www.cppforschool.
com
Flow of Control
Looping statement
It is also called a Repetitive control structure. Sometimes we require a set of
statements to be executed a number of times by changing the value of one or more
variables each time to obtain a different result. This type of program execution is
called looping. C++ provides the following construct
while loop
do-while loop
for loop
While loop
Syntax of while loop
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
The flow diagram indicates that a condition is first evaluated. If the condition is
true, the loop body is executed and the condition is re-evaluated. Hence, the loop
body is executed repeatedly as long as the condition remains true. As soon as the
condition becomes false, it comes out of the loop and goes to the statement next to
the ‘while’ loop.
do-while loop
Syntax of do-while loop
do
{
statements;
} while (condition);
Note : That the loop body is always executed at least once. One important
difference between the while loop and the do-while loop the relative ordering of
the conditional test and loop body execution. In the while loop, the loop
repetition test is performed before each execution the loop body; the loop body
is not executed at all if the initial test fail. In the do-while loop, the loop
termination test is Performed after each execution of the loop body. hence, the
loop body is always executed least once.
for loop
It is a count controlled loop in the sense that the program knows in advance
how many times the loop is to be executed.
syntax of for loop
for (initialization; decision; increment/decrement)
{
statement(s);
}
The flow diagram indicates that in for loop three operations take place:
Initialization of loop control variable
Testing of loop control variable
Update the loop control variable either by incrementing or decrementing.
Operation (i) is used to initialize the value. On the other hand, operation (ii) is
used to test whether the condition is true or false. If the condition is true, the
program executes the body of the loop and then the value of loop control
variable is updated. Again it checks the condition and so on. If the condition is
false, it gets out of the loop.
Jump Statements
The jump statements unconditionally transfer program control within a function.
goto statement
break statement
continue statement
The goto statement
goto allows to make jump to another point in the program.
goto pqr;
pqr: pqr is known as label. It is a user defined identifier. After the execution of
goto statement, the control transfers to the line after label pqr.
The break statement
The break statement, when executed in a switch structure, provides an
immediate
exit from the switch structure. Similarly, you can use the break statement in
any of the loop. When the break statement executes in a loop, it immediately
exits from the loop.
The continue statement
The continue statement is used in loops and causes a program to skip the rest
of the body of the loop.
while (condition)
{
Statement 1;
If (condition)
continue;
statement;
}
The continue statement skips rest of the loop body and starts a new iteration.
The exit ( ) function
The execution of a program can be stopped at any point with exit ( ) and a
status code can be informed to the calling program. The general format is
exit (code) ;
where code is an integer value. The code has a value 0 for correct execution.
The value of the code varies depending upon the operating system.
