Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 March 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the March 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

® IGCSE is a registered trademark.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 11 printed pages.

© UCLES 2018 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme March 2018
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1 Description Type of software 2

Free to download
Free software
Code can be modified
and redistributed
Freeware
Subject to copyright
legislation

1 mark for each ‘Type of software’ if correct lines are attached to it.

Question Answer Marks

2(a) Any three from: 3

Scans files for viruses // detects/identifies a virus

Can constantly run in background
Can run a scheduled scan
Can automatically updating virus definitions
Can quarantine a virus
Can delete a virus
Completes heuristic checking
Notifies user of a possible virus

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) Any three from: 3

Use a firewall
Use of a proxy server
Do not use / download software / files from unknown sources
Do not share external storage devices / USB pens
Do not open / take care when opening attachments / link
Do not connect computer to network / use as stand-alone computer
Limiting access to the computer

Question Answer Marks

3(a) Byte 3 / 10110100 1

3(b) Odd parity used 3

Counted / added the number 1’s // Most Bytes have an odd number of 1’s
Byte 3 has an even number of 1’s // Byte 3 didn’t follow odd parity

Question Answer Marks

4 Any six from: 6

Sensor(s) send data/signals to the microprocessor

Analogue signal/data from sensor is converted to digital (using ADC)
Microprocessor compares data value against set boundaries / pre-set data
If value between 21 and 24
no action taken
If value > 24 °C / signal is sent from microprocessor
to turn conditioning unit ON//Set to cold
If value is < 21 °C signal is sent from microprocessor
to turn conditioning unit ON//Set to warm
Process is repeated for a continuous operation

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) One mark for each correct Hexadecimal value 3

C4 10 FE 09

5(b) Any two from: 2

Easier / simpler to remember / write down // quicker to transcribe

Less likely to make error
Less digits to use

Question Answer Marks

6 1 mark for suitable example and 1 mark for suitable associated use. 6

Primary RAM
stores OS when running / data currently in use / instructions currently in use
ROM
stores boot instructions / BIOS
Cache
stores frequently used instructions

Secondary HDD / SSD

stores files / applications (by example)

Offline CD/DVD/Blu-ray/Flash Memory/USB stick/Removable HDD/Removable SSD

stores files / applications (by example)

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6 correct outputs
2 marks for 4 correct outputs
1 mark for 2 correct outputs
A B C X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

7(b) 1 mark per gate in correct location 6

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Question Answer Marks

7(c) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6 correct outputs
2 marks for 4 correct outputs
1 mark for 2 correct outputs
A B C X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

Question Answer Marks

8(a) Method 3
Descriptions
Serial Parallel
Multiple bits are sent and received at
3 [1]
the same time.
Bits are sent one at a time in a single
3 [1]
direction.
Bits are sent using a single wire. Data
can be sent or received, but not at the 3 [1]
same time.

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Question Answer Marks

8(b) Type 3
Descriptions
Simplex Half-duplex Duplex
Multiple bits are sent and received at
3 [1]
the same time.
Bits are sent one at a time in a single
3 [1]
direction.
Bits are sent using a single wire. Data
can be sent or received, but not at the 3 [1]
same time.

Question Answer Marks

9 Max 3 – 1 mark for correct answer and 2 marks for correct calculations. 3

Any two from:

16000 × 32

512000 / 1024

Or

16000 × 8
128000 × 32
4096000 / 8
512000 / 1024

Correct answer:

500 kB

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Question Answer Marks

10(a)(i) 10010 1

10(a)(ii) 11110001 1

10(b) Any four from: 4

The program is stored on a secondary storage device

Data and instructions are moved to memory / RAM
Data and instructions are stored in the same memory / RAM
Data and instructions are moved to registers to be executed
Instructions are fetched one at a time

Question Answer Marks

11(a) Smaller file size reduces download / display time // reduces upload time 1

11(b) Any four from: 4

A compression algorithm is used

Permanently deleting some data // file cannot be restored to original
Colour depth / palette can be reduced
Resolution can be reduced // number of pixels can be reduced
Less bits will be required for each pixel / colour

Question Answer Marks

12(a) Quicker to scan 4

rather than type into a system

Fewer errors
no human input

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Question Answer Marks

12(b) Any four from: 4

Uses a barcode reader / scanner

Reader shines light / red laser at barcode
White lines reflect (more) light
Sensors / photoelectric cells detect light reflected back
Different reflections / bars will convert to different binary values

Question Answer Marks

13 Any four from 4

• (Provides an) interface

• Loads / opens / installs / closes software
• Manages the hardware // manages peripherals // spooling
• Manages the transfer of programs into and out of memory
• Divides processing time // processor management
• Manages file handling
• Manages error handling / interrupts
• Manages security software
• Manages utility software
• Manages user accounts
• Multitasking // Multiprocessing // Multiprogramming // Time slicing
• Batch processing // real time processing

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 Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 March 2019
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 50

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the March 2019 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 9 printed pages.

