Oral Question Bank For Fundamentals of Java Programming

Unit 1
1. What are the features of java?
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Interpreted
9. High Performance
10. Multithreaded
11. Distributed
12. Dynamic
2. Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
JDK is abbreviated as Java Development Kit which has a physical existence. It can be considered as a kit
inside which resides the JRE along with developing tools within it. The programmers and developers
mostly use it.
JVM is abbreviated as Java Virtual Machine, is basically a dummy machine or you can say an
abstract machine which gives Java programmers a runtime environment for executing the Bytecode.
For each execution of your program, the JDK and JRE come into use, and they go within the JVM
to run the Java source code.
JRE is abbreviated as Java Runtime Environment, as the name suggests used as a package that gives
an environment to run the Java program on your machine
3. What is bytecode?
Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the java run-time system.
Which is called the java virtual machine (JVM). JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.
4. What is a variable? What are the different types of variables?
Variable are locations in the memory that can hold values. Java has three kinds of variable
namely,
Instance variable
Local variable
Class variable
Local variables are used inside blocks as counts or in methods as temporary variables. Once the
block or the method is executed, the variable ceases to exist. Instance variable are used to define
attributes or the state of a particular object. These are used to store information needed by multiple
methods in the objects.
5. What are the difference between static variable and instance variable?
The data or variables, defined within a class are called instance variables.
Instance variables declared as static are, essentially, global variables. When objects of its class are
declared, no copy of a static variable is made.
6.What are primitive datatypes in java?
There are 8 types of primitive data types:
1. boolean data type
 2. byte data type
3. char data type
4. short data type
5. int data type
6. long data type
7. float data type
8. double data type
7. Define Array? How to declare an array?
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. It is a data structure where
we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
There are two types of array.
1. Single Dimensional Array
2. Multidimensional Array
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration
8. List out the operator in Java.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Increment and Decrement Operators
3. Bitewise Operators
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Assignment Operators
9.what is object?
An object is an instance of a class. A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are
created. So, an object is the instance(result) of a class.
1. An object is a real-world entity.
2. An object is a runtime entity.
3. The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
4. The object is an instance of a class.
10.Define Construcor?
Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. Java
constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data
for the object that is why it is known as constructor.
11. What are the Types of java constructors?
There are two types of constructors: 1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor) 2. Parameterized
constructor
12.What is meant by garbage collection?
It frees memory allocated to objects that are not being used by the program any more - hence the
name "garbage".In certain languages like C++, dynamically allocated objects must be manually
released by use of a delete operator. In Java deallocation happens automatically. The technique
that accomplishes this is called garbage collection.
13.Define method?
Methods are functions that operates on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can
communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Just as there are
class and instance variable, there are class and instance methods. Instance methods apply and
operate on an instance of the class while class methods operate on the class.
14. What is the use of ‘this’ Keyword?
1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.
2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
 6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
15. What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain byte codes. These byte codes can be
run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.
16. Why Java is Platform Independent.
Java is platform independent because it can run on any platform i.e on windows,mac etc. ...
Because it contains its own virtual machine which have JRE which runs java program as byte
code. You may have different JRE for differentplatforms .Once you installed it in your system you
can run any java application on it.
17. Why Java is Architecture-Neutral.
Java was designed to support applications on networks. To enable a Javaapplication to execute
anywhere on the network, the compiler generates anarchitecture-neutral object file format--the
compiled code is executable on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime system
18 .What is finalize() method?
Finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage
collection

Unit-2

1. Define method overloading?

In Java it is possible to define two or more methods within the same class that share the same name,
as long as their parameter declarations are different. When this is the case, the methods are said to
be overload, and the process is referred to as method overloading.
2. What is meant by an innerclass?
An inner class is a nested class whose instance exists within an instance of its enclosing class and
has direct access to the instance members of its enclosing instance
class <EnclosingClass>
{
class <InnerClass>
{

}
}
3. What are the uses of the keyword ‘final’?
• The class can be declared as final, if instances or subclasses are not to be created.
• The variables are declared as final, value of the variable must be provided at the time of
declaration.
• The Method can be declared as final indicating that they cannot be overridden by subclasses.
 4. What are static methods?
Static methods and variables can be used independently of any object. To do so, you need only
specify the name of their class following by the dot operator.
5. What is inheritance?
In Object-Oriented programming, inheritance refers to the properties of a class being available to
many other classes. A derived class / sub class is one that has been created from an existing class.
Inheritance is the process of deriving a class from a super class or a base class. No changes are made
to the base class. The derived class has a larger set of properties that its base class. Inheritance has
two advantages
a) Reusability of code
b) Data and methods of a super class are physically available to its subclasses
6. What is the use of ‘Super’ Keyword? Give an example.
Usage of ‘super’ keyword’
1. The first calls the superclass constructor
2. To access a member of the superclass that has been hidden by a member of a subclass
7. Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java.
Overloading Overriding

Whenever same method or Constructor is Whenever same method name is existing

existing multiple times within a class either multiple time in both base and derived class
with different number of parameter or with with same number of parameter or same type
different type of parameter or with different of parameter or same order of parameters is
order of parameter is known as Overloading. known as Overriding.

