Virtual Lab and Quiz

Circuit Theory
Assignment -1
Superposition Theorem and Norton’s Theorem- DC Source

Submitted by
Name:pradeep
Reg. No:-
Department:EEE
Year/SEM: IInd year/IIIrd SEM
Theory
Objective:

To Verify Superposition Theorem.

If a number of voltage or current source are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current
in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone
replacing all other independent sources by their internal resistances.

Circuit Diagram:

[Fig 1: Circuit for analysis of Superposition theorem]

 [Fig 2: Circuit with only \(V_2\) short circuited]

In given figure 1 apply superposition theorem , let us first take the sources \(V_1\) alone at first replacing \
(V_2\) by short circuit as shown in figure 2. Here, \[ I_{1'} = \frac{V_1}{\frac{R_2*R_3}{R_2+R_3}+R_1}\] \
[I_{2'} = I_{1'}* \frac{R_3}{R_2+R_3} \] \[I_{3'} = I_{1'} - I_{2'} \]

[Fig 3: Circuit with only \(V_1\) short circuited]

Next, removing \(V_1\) by short circuit, let the circuit be energized by \(V_2\) only as shown in figure 3.
Then, \[ I_{2''} = \frac{V_2}{\frac{R_1*R_3}{R_1+R_3}+R_2}\] \[I_{1''} = I_{2''}* \frac{R_3}{R_1+R_3} \] \[I_{3''}
= I_{2''} - I_{1''} \] As per superposition theorem, \[I_{3} = I_{3'} + I_{3''} \] \[I_{2} = I_{2'} - I_{2''} \] \[I_{1} =
I_{1'} - I_{1''} \]
Procedure
Circuit Diagram:

[Fig 1: Circuit diagram of experimental set-up for verification of Superposition

theorem]

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram, keeping the switches open
and resistance at their maximum positions.
2. Set S1 to position "aa" and S2 to position "cc" respectively which means
both the sources are energized. Note down the current \(I_1\), \(I_2\) and \
(I_3\) from ammeter A1, A2 and A3.
3. Set S1 to positions "aa" and S2 to position "dd" respectively which means
the, only 220V source is energized and the terminals of S 2 are shorted.
Note down current \(I_{1'}\), \(I_{2'}\) and \(I_{3'}\) from the ammeter A 1,
A2 and A3.
4. Set S1 to position "bb" and S2 to position to "cc" respectively. Which means
the, only 110V source is energized and the terminals of S 1 are shorted.
Note down current \(I_{1''}\), \(I_{2''}\) and \(I_{3''}\) from the ammeter
A1, A2 and A3.
5. Compare \(I_1\), \(I_2\) and \(I_3\) with \(I_{1'}+I_{1''}\), \(I_{2'}+I_{2''}\)
and \(I_{3'}+I_{3''}\) taking care of signs properly of verify the theorem.
6. Repeat the step (2) to (6) for five different values of resistance for each
three rheostats.
Verification of superposition theorem
Quiz
Test Your Knowledge!!
1. Find I1 and V2 , with (a) the source values as shown , (b) the source
values divided by 2, and (c) the source values multiplied by -2 . Note
the principle of proportionality applies in (b) and (c).

o (a)3A,36V; (b)1A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V

o (a)2A,36V; (b)1A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V
o (a)5A,36V; (b)1A,20V; (c)-4A,-72V
o (a)3A,36V; (b)2A,18V; (c)-4A,-72V
2. Find V and I in the circuit given below.

o 8V, 3A
o 7V, 1A
o 9V, 2.5A
 o 12, 3A
3. In the circuit the current through 5Ω resistor using the principle of
superposition is

o 3A
o 2.5A
o 4A
o 2A
4. Find I in the circuit in figure below

o 1.2A
o 0A
o 2.2A
o 3.2A
5. In the circuit the current through 5Ω resistor using the principle of
superposition
 o 3A
o 5A
o 2A
o 6.5A
6. Find the current through j3Ω inductive reactance using the principle
of Superposition theorem

o 3.896∠19.44° A
o 3.996∠19.44° A
o 4.896∠19.44° A
o 5.897∠19.44° A
7. A resistance of 10 Ω. is connected in series with two resistances
each of 15 Ω. arranged in parallel. What resistance must be shunted
across this parallel combination so that the total current shall be 1.5A
with 20V applied?
o 10.5 Ω
o 13.5 Ω
o 12 Ω
 o 6Ω
8. A voltage of 200V is applied to a tapped resistor of 500 Ω. Find the
resistance between two tapping points connected to a circuit needing
0.1A at 25V. Calculate the total power consumed.
o 89 Ω , 93.5W
o 39 Ω , 63.5W
o 79 Ω , 83.5W
o 49 Ω , 83.5W
9. A current of 20 A flows through two ammeters A and B joined in
series. Across A the P.d. is 0.2 V and across B it is 0.3 V. Find how the
same current will divide between A and B when they are joined in
parallel.
o 12A , 8A
o 13A , 7A
o 15A , 5A
o 8A , 12A
Theory
Objective: To Verify Norton Theorem.
A linear active network consisting of independent and(or) dependent voltage
and current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of current sources in parallel with the resistance,
the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through
the open circuited load terminals. In order to find the current through \(R_L\),
the load resistance of the figure 1 by Norton's theorem, let, replace \(R_L\) by
short circuit as shown in figure 2.
[Fig 1: Circuit with source \(V_S\) and Load \(R_L\)]
[Fig 2: Circuit with \(R_L\) shorted]
Obviously, in Fig 2; \begin{align} I & = \frac{V_s}{R_1+\frac{R_2 * R_3}{R_2 +
R_3}} \\ \\ I_{s/c} & = I * \frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_2} \end{align}
Next, the short circuit is removed and the independent source is deactivated as
shown in figure 3.
[Fig 3: Circuit with source \(V_S\) deactivated and Load \(R_L\) open]

From Fig 3; \begin{align} R_{int} & = R_2+ \frac{R_1*R_3}{R_1+R_3} \

end{align}

As per Norton's theorem , the equivalent circuit as shown in figure 4, would

contain a current source in parallel to the internal resistance, the current source
being the short circuited current across the shorted terminals of the load
resistor.
[Fig 4: Norton equivalent circuit]

Obviously, from Fig 4; \begin{align} I_{L} & = I_{s/c}* \frac{R_{int}}{R_{int}

+R_L} \end{align}

Verification of norton’s theorem

Observation table :-
Quiz
1. Find Norton’s equivalent circuit for the network at the left end of the
terminals 1-2 . Assume I = I=5<0º A.

o Isc=3.45<28.39ºA , Zin=2.33<-76.75ºΩ
o Isc=6.45<28.39ºA , Zin=7.33<-76.75ºΩ
o Isc=3.45<28.39ºA , Zin=7.33<-76.75ºΩ
o Isc=6.45<28.39ºA , Zin=2.33<-76.75ºΩ
2. Find the current through the 5Ω resistor in the circuit.

o 515.6 mA.
o 513.6 mA.
o 511.6 mA.
 o 509.6 mA.
3. Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit across a-b for the network .

o Is.c.= -4.6 A Rint =3.43Ω

o Is.c.= -4.6 A Rint = 1.43Ω
o Is.c.=4.6 A Rint =3.43Ω
o Is.c.=4.6 A Rint =2.43Ω