© UCLES 2019 [Turn over

 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme
PUBLISHED

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is
given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring
to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions
or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) 1
Tick
File size
(9)

20 MB

10 GB 9

1(b) 1
Tick
File size
(9)

3500 kB 9

3 MB

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) − (A device that allows) data to be entered (into a computer system) 1

2(a)(ii) One from e.g.: 1

− Keyboard
− Mouse
− Microphone
− Sensor
− Touch screen

2(b)(i) − (A device that allows the user to) view/hear the data (that has been entered into a computer system) 1

2(b)(ii) One from e.g. : 1

− Monitor
− Speaker
− Headphones
− Printer

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) − 000000100111 2
1 mark 1 mark

3(a)(ii) − 000101011110 2

1 mark 1 mark

3(a)(iii) 1 mark for working, 1 mark for correct answer 2

− 1024 + 512 + 128 + 64 + 4 + 2 + 1
− 1735

3(b)(i) Two from: 2

− Pressure sensor
− Light sensor
− Motion sensor
− Magnetic field (can be used if competitors are wearing a compatible chip)

3(b)(ii) − Sensor sends signal to microprocessor 6

− Signal is analogue and is converted to digital (using ADC)
− Data is compared to stored value // Check for signal
− If data does not match / is out of range/ in range // signal detected
− counter is incremented by 1
− Continuous process

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Two from: 2

− Closer to English statements / human language
− Easier / quicker to write / read / understand / remember
− Easier / quicker to debug
− Less likely to make errors
− One line of code can carry out multiple commands
− Portable language

4(b) 1 mark for correct tick(s) for each statement 5

Statement Compiler Interpreter

A report of errors is produced at the end of translation 9

The program is translated one line at a time 9

The program is translated from high-level language into machine code 9 9

An executable file is produced 9

The program will not run at all if an error is detected 9

4(c) − Lossy would remove data 4

− Lossless does not remove data // No data can be lost
− Can be restored to original state
− otherwise will not run / work correctly

4(d)(i) − Sending device creates value from calculation on data // By example 5

− Value is transmitted with the data
− Receiving device performs same calculation
− Values are compared after transmission // If values do not match
− an error is detected

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Question Answer Marks

4d(ii) − Parity check 3

− Check digit
− Automatic repeat request

Question Answer Marks

5(a) 1 mark for each correct logic gate with correct input(s) 6

B X

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6/7 correct outputs
2 marks for 4/5 correct outputs
1 mark for 2/3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

Question Answer Marks

6(a) Three from: 3

− Universal Serial Bus
− Data transmission method
− Uses serial transmission // bits of data are sent one at a time
− Universal standard // common interface

6(b)(i) − Laser printer 1

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Question Answer Marks

6(b)(ii) Two from: 2

− Cheaper printing cost per page
− It prints at a faster speed
− It prints text at a high quality
− Colour fast

6(b)(iii) One from: 1

− Expensive to purchase printer
− Toner is expensive
− Print images at a lower quality
− Can be quite large in size

6(c)(i) 1 mark per each correct tick 5

Storage example Primary Secondary Off-line

Solid state drive (SSD) 9

Blu-ray disc 9

USB flash memory 9

Random access memory (RAM) 9

Read only memory (ROM) 9

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Question Answer Marks

6(c)(ii) Six from: 6

− Storage device has platters
− Platters/disk divided into tracks
− Storage platter / disk is spun
− Has a read/write arm that moves across storage media
− Read/writes data using electromagnets
− Uses magnetic fields to control magnetic dots of data
− Magnetic field determines binary value

NOTE: Marks can be awarded for an alternative description e.g. magnetic tape

6(c)(iii) − Magnetic is cheaper per unit of data 2

− Magnetic has more longevity // Magnetic can perform more read/write cycles

Question Answer Marks

7 For each of three risks 6

Naming the risk – 1 mark, describing the risk – 1 mark:

− Hacking
− when a person tries to gain unauthorised access to a computer system
− data can be deleted/corrupted by hacker

− Malware
− a software program designed to damage data / disrupt the computer system
− replicates itself and fills the hard disk

− Virus
− a program that replicates itself to damage / delete files

NOTE: Multiple kinds of malware can be awarded if listed and given a matching description e.g. trojan horse, worm.

