Lesson Notes-Computer Science JSS1 First Term-

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resource
ARCADE BRITISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

LESSON NOTES FOR BASIC SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (BST)
COMPONENT: Computer Science
JSS1 First Term
WEEK 1
Historical development of computer I
Performance Objectives
The student should be able to:
1. List early counting devices.
2. State the problems in counting large numbers with those

devices.
Content
Definition and Examples of Early Counting Devices
Early counting devices are devices that were used in the early
days to perform arithmetic operations such as the addition of
numbers, subtraction, and multiplication. These devices were
used for the usual barter trade of the early days. Examples of
early counting devices are fingers, toes, stones, sticks, pebbles,
cowries among others.
The history and development of computers can be traced back to

the studies of mathematics which started with counting. The
history of mathematics is the history of civilization. These has led
to various computing inventions in search of a tool that could
enable man to meet his computational and data processing needs
until we have the computer today. It was in the process of finding
solutions to the problem of counting that early counting devices
emerged. Examples of fingers and toes method of calculation are
seen below;
As time went on, the fingers and toes method became ineffective,
especially for large numbers, hence, the emergence of counting
and solving basic arithmetic problems with the use of stones and
sticks.
Limitations to the Early Counting Devices
The following are limitations to the early counting devices:
1. They could not be used for counting large numbers efficiently.
2. It is stressful.
3. It required man power.
4. It is time consuming.
5. It requires more of that device to perform a large number of

counting.
Computer Science JSS1 First Term

WEEK 2
Historical development of computer II
1. Name the mechanical counting and calculating devices.
Content
Mechanical Counting and Calculating Devices
As a result of the disadvantages of the early counting devices,

more advanced mechanical counting and calculating devices
were invented. Some of these devices are as follows:
1. The Abacus: The abacus was developed in China about 5000

years ago and it was early used for arithmetic tasks. The abacus
is made up of beads threaded on iron rods. The iron rods are fixed
to a rectangular wooden frame. It is used for addition and
subtraction only as It could not carry out complex mathematics. It
was successful that its use spread from China to many other
countries.
Picture showing up the abacus
2. Napier’s Bone: After the abacus, the next significant

development was the Napier’s Bone made by John Napier in the
year 1617. John Napier was a mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer from Scotland. His most important achievement was
the discovery of logarithms. He also made the use of the decimal
point in arithmetic and mathematics common. Napier’s bone is a
manually-operated calculating device for the calculation of
products and quotients of numbers. Using the multiplication
tables in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition and
division to subtractions. More advanced use of the rods can even
extract square roots. Napier’s bone is not the same as logarithms,
with which Napier’s name is also associated. The complete device
usually includes a baseboard with a rim; the user places Napier’s
rods inside the rim to carry out multiplication or division. The
board’s left edge is divided into 9 squares, holding the numbers 1
to 9. The Napier’s rod is made up of strips of wood, metal, or
heavy cardboard. Napier’s bone is three-dimensional, square in
cross-section, with four different rods embedded on each one.
Picture showing the Napier’s Bone
3. Slide Rule: The slide rule which is also called the slip-stick in
the United States of America was invented around 1620-1630
shortly after John Napier’s publication of the concept of
logarithms. It is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is
used mostly for multiplication, division, and also for functions as
roots, algorithms, and trigonometry, but is not normally used for
addition or subtraction. Slide rules come in a different range of
styles and generally appear in a straight or circular form with a
standardized set of markings (scales) essential to performing
mathematical operations. The use of slide rule continued to grow
through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices
were being gradually introduced.

WEEK 3
Historical development of computer III
1. Name electro-mechanical counting device.
2. Discuss electro-mechanical counting devices.
Content
Electro-mechanical counting devices
These are counting devices that could be operated both

electrically and mechanically. Electro-mechanical devices include
the following:
1. Speeding clock or calculating clock: In 1623 and 1624,

Schickard reported his design and construction of what he
referred to as an arithmetical instrument that he has invented but
which would later be described as a (calculating clock). The
machine was designed to assist in all the four basic functions of
arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
Amongst its uses, Schickard suggested it would help in the
laborious task of calculating astronomical tables. The machine
could add and subtract six-digit numbers and indicated an
overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell. The adding machine in
the base was primarily provided to assist in the difficult task of
adding or multiplying two multi-digit numbers. To this end, an
ingenious arrangement of rotatable Napier’s bones was mounted
on it. It even had an additional “memory register” to record
intermediate calculations. Schickard’s machine was not
programmable.
Picture showing Speeding clock or calculating clock
2. Blaise Pascal's calculating the machine (Pascaline):