Arguments of method must be different at Argument of method must be same including

least arguments. order.

Method signature must be different. Method signature must be same.

Private, static and final methods can be Private, static and final methods can not be
overloaded. override.

Access modifiers point of view not reduced

Access modifiers point of view no restriction.
scope of Access modifiers but increased.
8. What is constructor overloading.
Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with different
parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different task. They
are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in the list and their types.
9. How to pass object as argument in java?
1. We can pass Object of any class as parameter to a method in java.
2. We can access the instance variables of the object passed inside the called method.
3. It is good practice to initialize instance variables of an object before passing object as
parameter to method otherwise it will take default initial values.
10. What is recursion?
Java supports recursion. Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself.
As it relates to java programming, recursion is the attribute that allows a method to call
itself. A method that calls itself is said to be recursive.

11. List Access Specifiers in java.

 Java Access Specifiers (also known as Visibility Specifiers ) regulate access to classes,
fields and methods in Java.
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:
1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public
12. What are the uses of the keyword ‘final’?
1 The class can be declared as final, if instances or subclasses are not to be created.
2 The variables are declared as final, value of the variable must be provided at the time of
declaration.
3 The Method can be declared as final indicating that they cannot be overridden by
subclasses.
13. What are static methods?
Static methods and variables can be used independently of any object. To do so, you need only
specify the name of their class following by the dot operator.
14. What is inheritance?
In Object-Oriented programming, inheritance refers to the properties of a class being available to
many other classes. A derived class / sub class is one that has been created from an existing class.
Inheritance is the process of deriving a class from a super class or a base class. No changes are made
to the base class. The derived class has a larger set of properties that its base class. Inheritance has
two advantages
a) Reusability of code
b) Data and methods of a super class are physically available to its subclasses
15. Define abstract class?
Abstract classes are classes from which instances are usually not created. It is basically used to
contain common characteristics of its derived classes. Abstract classes are generally higher up the
hierarchy and act as super classes. Methods can also be declared as abstract. This implies that
non-abstract classes must implement these .
16.What are the rules for method overriding.
1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.
3. There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).
17.What is Static Polymorphism?
Static Polymorphism is also known as compile time binding or early binding. 2. Static binding
happens at compile time. Method overloading is an example of static binding where binding of
method call to its definition happens at Compile time.
18. What are the 3 ways of Overloading Method?
1. Different Number of parameters in argument list.
2. Difference in data type of arguments.
3. Sequence of data type of arguments
19. What are the types of inheritance
1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance (Through Interface)
3. Multilevel Inheritance
4. Hierarchical Inheritance
5. Hybrid Inheritance (Through Interface).
20. Can you use this () and super () both in a constructor?
We cannot have two statements as first statement, so we either need to call super() or this() but
not the both. We can't use both the keywords in the constructor. In Java there is a rule that this()
and super() must be first statement in the constructor. So we can't use both together in
a constructor.
21. How can we achieve multiple inheritance in java?
Way to achieve multiple inheritance through interfaces in java. class A extends B, C // this is not
possible in java directly but can be achieved indirectly. We can implement both of these using the
code below... We CANNOT extend two objects, but we can implement two interfaces.
22 What is meant by Nested Class?
Class within another class, such classes are known as nested classes.
Nested classes are divided into two categories:
1. static nested class : Nested classes that are declared static are called static nested classes.
2. inner class : An inner class is a non-static nested class.

