TECH 150
Electronic Devices and
Circuits
Instructor: Muthanna Al-Khishali
[email protected]
Review of Electric Circuits
Introduction
SI Units: International System Unit coming from French (Le Systeme
International d’units). It is the modem metric units
Voltage (V) is measured in volts (V)
Current is (I) measured in Amperes (Amp or A)
Power (P) is measured in Watts (W) = V X I
Energy (E) in Joules (J) or electron-volt (eV) for very small quantities of energy,
where 1 𝑒𝑉=1.6 × 10−19 𝐽 is the amount of energy gained by an electron subjected
to one volt voltage difference
Resistance (R) in ohms (Ω)
Resistors in series: 𝑅=𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3+⋯
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel: 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ⋯
1 2 3
Resistors
The voltage drops along the direction of current flow
Ohms Low : 𝑉=𝐼𝑅 ; 𝑅= 𝑉/𝐼; 𝐼= 𝑉/𝑅
Remember one relation is enough!
The volt-amp characteristics of resistors are
linear. What is a non-linear relationship?
High resistor values have low slop
Power : 𝑃=𝐼2𝑅 ; 𝑃=𝑉2/R ; 𝑃=𝑉𝐼
Remember one relation is enough!
Resistor value is same for as or dc
Units: 𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠), I (𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠), 𝑅 (𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠),
𝑃 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
Resistors Color Code (http://www.michaels-electronics-lessons.com)
Lecture 1: Review
Review of Electric Circuits
DC Voltage: constant value over time
The frequency of a DC signal f = 0 (Figure 1)
AC Voltage: variable value over time (a)
Sine wave: v(t) =.Vpk.sin. t
= 2 .f... is the angular frequency in rad/s (b)
T = 1./ f. is the period in seconds Figure 1 Examples of DC Voltages
= 3.14 a) DC voltage with time, b) DC sources
Vpk = √2 . Vrms
Offset?
Phase Shift?
RMS? (Root Mean
Square)
Average?
Figure 2: Examples of AC Voltage and its parameters
The average value of a symmetrical AC voltage is always zero, why?
A voltmeter measures always RMS value of AC voltage (not average)
RMS voltage is a DC equivalent of an AC voltage that can generate
the same heat inside a resistor.
The RMS value of a DC voltage is equal to the average value.
Remember: 1𝑚𝐴= 10−3𝐴=0.001𝐴 ;1𝜇𝐴=10−6𝐴=0.000001𝐴 and:
1𝑘Ω=103Ω=1000Ω;1𝑀Ω=106Ω=1000000Ω
Calculator: Use good quality non-programmable calculator
What is a Constant Current Source?
How a resistor can be measured by a digital ohmmeter? The
ohmmeter has an electronic circuit that passes a constant current
(I) through the resistance, and another circuit that measures the
voltage (V) across the resistance. According to the following
equation, derived from Ohm’s Law, the value of the resistance (R)
is given by: 𝑅=𝑉/𝐼
Basic Circuits Laws
KVL: Kirchhoff Voltage Low “sum of voltages
around any closed path in a circuit equals zero”
e.g.:
V2+V3+.V4- V1=0
KCL: Kirchhoff Current Low “sum of currents
Flowing into a node equals sum of currents
Flowing out of a node”
e.g.:
ia +ib +ic=.id + ie
Figure 3: Circuit Laws
Inductors
Ideal Inductor has zero resistance in dc circuits
Ac resistance of inductors is called reactance
Inductive reactance 𝑋𝐿=𝜔𝐿=2𝜋𝑓𝐿
Reactance increases linearly with
increasing frequency
Units: 𝑋𝐿 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (Ω); 𝐿 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 (𝐻)
Figure 4: Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors have infinite resistance in dc circuits
AC resistance of capacitors is called reactance
Capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶=1/𝜔𝐶=1/2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Capacitive reactance reduces with frequency
Units: 𝑋𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (Ω); 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝐹)
Figure 5: Different Capacitors
Transformers
A transformer has one primary and one or more secondary windings
Turn ratio n = Ns/Np = Vs/Vp
Input power equal to output power,
or Vp x Ip = Vs x Is, for ideal transformer
Therefore, n = Ns/Np = Ip/Is
Figure 6: Transformers
Center-tap transformer
The transformer shown here has one primary and two secondary coils which are isolated electrically from
each other and from the primary coil. But they are inductively coupled
An AC voltage connected to the primary winding creates a varying current in the primary winding and
thus creates a varying magnetic field in the transformer's core and this varying magnetic field induces a
voltage in both of the secondary windings.
Similarly, an AC voltage connected to any of the secondary windings induces a voltage in the primary as
well as in the other secondary winding. The transformer is reversible device.
Phasing Dots are used to indicate how the windings of the transformer are configured to each other.
If terminals 6 and 3 of this transformer are joined together, then the voltage between 5 and 4 will be the
summation of the two secondary's or 𝑉5,4=𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐2+𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐1
The equivalent circuit in this case is show below. The joined terminals 6 & 3 is considered as a center tap.
If terminals 6 and 4 of this transformer are joined together, then the voltage between 5 and 3 will be the
difference between the two secondary's or
𝑉5,3=𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐2−𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐1
If a DC voltage is applied to the
Primary of the transformer,
No output voltage will be induced
in the secondary's, and a heavy
current will pass in the primary that
could damage the primary winding
Figure 7: Center-Tap Transformer
Transformer Testing
Basic testing of a transformer can be done with an Ohmmeter. Each of the
primary and secondary windings are constructed from wire so their resistance
should be a low (but non-zero) value of resistance. Exactly how low the
resistance will be depends on the length and cross-sectional area of the wire
used.
If the Ohmmeter reads exactly 0 ohms then we would conclude that the winding
is shorted. If the Ohmmeter reads ∞ ohms then we would conclude that the
winding is open-circuited (wire is broken).
If a measurement was done between the primary and secondary winding the
Ohmmeter should read ∞ ohms. The primary and secondary are not electrically
connected or touching
Figure 8: Transformer Testing
Review Questions
1. A transformer has 100 turns of wire on the primary and 250 turns of
wire on the secondary and the primary is connected to 28 VAC. A load of
1000 Ω is connected to the secondary. What are the secondary and
primary currents? (Answer: 𝐼𝑝=175 𝑚𝐴,=70 𝑚𝐴)
2. The secondary of 10VA, 120/6 VAC transformer is connected to a load
resistor of 4 Ω. What is the primary current? (Answer: 𝐼𝑝=75 𝑚𝐴)
3. Can the transformer of Question 2 be connected to a 3 Ω load?
4. What will happen to the transformer of Question 2 if the secondary
voltage was supplied by 6 VAC, then by 30 VAC?
5. A center type transformer is generating two of 5VAC from its outputs
when connected to primary voltage of 120 VAC. One secondary
connected to 5 Ω and the other to 3 Ω. Calculate the secondary center
wire current and the primary current. (Answer: 0.667 A , 𝐼𝑝=0.111 𝐴)
Next Lecture
Atomic Structure and Semiconductor PN Junction