Blaise Pascal was a French man who invented the first true adding
machine in 1642. He was a mathematician as well as a
philosopher. In 1642, he began working on calculating machines
and after 3 years invented the mechanical calculator called
Pascaline. Blaise Pascal was born in France in 1623 and died in

Paris in 1662. His machine was based on the abacus principle.
The machine was built to assist his father to perform tedious tax
accounting (auditing of government tax accounts). The machine
was invented when he was 19 years old. He designed the
Pascaline to add and subtract two numbers directly and to
perform multiplication and division through repeated addition and
subtraction.
Picture showing Blaise Pascal's calculating machine
3. Stepped Reckoner: This machine was invented by Gottfried

William Von Leibnitz. He carried out further development on the
work of Blaise Pascal so that multiplication and division could be
possible directly. He invented the machine called “THE STEPPED
RECKONER” in 1694. The machine is a mechanical calculator that
can do multiplication, division, and calculate square roots. The
process of multiplication involved repeated addition. It was the
first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
Picture showing the stepped reckoner
4. Joseph Jacquard's Loom: The Jacquard machine is a device

fitted to a power loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade,
damask, and matelassé. It was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard
in 1804. The loom was controlled by a chain of cards, a number of
punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence.
Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one
complete card corresponding to one row of the design. The
Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to control
a sequence of operations.
Picture showing Joseph Jacquard's Loom
5. Charles Babbage's machine: Charles Babbage who was

born on 26 December 1791 was an English polymath, a
mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer.
Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable
computer. Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical

computer that eventually led to more complex electronic designs,
though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be
found in Babbage’s analytical engine. His varied work in other
fields has led him to be described as “pre-eminent” among the
many polymaths of his century. He was the first person to design
a computer that is different from a calculator. Charles Babbage is
referred to as the father of modern-day computers because all his
ideas are contained in modern computers and he died 18
October 1871. Charles Babbage made the following:
I. Difference machine: In 1822, Charles Babbage developed the

difference machine that could perform intricate calculations
correctly and rapidly on the principle that anticipated the modern
electronic computer. A difference engine is an automatic
mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way
to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of
polynomial coefficients. Most mathematical functions commonly
used by engineers, scientists, and navigators, including
logarithmic and trigonometric functions, can be approximated by
polynomials, so a difference engine can compute many useful
tables of numbers.
Picture showing difference machine
II. Analytical engine: In 1837, the analytical engine was

developed and it could be programmed. That means it can
receive instructions and solve problems given to it. The analytical
engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer
designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer
Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor
to Babbage’s difference engine, a design for a mechanical
computer. The analytical engine incorporated an arithmetic logic
unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops,
and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-
purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as
Turing-complete. In other words, the logical structure of the
analytical engine was essentially the same as that which has
dominated computer design in the electronic era. The analytical
engine had the following parts:
1. A mill for calculation.

2. A store for holding instructions, intermediate and final results.
3. An operator (or system) for carrying out instruction.
4. A device for ‘reading’ and ‘writing’ data on a punched card
Picture showing Analytical engine

WEEK 4
Historical development of computer IV
1. Compare electronic counting device with modern

computers.
Content
John Von Neumann's Machine
In 1945, mathematician John von Neumann undertook a study of

computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a
simple, fixed structure, yet be able to execute any kind of
computation given properly programmed control without the need
for hardware modification. John Von Neumann contributed a new
understanding of how practical fast computers should be
organized and built; these ideas, often referred to as the stored-
program technique, became fundamental for future generations
of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted.
The primary advance was the provision of a special type of
machine instruction called conditional control transfer which
permitted the program sequence to be interrupted and reinitiated
at any point, similar to the system suggested by Babbage for his
analytical engine and by storing all instruction programs together
with data in the same memory unit, so that, when desired,
instructions could be arithmetically modified in the same way as
data. Thus, data was the same as the program.
Picture showing John Von Neumann's Machine
The John Von Neumann architecture is a design model for a