UNIT-3

1. What is a package?
Packages contain a set of classes in order to ensure that class names are unique. Packages are
containers for classes that are used to compartmentalize the class name space. Packages are stored
in a hierarchical manner and are explicitly imported into new class definition. A period is used as
separator to enable this.
2. Write a note on import statement?
Classes external to a program be imported before they can be used. To import a class
the import keyword should be used as given below
import <classname>
The classes in Java are arranged in hierarchical order. The Java library consists of a number of
package. These package contain a set of related classes. The whole path of the class must be
specified to import a class from the Java library, For instance, to import the Data class from
the util package use the following code.
import java.util.Date;
It is also possible to import all classes that belong to a package using the * symbol.
3.Explain the usage of Java packages
This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve
naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access
level also allows you to protect data from being used by the nonauthorized classes.
4. Define interface?
An interface is a collection of abstract behavior that individual classes can implement. It is defined
like a class. An interface consists of a set of method definition. Any class implementing it should
provide code for all its methods.
5 What is the useful of Interfaces?
a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.
1. Define an exception.
An exception is an abnormal condition, which occurs during the execution of a program Exceptions
are erroneous events like division by zero, opening of a file that does not exist, etc. A java execution
is an object, which describes the error condition that has materialized in the program.
2. How to access package from another package? [Remembering]
There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.
1. import package.*;
2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name.
3. What are the types of Exception in Java.
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered as
the unchecked exception.
1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception.
4. Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions
1) Checked Exception
The classes which directly inherit Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known
as checked exceptions e.g. IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes which inherit RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g.
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked
exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime
5. What are the keyword in Exception.
1. try
2. catch
3. throw
4. throws
5. finally
6. What is use of try block?
The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place exception code. The try block
must be followed by either catch or finally. It means, we can't use try block alone.
7. What is catch block?
The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be preceded by try block which means
we can't use catch block alone. It can be followed by finally block later.
8. What is use of ‘throw statement’ give an example? (or) state the purpose of the throw
statement.
Whenever a program does not want to handle exception using the try block, it can use the throws
clause. The throws clause is responsible to handle the different types of exceptions generated by the
program. This clause usually contains a list of the various types of exception that are likely to occur
in the program.
9. What is throws in java?
The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the
exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.
return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{
//method code }
10. Difference between throw and throws
s.no throw throws
1 Java throw keyword is used to Java throws keyword is used to declare an
explicitly throw an exception. exception.
2 Checked exception cannot be Checked exception can be propagated with
propagated using throw only. throws.
11. What is finally in Java with example?
Java Finally Block Examples. The finally block always executes immediately after try-catch block
exits. The finally block is executed incase even if an unexpected exception occurs ..... The runtime
system always executes the code within the finallyblock regardless of what happens in the try
block.
12. What is the difference between error and exception?
An Error "indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch."
An Exception "indicates conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch." Error along
with RuntimeException & their subclasses are uncheckedexceptions. All other Exception classes
are checked exceptions.
13. How does nested try catch work in Java? [ Analyzing]
Nested try catch blocks. Exception handlers can be nested within one another. Atry, catch or a
finally block can in turn contains another set of try catch finally sequence. In such a scenario,
when a particular catch block is unable to handle an Exception, this exception is rethrown.

UNIT-4
1. How to create Thread.
There are two ways to create a thread:
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface.

