AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Faculty of Engineering
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

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Laboratory Title: Study of Active Filters.

Experiment Number: 04 Due Date: 16 October 2022 Semester: Fall 2022-23

Subject Code: EEE2210 Subject Name: Analog Electronics Lab Section: A

Course Instructor: Raja Rashidul Hasan Degree Program: EEE

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Group Number (if applicable): 01 Group Submission

No. Student Name Student ID Student Signature Date

Submitted by:
1 S M Nahidul Islam 20-43768-2

Group Members:

2 MD. Shoaib Khan Chowdhury 20-43731-2

3 MD. Abid Morshed 20-43786-2
4 MD. Nakib Shahria 20-44098-2

Total Marks: Marks Obtained:

Faculty comments
Introduction:
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies while attenuating all signals
outside this band. Filter networks may be either active or passive. Passive filter networks contain only
resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Active filters, which are the only type covered in this experiment,
employ transistors or op amps plus resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Inductors are not often used in
active filters, because they are bulky and costly and may have large internal resistive component. The
objective of this experiment is to observe the frequency response of low pass filters and high pass filters.

Theory and Methodology:

Most widely used active filters are-Low Pass Filter, High Pass Filter, Band Pass Filter and Band Reject
Filter. Frequency response of each filter type is depicted in fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Frequency Response of different filters

A low-pass filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency fc2. Therefore the bandwidth
is also fc1. At high cut-off frequency fc1 the gain is reduced by 3dB and for f > fc2 it decreases with the
increase in input frequency. The frequencies between 0 and fc1 are known as passband frequencies while
the range of frequencies beyond fc1 are attenuated and are therefore called the stop-band frequencies.
Frequency response of a low-pass filter is illustrated in figure 1. As indicated by the dashed line, an
ideal filter has no loss in the passband and infinite loss (or attenuation) in the stop-band. But ideal filter
response is not practical because linear networks cannot produce the discontinuities.
In many low-pass filter applications it is necessary that the closed-loop gain is as close to unity as
possible within the pass band. The Butterworth filter is best suited for such applications. This filter
is also called a maximally flat or flat-flat filter. Ideal and the practical frequency responses of
Butterworth filters are classified based on the roll-off beyond the cut-off frequency (-20dB/decade, -
40dB/decade and -60 dB/decade). Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the -20dB/decade and -40dB/decade roll off
low pass filter.
 Fig. 2: Basic Low Pass Filter for -20dB/decade roll off.

Fig. 3: Low Pass Filter for a roll-off of -40db/decade

A high-pass filter has stop band 0 < f < fc1 and a pass band f > fc1 as shown in figure 1. A high pass
filter of -40dB/decade is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4: High Pass Filter for a roll-off of 40db/decade

Circuit diagram:

Figure-1: Basic Low Pass Filter for -20dB/decade roll-off.

Figure-2: Basic Low Pass Filter for -20dB/decade roll-off.

 Figure-3: Low Pass Filter for a roll-off of -40db/decade.

Figure-4: High Pass Filter for a roll-off of 40db/decade.

Components:
Serial No. Component Name Rating Quantity
1 Resistor 5 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 10 11
kΩ, 10 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 20 kΩ,
100 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 100 kΩ
2 DC Power Supply ± 15 V 1 each
3 IC-741 - 1 each
4 AC Voltage 5 Vp-p 1 each
5 Oscilloscope - 1
6 Connecting Wires - -
7 Breadboard - 1
8 NI Multisim 14.0 - -

Simulation and Results:

Simulation:

Simulation-1: Basic Low Pass Filter for -20dB/decade roll-off.

Simulation-2: Low Pass Filter for a roll-off of -40db/decade.

Simulation-3: High Pass Filter for a roll-off of 40db/decade.