stored-program digital computer that uses a processing unit and a
single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and
data. It is named after the mathematician and early computer
scientist John von Neumann. The terms “von Neumann
architecture” and “stored-program computer” are generally used
interchangeably.
A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its

programmed instructions, as well as its data, in read-write,
random access memory (RAM). His area of interest include:
1. Use of binary codes for representing data and instructions.
2. Use of codes to store both data and instruction together and

share the same storage location (space) within the computer.
3. Use of computer to process both data and instructions.
4. Modification of programs by programs.
Modern Computer
The invention of electronic computers transformed the

mechanical way of processing data into information. Those early
pocket calculators were actually the signal of the modern
computerized world we have today. Earlier counting was done in
base ten called the decimal system. It is also possible to count in
base eight, six, two, and many more. Electronic computers count
in a system based on 0’s and 1’s binary.

Week 5
Historical development of computer V
1. State the contributions of named inventors.
Content
Hollerith census machine
Herman Hollerith born February 29, 1860, was an American

statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator
based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from
millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating
Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is
widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation.
The machine was used to process the information obtained in the
census of the population carried out in the United State in 1890.
With this machine, he was able to achieve in three years what
would take seven years to do manually. He died in November 17,
1929.
Picture showing Hollerith census machine
Philip Emeagwali
Dr. Philip Emeagwali, who had been called the Bill Gates of Africa,
was born in Akure, Nigeria on 23 August 1954. He invented one of
the world’s fastest computers. He dropped out of school in 1967
because of the Nigerian-Biafran war. Dr. Philip Emeagwali first hit
the limelight in 1989 when he won the prestigious Gordon Bell
Prize for his work with massively parallel computers. He
programmed the connection machine to compute a world record
3.1 billion calculations per second using 65,536 processors to
simulate oil reservoirs. With over 41 inventions, Philip Emeagwali
is making big waves in the super computer industry.
Test: Computer Science JSS1 First Term Mid Term Assesment
1. The history and development of computer started with _______?
a. Dancing
b. Training
c. Counting
d. Walking
2. Which of the following is not a limitation of the early counting devices?
a. They were stressful to use
b. They were fast and reliable
c. They could not be used for counting large numbers efficiently
d. They required manpower
3. One of the following is not an early counting device?
a. Toes
b. Fingers
c. Coweries
d. Calculator
4. The history and evolution of computer can be traced back to the studies of _______?
a. English language
b. Social studies
c. Mathematics
d. Geography
5. The Napier’s Bone made by _______?
a. Josh Napier
b. John Napier
c. Philip Napier
d. Peter Napier
6. Another name for the slide rule is _______?
a. Stick rule
b. Side rule
c. Slip stick
d. Slip rule
7. The abacus was developed in ______?
a. India
b. America
c. China
d. Italy
8. Blaise Pascal was a _______ man?
a. English
b. Spanish
c. French
d. Italian
9. _______ was the first machine to use punch cards?
a. Joseph Jacquard loom
b. Stepped reckoner
c. Analytical engine
d. Speeding clock
10. The difference machine and analytical engine was made by ______?
a. Blaise Pascal
b. John Napier
c. Joseph Marie Jacquard
d. Charles Babbage
11. A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed instructions, as well as its
data, in read-write ______?
a. Read-only Memory (ROM)
b. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
c. Random Access Memory (RAM)
d. Compact Disc (CD)
12. All of the following inventors contributed to the development of computer except ______?
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. Charles Babbage
c. Blaise Pascal
d. John Napier
13. Earlier counting was done in base ______?

a. 10
b. 2
c. 8
d. 4
14. The first machine to use punch cards to control sequence of operations is ______?
a. Slide rule
b. Napier's bone
c. Pascaline
d. Jacquard loom
15. Herman Hollerith was a ______?
a. American dancer
b. American musician
c. American developer
d. American statistician
16. The most celebrated Nigerian in the historical development of computer is known as ______?
a. Mike Adenuga
b. Dangote
c. Philip Emeagwali
d. Raymond Dokpesi
17. Philip Emeagwali won the prestigious Gordon Bell Prize in ______ year?
a. 1894
b. 1989
c. 1979
d. 1969

WEEK 6
Historical development of computer VI

1. Identify the give generations of computer.
2. Describe the features of each generation.
Content
Generations of Computers
Generation of computers is the developmental stages that the

computer has gone through. There are 5 generations of
computers and their accompanying innovations.
First Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1956)
First generation computers were those manufactured between