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Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 March 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the March 2021 series for most Cambridge
IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme March 2021
PUBLISHED

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) 1 mark each 2

Denary Value 8-bit binary

46 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0

171 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

1(b) − 255 1

1(c) − 11 1

1(d)(i) Any three from: 3

− More accurate/reliable/efficient over long distances
− Less chance of interference / cross talk
− …that will skew / distort the data // less likely to get errors
− Data will arrive in order
− Serial is cheaper to purchase/install/maintain

1(d)(ii) − Transmission in both directions … 2

− …not at the same time // asynchronous

1(d)(iii) Any three from: 3

− Calculates a value from the bits/data (to be transferred) // by
example/description
− Value is appended to the bits/data
− Value is transferred with the bits/data
− Receiver recalculates the checksum
− If both values are different error is detected // if both values are the same
the transmission is successful

Question Answer Marks

2(a) Any three from: 3

− A compression algorithm is used
− Data will be lost/deleted permanently // original file cannot be recreated
− Reduce the range of colours used / colour depth / bits per pixel
− Reduce the number of pixels / image resolution removes data that will not
be noticed by the user // removes unnecessary data

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) 1 mark for 1 line, 2 marks for 3 lines 2

Term Details

IP address [Link]

MAC address [Link]

URL [Link]

2(c)(i) − Data if intercepted cannot be understood // Data is encrypted // Data is 1

scrambled // uses keys to encode/decode data

2(c)(ii) Four from: 4

− Uses (digital) certificates
− ….requested from web server by browser/client // browser/client asks web
server to identify itself
− Server send SSL/digital signature to browser/client
− Client and server agree on encryption method to use
− … that contains the server's public key
− Browser checks authenticity of certificate…
− … then session key is generated
− … the transaction will begin // sends signal to server to start transmission

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Question Answer Marks

3 One mark for each device/description 4

Name of
Description
device

Inkjet Printer Uses either thermal bubble or piezoelectric technology

Actuator − Operated by signals to cause a physical

movement Controls the movement of a
machine // by example

DLP//Projector Uses thousands of tiny mirrors that can move very

quickly to create an image

Mouse − Uses rolling ball / optical sensor / laser to

detect motion // by example
− Movement echoed on screen // moves
curser/pointer (on screen)
− Has scroll wheel / Buttons to allow data input
// by example

Question Answer Marks

4(a) Six from 6

Max four from:
− Scanned using a barcode reader
− Shines (red) laser/light
− Light is reflected back // white lines reflect light // black lines reflect less
light
− Sensors/photoelectric cells detect the light
− Different reflections/bars give different binary/digital values // (pattern)
converted to binary/digital values
− Microprocessor interprets the data
− Uses check digit error checking

Max three from:

− Database stores data/barcodes/products/prices
− Barcode/value/key transmitted to database/system // Searches for
barcode/value/key in the database/system…
− … price is returned/found

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Question Answer Marks

4(b)(i) Max three from: 3

− Flash storage
− Uses transistors/controls gates/floating gates
− Can be NAND/NOR technology // Can use flip-flops
− Stores data by flashing it onto the chips/device
− Controlling/using the flow of electrons through/using
transistors/chips/gates
− The electric current reaches the control gate and flows through to the
floating gate to be stored
− When data is stored the transistor is converted from 1 to 0 / 0 to 1

4(b)(ii) Max one from: 1

− Faster read/write operation
− Produces less heat // needs less cooling
− Less susceptible to interference/magnets
− Less power consumption

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) 3
Truth table Logic gate

NAND [1]
A B Output

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

XOR / Exclusive OR [1]

A B Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

NOR [1]
A B Output

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) One mark for each logic gates with correct inputs 5

− NOT A
− NOT S
− H AND NOT A
− NOT A AND NOT S
− Final OR

Question Answer Marks

6(a) Any four from: 4

− Monitors incoming and outgoing traffic
− Allows the setting of criteria/blacklist/whitelist/by example
− Blocks access to signals that do not meet
requirements/criteria/blacklist/whitelist …
− … sends signal to warn the user
− Restrict access to specific applications
− Blocks entry/exit by specific ports

6(b) One mark for risk, two marks for description 6

− Phishing
− Legitimate looking email sent to user
− Clicking on link/attachment takes user to fake website

− Pharming
− Software is installed on user’s computer
− Redirects (correct URL) to different/fraudulent website

− Spyware (accept keylogger but do not award for MP3)

− Software is installed on user’s computer
− Records key strokes // keylogger
− Transmits data to third part for analysis

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) Any two from: 2

− Makes use of words // close to human language
− Machine independent // portable
− Problem / logic focussed
− Needs to be translated/interpreter/compiled (to low-level for processing by
computer) // needs converting to machine code