Result:

For -20dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-1),

𝑣𝑜 4.971 𝑉
For frequency 10 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.994
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 4.928 𝑉
For frequency 100 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.986
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 4.931 𝑉
For frequency 1 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = =0.986
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 4.151 𝑉
For frequency 10 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.830
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 930.081𝑚𝑉
For frequency 100 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.186
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 122.087 𝑣
For frequency 1 MHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.024
𝐸𝑖 5𝑣

Cut-off frequency for -20dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-1),

1
𝑓𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

1
= 2𝜋×(10×103 )×(.001×10−6 ) Hz

= 1.592 × 104 𝐻𝑧

For -40dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-2),

𝑣𝑜 4.981 𝑉
For frequency 10 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.995
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 4.914 𝑉
For frequency 100 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.993
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 3.877 𝑉
For frequency 1 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = =0.775
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 316.780 𝑚𝑉
For frequency 10 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.063
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 20.680 𝑚𝑉
For frequency 100 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.004
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 14.738 𝑣
For frequency 1 MHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.003
𝐸𝑖 5𝑣

Cut-off frequency for -40dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-2),

0.707
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶1
0.707
= 2𝜋×(10×103 )×(.001×10−6 )Hz

= 1.125 × 103 Hz
For -40dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-3),

𝑣𝑜 1.299 𝑚𝑉
For frequency 10 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.0003
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 12.983 𝑚𝑉
For frequency 100 Hz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.003
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 974.756 𝑚𝑉
For frequency 1 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.195
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 4.987 𝑉
For frequency 10 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.997
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 1.936 𝑉
For frequency 100 kHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.387
𝐸𝑖 5𝑉
𝑣𝑜 910.145 𝑚𝑣
For frequency 1 MHz, gain 𝐴𝑉 = = = 0.182
𝐸𝑖 5𝑣

Cut-off frequency for -40dB/decade roll-off low pass filter (Figure-2),

1.414
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶1
1.414
= Hz
2𝜋×(10×103 )×(.001×10−6 )

= 2.250 × 103 Hz

Data Table:

Table I: Data table for frequency response curve of -20dB/decade low pass filter (Figure-1).

Frequency Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)

(Hz)
10 4.978 V 4.971 V 0.999 -0.009
100 4.929 V 4.928 V 1 0
1 × 103 4.916 V 4.931 V 1.003 0.026
1 × 104 4.978 V 4.151 V 0.834 -1.577
1 × 105 4.937 V 930.081 × 10−3 0.188 -14.517
1 × 106 4.985 V 122.087 × 10−3 0.024 -32.396

Table II: Data table for frequency response curve of -40dB/decade low pass filter (Figure-2).

Frequency (Hz) Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)

10 4.977 V 4.981 V 1.001 0.009
100 4.972 V 4.914 V 0.988 -0.105
1K 4.906 V 3.877 V 0.790 -2.047
10K 4.975 V 316.780 mV 0.064 -23.876
100K 4.984 V 20.680 mV 0.004 -47.959
1M 4.966 V 14.738 mV 0.003 -50.458
Table III: Data table for frequency response curve of 40dB/decade high pass filter (Figure-3).

Frequency (Hz) Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)

10 4.991 V 1.299 mV 0.0003 -70.458
100 4.950 V 12.983 mV 0.003 -50.458
1K 4.961 V 974.756 mV 0.196 -14.155
10K 4.919 V 4.987 V 1.014 0.121
100K 4.906 V 1.936 V 0.395 -8.068
1M 4.972 V 910.145 mV 0.183 -14.751

Discussion:
In this experiment, we studied about active filters. Frequency response of an electric or electronics
circuit allows us to see exactly how the output gain and the phase changes at a particular single
frequency. The decibel, (dB) is a common non-linear unit for measuring gain. All the output we got
from oscilloscope was sinusoidal wave. We changed the parameter to get two individual clear waves.
The connections were colored differently so that we can get a clear output of waves. It would have been
better if we could do this experiment practically.

References:

I. Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated

circuits”, PrenticeHall, 1982, 2nd Edition, The University of Michigan, 10 Dec 2007.
II. Lab class.
III. Lab manual.