1940s and 1950s. The computers used the stored program
concept. First generation computers were associated with the
vacuum tubes or valves technology as circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory. Examples of first generation computers are
ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC.
Characteristics of the First Generation of Computers
1. They were very bulky and heavy.
2. They measured between 50 – 100ft long and about 80ft high.
3. The computers weighed up to 200 tons and occupied 3000

cubic ft.
4. They used vacuum tubes to store and process data.
5. It generates a lot of heat.
6. It relies on machine language.
7. They were limited to solving one problem at a time
Problems of First Generation of Computers
1. The vacuum tubes also generated a lot of heat hence, they

needed a cooling system.
2. They were very bulky and heavy and are not mobile.
3. It occupies excess space.

4. It consumes a lot of energy.
Second Generation – Transistors (1956 – 1963)
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent

of the second generation of computing. They were a big
improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting
computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely
superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster,
cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on
punched card for input/printouts. The language evolved from
cryptic binary language to symbolic (assembly) languages. This
means, programmers could create instructions in words. About
the same time high level programming languages were being
developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-
driven machines were the first computers to store instructions
into their memories moving from magnetic drum to magnetic
core-technology. The early versions of these machines were
developed for the atomic energy industry. Examples of second
generation computers are NCR, 315, International Business
Machine (IBM), 7030.
Characteristics of the Second Generation of Computers
1. They were smaller in size than first generation computers.
2. They occupied smaller space than the first generation

computers.
3. Second generation computers used less electricity and

generated less heat.
4. The transistors could do all that the vacuum tubes did.
5. The computers were faster and lighter in weight than first

generation computers.
6. It uses assembly language.
7. It uses punch cards for input and output.
Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (IC) (1964 – 1971)
By this phase, transistors were reduced and put on silicon chips

(called semi-conductors). This led to a massive increase in the
speed and efficiency of these machines. These were the first
computers where users interact using keyboards and monitors

used an operating system. This enabled these machines to run
several applications at once using a central program
which functioned to monitor memory. As a result of these
advances which again made machines cheaper and smaller, a
new mass market of users emerged during the 1960s. They were
first used in space ships and electronic military equipment.
Characteristics of Third Generation of Computers 1. The

computers used integrated circuits.
2. They were faster than second generation computers.
3. They were smaller in size and also more powerful.
4. The computers had fast memory access.
5. It runs several applications at a time.
6. They were first used in space ships and electronic military

equipment.
Fourth Generation – Very Large Integrated Circuits Intel

(1972 – 1984)
The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which

positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output
controls) onto a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now
fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel chip housed thousands of
integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw the first ever computer
(IBM) specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the
Macintosh introduced by Apple. Microprocessors even moved
beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number of
everyday products. The increased power of these small
computers meant they could be linked, creating networks which
ultimately led to the development, birth, and rapid evolution of
the Internet. Other major advances during this period have been
the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse, and more recently
the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held
devices. A microprocessor is a central processing unit fabricated
on a chip. This generation of computers had optical readers and
graphic display terminals. The use of floppy diskette as a storage
facility was introduced in this generation. Examples are Intel
4004, Intel 8085, Pentium 1, 2, 3, etc.
Characteristics of Fourth Generation of Computers
1. The computers were smaller in size.
2. They were very powerful computers.
3. They had high processing speed.
4. They had high storage capacity.
5. They use Graphical User Interface (GUI).
6. They use mouse.
Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (AI) (1980s to

Date)
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in

development, but some of these technologies are beginning to
emerge and can be used, such as voice recognition. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) is a reality made possible by using parallel
processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future,
computers will be radically transformed again by quantum
computation, molecular and nano technology. The essence of
fifth-generation will be using these technologies to ultimately
create machines which can process and respond to natural
language, and have the capability to learn and organize
themselves. They also have the capacity of making decisions and
judgments. This generation is witnessing the influx of super
microcomputers through artificial intelligence whose main
attraction over previous computers is speed and power. These are
computers that will be able to mimic many things that so far can
only be done by human beings. For example, fifth-generation
computers will be able to accept spoken word instruction (voice
recognition) and assist doctors in carrying out diagnosis.

WEEK 7
Definition of computer
1. Define the basic concept of computer.

