 4!

# --- Dictionaries ---

studentGrades = { # dictionary is created
'Orfu': 83, # first entry is added with key of str 'Orfu' and value of int 83
'Bismark': 98,
'Igor': 72
} # end of dictionary
if 'Igor' in studentGrades: # in verifies if key is in dictionary
print('student is in course')
print( studentGrades.get('Bismark') ) # get method looks up value by key, or...
# print(studentGrades['Bismark'] ) # you can use the key as if it was an index (it's not, but the
syntax is the same)
for student in studentGrades: # for loop iterates over each entry in dictionary
print('{}, you earned {} on the final exam'.format(student, studentGrades[student]))

# --- Tuples ---

# tuples aren't as important as strings, lists, and dicts either
# think of a tuple as a row of data... it is IMMUTABLE because you shouldn't just change the order
of columns of data
myPhone = (877, 435, 7948) # tuple is created with three sections of a phone number
print( 'Call WGU at {}-{}-{}'.format(myPhone[0], myPhone[1], myPhone[2]) )

# --- Reading and Writing Files ---

# older, simpler, but more cumbersome syntax for opening files...
f1 = open('/my_path/my_file.txt','r') # opens a file object for reading (read-mode is default)... you
can now use IO/filestream methods like read() and readlines() on f1
f1 = open('/my_path/my_file.txt','w') # opens a file object for writing and deletes what is in the file
previously
f1 = open('/my_path/my_file.txt','a') # opens a file object for appending (don't worry about append
mode for OA, just read and write modes)
f1.read() # reads the data from file into a string

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f1.write('hello, friend') # writes to file
f1.readlines() # returns a list of strings, with each line of the file as one string entry
f1.close() # closes file

# a better structure for opening files!

with open('/my_path/my_file.txt','r') as f: # opens a file, names if f (or whatever you like), performs
operations and automatically closes file
my_lines = []
for line in f: # looping directly over the file is also OK
my_lines.append(line.strip()) # this does essentially the same as what f.readlines() would do,
except usign the string strip() method here removes newline characters
# when you leave the with/open() block the file closes automatically

# --- Modules & Python Standard Library---

# The only modules I would focus on for the exam are math and csv
# math
import math # imports the math module
print('The factorial of 3 is: {}'.format(math.factorial(3)))
print('The largest integer less than or equal to 5.6 is: {}'.format(math.floor(5.6))) # 5
print('The smallest integer greater than or equal to 5.6 is: {}'.format(math.ceil(5.6))) # 6
print('3 to the 5th power is: {}'.format(math.pow(3, 5))) # 243.0
print('The math constant e to the power of 3 equals: {}'.format(math.exp(3))) # don't confuse
math.exp() with math.pow()
print('The square root of 6 is: {}'.format(math.sqrt(6)))

# csv
# reading csv and tsv files without the csv module, using plain old IO/filestream methods, is fine...
# with open("filename.txt", "r") as f:
# # when reading, I grab contents and get out of the open block
# contents = f.read() # whole file as one big string
# contents = f.readlines() # a list of line by line strings, WILL have "\n" at the end of each
# but using csv makes it a little easier...
import csv

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# the reader() method is the only one I suggest knowing
contents = list(csv.reader(f)) # csv.reader(f, delimiter="\t") for .tsv files... I like to recast the reader
as a list.
# does one more step for us... makes a list (since we recast it) of lists instead of the list of strings
we get from readlines()
#[
# ['1', 'Flossie', 'Levey', 'flevey0@jimdo.com', '129.134.226.30'],
# ["2", "Bob"...],
# ...
#]
print(contents)

# other Standard Library modules that are great but not really needed for the exam:
# random
# string (yes, there's a string module beyond the standard str data type)
# datetime
# os
# regex
# webbrowser

# similarly, useful 3rd Party libraries that are good to know out there in the real world... but NOT
NEEDED for exam:
# pip install pytz # used to install package pytz
# import pytz
# imports the package
# beautiful soup - https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/ - parsing HTML and XML
# NumPy - http://www.numpy.org/ - scientific computing, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices
# pandas - http://pandas.pydata.org/ - data manipulation and analysis
# pillow - https://python-pillow.org/ - work with and manipulate images
# pyglet - http://www.pyglet.org/ - multimedia library for developing games
# pytz - http://pytz.sourceforge.net/ - works with time zone data
C859/D335: Course Tips | Webinar Recordings & Supplemental Videos | Study Guide | Pacing Guide |
How to Pass | Python 'CheatSheet'

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