2. What are the different states of a thread?

The different thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead.
3.Why are there separate wait and sleep methods?
Sleep (long) method maintains control of thread execution but delays the next action until the
sleep time expires. The wait method gives up control over thread execution indefinitely so that
other threads can run.
4.What is thread?
A thread is a single sequential flow of control within a program. A single thread also has a
beginning, an end, a sequence, and at any given time during the runtime of the thread there is a
single point of execution. However, a thread itself is not a program. It cannot run on its own, but
runs within a program.
5.What are thread states?
NEW A thread that has not yet started is in this state. RUNNABLE A thread executing in the Java
virtual machine is in this state. BLOCKED A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock is
in this state. WAITING A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to perform a
particular action is in this state. TIMED WAITING A thread that is waiting for another thread to
perform an action for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
6. What is difference between starting thread with Run () and start () method?
Main difference is that when program calls start() method a new Thread is created and code
inside run() method is executed in new Thread while if you call run() method directly no
new Thread is created and code inside run() will execute on current Thread.
7. Can we call run method directly?
No, you can not directly call run method to start a thread. You need to call startmethod to create a
new thread. If you call run method directly , it won't create a new thread and it will be in same
stack as main. As you can see when we aredirectly calling run method, it is not creating new
threads.
8. Define multithreading?
A thread is a line of execution. It is the smallest unit of code that is dispatched by the scheduler.
Thus, a process can contain multiple threads to execute its different sections. This is called
multithread.
9.What is the need of Thread Priorities?
Thread priorities are used by the thread scheduler to decide when each thread be allowed to
run. Higher-priority threads get more CPU time than lower-priority threads. To set a thread’s
priority, use the setPriority() method, which is a member of Thread. final void setPriority(int
level).
10. What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by
unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method. It
can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.
11.Write about thread priority.
Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10.
3 constants defined in Thread class:
1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY
2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY
Defauly priority-5
MIN_PRIORITY-1
MAX_PRIORITY-10
12. What is synchronized keyword? In what situations you will Use it?
Synchronization is the act of serializing access to critical sections of code. We will use this
keyword when we expect multiple threads to access/modify the same data. To understand
synchronization we need to look into thread execution manner.
13. What is Inter-thread communication?
Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about allowing synchronized threads to
communicate with each other.It is implemented by following methods of Object class:
1. wait()
2. notify()
3. notifyAll()
14. What are Byte Stream in Java?
The byte stream classes provide a rich environment for handling byte-oriented I/O.
List of Byte Stream classes
1. ByteArrayInputStream
2. ByteArrayOutputStream
3. FilteredByteStreams
4. BufferedByteStreams
15. What are Character Stream in Java?
The Character Stream classes provide a rich environment for handling character-oriented I/O.
List of Character Stream classes
1. FileReader
2. FileWriter
3. CharArrayReader
4. CharArrayWriter
16. What is Java Streaming?
Java streaming is nothing more than a flow of data. There are input streams that direct data from
the outside world from the keyboard, or a file for instance, into the computer; and output streams
that direct data toward output devices such as the computer screen or a file.
17. Write note on FileInputStream class.
The FileInputStream class creates an InputStream that you can use to read bytes from a file. Its
two most common constructors are FileInputStream(String filepath) FileInputStream(File fileobj)
18. Write note on FileOutputStream class.
FileOutputStream creates an OutputStream that you can use to write bytes to a file. Its most
commonly used constructors are FileOutputStream(String filepath) FileOutputStream(File fileobj)
FileOutputStream(String filepath, Boolean append).
\\ They can throw an IOException or a SecurityException.
19.what is PrintwriterClass
Java PrintWriter class is the implementation of Writer class. It is used to print the formatted
representation of objects to the text-output stream.
20.Write about Scanner Class
Java Scanner class comes under the java.util package. Java has various ways to read input from
the keyboard, the java.util.Scanner class is one of them.
The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by default.
It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive values.
Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using a regular
expression.
 Unit V
1. What is String in Java ? Is String is data type?
String in Java is not a primitive data type like int, long or double. String is a class or in more
simple term a user defined type. This is confusing for some one who comes from C
background. String is defined in java.lang package and wrappers its content in a character
array. String provides equals() method to compare two String and provides various other
method to operate on String like toUpperCase() to convert String into upper
case, replace() to replace String contents, substring() to get substring, split() to split long
String into multiple String.
2. Why String is final in Java
String is final by design in Java, some of the points which makes sense why String is final is
Security, optimization and to maintain pool of String in Java. for details on each of this point
3 What is Difference between String and String Buffer in Java
This is probably the most common question on String I have seen in Java interviews. Though
String and String buffer are two different class they are used in context of concatenating two
Strings, Since String is immutable in Java every operation which changes String produces
new String, which can be avoided by using String buffer. See String vs String Buffer for more
details.
4. What is difference in String on C and Java
If you have mentioned C in your resume, then you are likely to face this String interview
question. Well C String and Java String are completely different to each other, C String is
a null terminated character array while String in Java is an Object. Also String is more
feature rich in Java than C.
5. Does String is thread-safe in Java
If you are familiar with the concept of immutability and thread-safety you can easily answer
this String interview question in Java. Since String is immutable, it is thread-safe and it can
be shared between multiple thread without external synchronization.
6 What is mean by String Literals?
The string of characters is represented as String literals in Java. In Java a string is not
a basic data type, rather it is an object. These strings are not stored in arrays as in C
language. There are few methods provided in Java to combine strings, modify strings and to
know whether to strings have the same value.
Lets see some more examples of string literals:
"" // the empty string
"\"" // a string containing "
"This is a string" // a string containing 16 characters
"This is a " + // actually a string-valued constant expression,
"two-line string" // formed from two string literals

7. List the two methods to search a string.

1. indexOf()
2. lastIndexOf()
8. Define String Buffer Class.
String Buffer class is a mutable class unlike the String class which is immutable. Both the capacity
and character string of a String Buffer Class. String Buffer can be changed dynamically. String
buffers are preferred when heavy modification of character strings is involved (appending, inserting,
deleting, modifying etc).
Strings can be obtained from string buffers. Since the String Buffer class does not override the
equals() method from the Object class, contents of string buffers should be converted to String
objects for string comparison. A String Index Out Of Bounds Exception is thrown if an index is not
valid when using wrong index in String Buffer manipulations
It consist of the following functions append, insert, reverse, set CharAt, charAt, length, delete
CharAt, substring, delete, capacity.
9. What is the use of to String() Method?
The method is used to get a String object representing the value of the Number Object.
If the method takes a primitive data type as an argument then the String object representing the
primitive data type value is return. If the method takes two arguments then a String representation
of the first argument in the radix specified by the second argument will be returned
10. Explain different types of jdbc drivers.
There are four types of drivers available.
Type-1 Driver(Jdbc Odbc bridge) :
Type-2 Driver (Native Driver) :
Type-3 Driver (Network Driver) :
Type-4 Driver(Pure java Driver) :