2. Define three main parts of computer as a machine/device.
Content
Definition of a computer
Computer can be defined as an electronic machine that accepts

data as input, processes the data and gives out information.
Computer being the most sophisticated machine ever invented by
man could mean different things to different people. We each
have a unique perception of what computers are, depending on
our individual exposure to the computer.
Some people with limited exposure perceive computers as

complex machine that causes problems and headaches, they
term it as a strange thing which they may not be able to operate.
Others however, are intrigued by the computer and it may mean
a fast thinking machine that gives you answers to almost every
question.
To a pilot, he sees it as a wonderful machine, which helps in

automatically telling the bearing of the aircraft, the altitude,
checks the plane's engine or current state, and automatically
changes over to the standby engine if the first one fails.
To a computer specialist, he sees a computer as a programmable

machine with the following principal characteristics:
1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well defined

manner.
2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions (program).

Some say it is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data, and can be programmed with instruction.
In general, a computer is an electro-mechanical device capable of

accepting data and then working on these data under stored
instructions in order to produce desired information. Any device
capable of processing data into information no matter how large
they are is termed a computer.
Computers typically perform their work in three well-defined

steps:
1. Accepting data (input).

2. Work on these inputted data under predefined

rules/instructions (programs).
3. Producing results (output).
Description of a Computer as Input-process-output system
IPO system means Input, processes and output. This means

putting data into the system, doing something with the data and
then displaying the results.
1. Input: Input is the supply of raw data or instructions to the

computer via some computer related devices known as input
devices e.g. keyboard, mouse, scroll ball, light ball pen, game
pad, Joystick e.t.c.
Data flows into the system in various forms from outside e.g
i. A themometer linked to the system provides data on raw

temperatures.
ii. A financial service provider sends a stream of current share

prices to your computer.
iii. A newspaper takes news feed from a news wire service such as
Reuters
iv. A person types data into a data base by means of keyboard.
v. A boy issues an instruction using joystick while playing a

computer game.
2. Processes: This is a series of activities carried out, on the data

or instructions sent to the computer based on stored instructions
(programs). This manipulation can involve computations such as
adding, subtracting, multiplying, sorting, storing and retrieving of
data. This is carried out within the central processing unit (CPU).
Input are manipulated into a more useful form. For example:
i. The raw temperature data is converted and loaded into a

temperature table.
ii. The stream of current share prices is analyzed to see which

company it belongs to and is separated into the relevant
company tables in the database system.
iii. The newspaper takes the pure text obtained from the news
wire and creates a front-page layout using pictures and formatted
text.
iv. The keystrokes being entered by the typist is converted to

ASCII format that the computer can understand.
v. The shooting instruction issued causes the target to be hit by

the shooter during playing of the game.
3. Output: This is the result of the processing. It is produced

through the output devices such as monitor (VGA), printers,
plotter e.t.c. Output which is the final stage in information flow
normally present the information
WEEK 8
Practical (How to boot the computer system)
1. List the steps in booting the computer.
Content
Booting the computer system
Booting means starting of the computer and loading the operating

system.
Steps for booting the computer system
1. Connect the system unit to the power source.
2. Turn ON the power button on the monitor.
3. Ensure the monitor is ON.
4. Turn ON the power of the system unit.
5. Allow the computer to boot.
Types of booting
There are two types of booting and they are as follows:

1. Cold booting: This can also be called hard booting and it is a

boot sequence in which when a computer is turned on it starts all
the sequence from the beginning before it finally loads an
operating system.
2. Warm booting: Unlike cold booting, this type of booting does

not restart or undergo the boot sequence completely. For
instance, while working with windows operating system and it
either hangs or one wishes to bypass a process, one can reboot
by pressing Alt+ Ctrl + Delete keys.
Shutting down the computer system
When shutting down a computer, first of all, close all the

programs that are
open and secondly, exits the operating system safely.
Steps for shutting down the computer system
1. Click the start button
2. The start menu opens
3. In the start menu, click shutdown

WEEK 9
The basic concept of computer I
The student should be able to
1. Name the main parts of a computer.
2. Describe input, output device, and processing unit.
Content
Parts of a computer
A typical computer system comprises the monitor, system unit,

and keyboard.
1. System unit: A system can simply be seen as the

combination of other parts of the computer or device to make it
function. A computer system unit is that part of a computer that
brings together the functions of all other parts of the computer to
make it work well. A system unit brings the activities of both the
instructions and the hardware components to work together.
These parts include the central processing unit, the motherboard,
the disk drives, the hard disk, the power pack, and so many other
things.
Picture showing system unit
2. The monitor: The monitor is like a Television (TV) set. It

shows us the results of the work done by computer on its screen.
There are two kinds of monitors and they are as follows:
a. The monochrome (black and white) monitor: This monitor

shows text and pictures in black and white.
b. Colour monitor: This monitor shows the work done by

computer in many colors.
Picture showing monitor
Difference between a Monitor and a TV
Monitor
1. It cannot work unless connected to a system unit.
2. It needs a keyboard to work.
3. It can only show what we want.
4. It does not need a TV house to work.
TV
1. It can work alone once there is electricity.

2. It does not need a keyboard.
3. It shows programme from a TV house.
4. It needs a TV house.
3. The keyboard: A computer keyboard is like a typewriter

keyboard. It is used to enter data into a computer. There are keys
for all the letters of the alphabet, numbers, mathematical
symbols, punctuation marks, arrow keys, function keys and some
special keys. Pressing the keys on the keyboard can enter data.
The keyboard is connected to the system unit with a cable. There
are two types of keyboards and they are as follows:
a. Computer Keyboard
b. Typewriter Keyboard
Differences between a computer keyboard and a

typewriter keyboard
Computer keyboard
1. We don't put paper into a computer,
2. It needs a monitor to show its work.
3. It must be connected to a system unit before it works.
4. It has function and arrow keys.
Typewriter keyboard
1. We put paper into a typewriter.
2. Its work is shown on the paper.
3. It does not need connection to a system unit.
4. It does not have function and arrow keys.
Basic concept of computer
Computer, we say, is an electronic machine that is capable of

accepting data (INPUT) and working on this data (PROCESSING) in
order to produce information or results (OUTPUT).
Input devices
There are two most common input devices used and they as
follows:
1. The keyboard: The keyboard is an input device used to type

data or information into the computer. There are different
keyboard layouts and sizes with common features. The standard
keyboard has 101 keys. Some computers have their keyboard
embedded e.g. Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, etc. The keyboard is
divided into many sections depending on the usage. The function
keys section denoted as the F-keys, the numeric keys section, the
special keys section, the scroll keys section and the alpha-
numeric keys sections.
Picture showing keyboard
2. The mouse: The mouse is a pointing device that is moved on

the table surface. It is used to send data and commands to the
computer. It controls a program's execution by pressing a mouse
button (called clicking the mouse). It has two or three buttons.
The mouse pad is a soft cloth-coated pad on which the mouse is

placed to make the movement of the mouse and the clicking of
an option easier. The mouse is usually connected to the system
unit of a computer system and is placed on the mouse pad.
Picture showing mouse
Using the Mouse
The pointer on the screen can have a number of shapes. If one is

running a graphic based program such as Microsoft Windows,
pointer often appears as an arrow. In other programs, it appears
as a blinking box.
There are four basic mouse techniques:
1. Pointing: The rubber-coated ball in the mouse is moved

across the surface of a desk to determine the movement of the
pointer on the screen. It helps one to retain precise control when
the pointer comes close to the object needed.
2. Clicking: This means pressing and quickly releasing a mouse

button. This is done after pointing to the object you need and
then clicking the mouse button.
3. Double-Clicking: This means pointing to an object on the

screen and quickly clicking a mouse button twice simultaneously.
4. Dragging objects on the screen: This means holding down

a mouse button and moving the point. Dragging allows you to
select a portion of your screen or to move objects around the
screen. Output Devices
Output device
Output is the way in which the work performed by the computer

after accepting data is made available for users to see. Those
devices charged with this responsibility are referred to as the
output devices. Examples of these devices include the printer,
monitor, and speakers.
1. Printers: A printer is a device used by a computer to bring out

a hard copy printout of results. It transfers what is in the
computer memory/screen to the paper in a form that is readable
by any other person in a manner called printing.
Printing is done by placing papers in the input tray and a

command for printing is issued. The printer is usually connected
to the computer system.
Types of Printers
Printers can be classified based on the principle it uses to print

and it's capacity in producing characters. There are two major
classes of printers and they include:
a. Impact printers: These are printers whose print head

element touches the paper to print. They are of two types namely
Dot-matrix and Daisy wheel.
Characteristics of impact printers
1. They make noise while printing.
2. They are slow.
3. They print characters by dots.

4. They use ribbon like typewriters
b. Non-impact printers: These are printers whose print heads

do not touch the paper when printing. It uses cartridges, it scans
the content of the computer memory page by page and produces
the same on paper. Examples of these kind of printers are inkjet
and laser jet.
Characteristics of non-impact printers
1. They do not make noise.
2. They are fast.
3. They print per page
4. Some print colour while others print black and white.
5. They use toners.
Monitor
A monitor is a device or a tv-like screen that shows information

or the work being done in the computer. This is termed outputting
information. Monitor is another name for Visual Display Unit
(VDU). It is a place where results of an operation (process) or
commands issued are shown for the user to see. Monitor can also
be used to view games, movies etc. There are two types of
monitors:
1. Monochrome: This is a type of monitor, which shows or

display characters in a single colour on another colour
background. It is like black and white television in our homes. It
has a low graphic capacity.
2. Colour monitor: This is a type of monitor, which shows

characters in different colours and on different colour
backgrounds. It has a better graphic capability. There are
different types of colour monitors namely:
a. Colour Graphic Adapter (CGA). It can show about 16 colours.
b. Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA). This can show up to 64

colours.
c. Video Graphic Adapter (VGA). It can show up to 262, 144

colours.
d. Super Video Graphic Adapter (SVGA). This can display an

excellent output with more than 264,144 colours.
Speakers
Speakers are devices that bring out sound from the computer for
the users to hear. Video and Audio CDs can be played in a
computer and the sound heard via the speakers.
Picture showing speaker
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit is the portion in a computer where

actions place. Solutions to problems or action on data are being
done in the central processing unit. The CPU which is the control
centre of a computer is often referred to as the brain of a
computer, it directs the operations of the inputs and output
devices.
Picture of a CPU
The central processing unit consists of:
a. The control unit, which acts as a director. It gets commands

and interprets this command before it moves it to the appropriate
component/area where action is supposed to take place.
b. The ALU, which means Arithmetic and logic unit, is the portion
in the system unit that performs arithmetic calculations such as
addition multiplication, division and subtraction. Logical
operations such as comparison for sorting are also carried out
here.
c. The internal storage section (main memory). The memory in

computer gives the ability of a computer to remember. This
memory stores or keeps the data and instructions which are
housed in a computer. Two types of memory exist here and they
are:
a. RAM (random access memory): This is a type of memory

that keeps data, which can be viewed at random. Data in this
memory can be changed. It is disadvantageous when there is
power outage because data that is not saved before the incident
is lost.
b. ROM (read-only memory): This takes one quarter of the

total memory. This memory stores instructions or data that must
be viewed in sequence. Data or instructions in this
Computer Science JSS1 Third Term
WEEK 10
Practical II
Modes of receiving information (Alternative)
1. Identify the modes of receiving information.
2. Draw some ancient and modern methods of transmitting

information.
Content
Modes of Receiving Information
There are three modes by which we receive information and they

include:
1.Audio: This is a means of communication where data is

received via sound or voice without seeing the pictures. e.g.
through radio, cassette players, telephones, audio CDs, GSM,
beating of drums, town crying (except the crier is closer) e.t.c.
2. Visual: This is a means of receiving information through prints

or pictures alone without sound or voice e.g prints, drawings,
computers, printers, telex, fax machines, internet e.t.c.
3. Audio-Visual: This is the mode of receiving information in

both visual and audio form; i.e. both hearing sound and voice and
seeing pictures. e.g television, VCD, DVD, video machines, oral
e.t.c.
Test: Computer Science JSS1 First Term Final Assesment
1. _____ is not an example of fourth generations computer?
a. Intel 4004
b. Intel 8085
c. NCR
d. Pentium 1, 2, 3
2. There are _____ generations of computers?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 9
d. 7
3. Which of the generations of computers has artificial intelligence?
a. First generation
b. Fifth generation
c. Third generation
d. Fourth generation
4. The series of activities carried out on the data or instructions sent to the computer based on stored
instructions is referred to as _______?
a. Input
b. Output
c. Processes
d. None of the above
5. IPO means ______?
a. Input-process-output
b. Improve-process-output
c. Input-provide-output
d. Input-process-outside
8. Another name for cold booting is ______ booting?
a. Hand
b. Herd
c. Hard
d. Block
9. The type of booting does not restart or undergo the boot sequence completely is called ______?
a. Cold booting
b. Hot booting
c. Silent booting
d. Warm booting
10. When shutting down a computer, the first thing to do is _____?
a. Open all the programs
b. Close all the programs
c. Package all the programs
d. None of the above
11. A device used by a computer to bring out a hard copy printout of results is referred to as ______?
a. Monitor
b. Printer
c. Keyboard
d. Mouse
12. The Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) can show up to ______colours?
a. 54
b. 64
c. 144
d. 94
13. ______ is referred to as the brain of the computer?
a. Mouse
b. Monitor
c. CPU
d. Keyboard
14. ______ can be used to type a letter on a computer screen?
a. Numeric keys
b. Special keys
c. F- keys
d. Alphabetic keys
15. ______ is used to used to halt a program temporarily?
a. Scroll lock key
b. Control key
c. Pause key
d. Escape key
16. One of the following is a function of the mouse?
a. Controls the position of the cursor on your screen
b. Carries out calculations in the ALU
c. Controls the flow of data or information
d. Stores data in the memory

Lesson Notes-Computer Science JSS1 First Term-

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Lesson Notes-Computer Science JSS1 First Term-

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Arcade British International Academy Lesson Notes aand Teaching Resource

ARCADE BRITISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

Historical development of computer I

The student should be able to:

1. List early counting devices.

2. State the problems in counting large numbers with those

Definition and Examples of Early Counting Devices

The history and development of computers can be traced back to

Limitations to the Early Counting Devices

The following are limitations to the early counting devices:

1. They could not be used for counting large numbers efficiently.

3. It required man power.

5. It requires more of that device to perform a large number of

Computer Science JSS1 First Term

Historical development of computer II

The student should be able to:

1. Name the mechanical counting and calculating devices.

Mechanical Counting and Calculating Devices

As a result of the disadvantages of the early counting devices,

1. The Abacus: The abacus was developed in China about 5000

Picture showing up the abacus

2. Napier’s Bone: After the abacus, the next significant

Picture showing the Napier’s Bone

Computer Science JSS1 First Term

Historical development of computer III

The student should be able to:

1. Name electro-mechanical counting device.

2. Discuss electro-mechanical counting devices.

Electro-mechanical counting devices

These are counting devices that could be operated both

1. Speeding clock or calculating clock: In 1623 and 1624,

Picture showing Speeding clock or calculating clock

2. Blaise Pascal's calculating the machine (Pascaline):

Pascaline. Blaise Pascal was born in France in 1623 and died in

Picture showing Blaise Pascal's calculating machine

3. Stepped Reckoner: This machine was invented by Gottfried

Picture showing the stepped reckoner

4. Joseph Jacquard's Loom: The Jacquard machine is a device

Picture showing Joseph Jacquard's Loom

5. Charles Babbage's machine: Charles Babbage who was

computer. Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical

I. Difference machine: In 1822, Charles Babbage developed the

Picture showing difference machine

II. Analytical engine: In 1837, the analytical engine was

1. A mill for calculation.

2. A store for holding instructions, intermediate and final results.

3. An operator (or system) for carrying out instruction.

4. A device for ‘reading’ and ‘writing’ data on a punched card

Picture showing Analytical engine

Computer Science JSS1 First Term

Historical development of computer IV

The student should be able to:

1. Compare electronic counting device with modern

John Von Neumann's Machine

In 1945, mathematician John von Neumann undertook a study of

Picture showing John Von Neumann's Machine

The John Von Neumann architecture is a design model for a

A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its

1. Use of binary codes for representing data and instructions.

2. Use of codes to store both data and instruction together and

3. Use of computer to process both data and instructions.

4. Modification of programs by programs.

The invention of electronic computers transformed the

Computer Science JSS1 First Term

The student should be able to:

1. State the contributions of named inventors.

Hollerith census machine

Herman Hollerith born February 29, 1860, was an American

Picture showing Hollerith census machine

Test: Computer Science JSS1 First Term Mid Term Assesment

1. The history and development of computer started with _______?

2. Which of the following is not a limitation of the early counting devices?

a. They were stressful to use

b. They were fast and reliable

c. They could not be used for counting large numbers efficiently

d. They required manpower