7(b) Four from 4

Max 2 for only giving compiler/interpreter features

− Both translate high level / source code to machine code

− Both generate error diagnostics/messages // identify errors

− Interpreter translates one line at a time // checks one line and then runs it
− Compiler translates whole code in one go // checks all code and then runs
it

− Interpreter stops when meets an error

− …and then allows you to continue running from where you stopped //
correct errors in real-time
− Compiler provides list of all errors

− Interpreter does not produce an executable file

− Compiler produces an executable file

7(c) Any five from: 5

− Free software is distributed with the source code
− …whereas shareware is not distributed with the source code

− Free software allows modification of the application

− …whereas shareware cannot be modified

− Shareware normally allows a trial period for the end user // shareware has
limited features to start with

− Free software is often available free of charge

− …whereas shareware normally has a charge after trial period // shareware
has charge to access all features // shareware makes you sign-up/register
after trial period // shareware makes you sign-up/register to access all
features

7(d) − Claiming another person's work as your own 1

7(e) − To identify legal ownership // to claim ownership // protect intellectual 1

property

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Question Answer Marks

8(a) − Instructions and data stored in the same/main memory 2

− Instructions fetched and executed in order / one after another / in
sequence

8(b)(i) − Holds the address … 2

− … of next / current instruction

8(b)(ii) Any two from: 2

− Carries / transfers control signals/instructions // carries/transfers
commands …
− … from CPU/CU to components // from devices to CPU/CU
− To synchronise the FE cycle

8(c) Any two from: 2

− To identify that the processor's attention is required // to stop the current
process/task
− To allow multitasking
− To allow for efficient processing // prioritising actions
− To allow for efficient use of hardware
− To allow time-sensitive requests to be dealt with
− To avoid the need to poll devices

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Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 February/March 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the February/March 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme February/March 2022
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) 85 1

1(b) C0 1

1(c) 26 1

1(d) 16 1

Question Answer Marks

2(a) e.g. JPEG 1

2(b) Any three from: 3

• Image is made of pixels
• Each pixel stores one colour
• Image has a set number of pixels wide by pixels high
• Each colour has a unique binary value // Each colour has a unique colour code
• The colour/binary value of each pixel is stored in sequence
• File contains metadata to identify how the file should be displayed
• … metadata can be the colour depth / resolution

2(c)(i) Reducing the file size 1

2(c)(ii) Any two from: 2

• reduces the storage/memory space taken on email server // reduces the storage space taken on her friend's
computer when downloaded
• sending/receiving email accounts may have restricted file size for attachments
• reduces the time taken to transmit/upload/download to destination
• reduces amount of bandwidth needed to transmit/download
• file will mean less data usage is taken (for mobile clients)

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Question Answer Marks

2(c)(iii) Any five from: 5

• Parity can be set to odd or even
• Sender and receiver agree on parity to use
• Data/email/image is split into bytes // blocks of 7 bytes
• Sender counts the number of 1s/0s in each group/byte
• Each group/byte is assigned a parity bit to match the parity/odd/even
• Receiving device/server recounts the number of 1s/0s in each group/byte
• … and compares to parity used/odd/even and if it does not match the parity, an error is reported/identified
• (in block check) the location of the error(s) can be identified/estimated at the intersection

2(c)(iv) 1 mark for identification 4

Any three for corresponding description:

• Checksum
• Value is calculated from the data …
• …using an algorithm // by example
• Value is transmitted with the data
• Value recalculated by receiver (using same algorithm) …
• …if checksum values are different there is an error // reverse

• Automatic Repeat request/reQuery (ARQ)

• Uses acknowledgement and timeout
• Sender starts a timer when data is transmitted
• Receiver uses an error checking method to check whether the data has been received accurately
• If no error detected a positive acknowledgement is returned to sender
• If error detected negative acknowledgement is returned to sender
• If sender gets no acknowledgement within the set time it resends the data

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) 1 mark per row 3

Inputs AND OR NAND NOR XOR

A=1  
B=1

A=0  
B=0

A=1   
B=0

3(b) 1 mark per gate 4

• A XOR B
• NOT C
• (NOT C) OR B
• AND

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) 1 mark for each completed statement 6

An optical mouse shines a red light from a Light-Emitting Diode//LED underneath the mouse. The light reflects back
from a surface through a lens in the mouse and is converted to a value. This value is transmitted to the computer. The
computer then determines the direction and speed of the movement.
When the user presses a key on a keyboard, the key pushes the switch on the circuit board. This completes a circuit.
Signals are sent to the computer that uses the data to calculate which key was pressed.

4(a)(ii) 1 mark each e.g. 2

• touchscreen
• touchpad
• scanner
• microphone

4(b) Any three from: 3

• More visible pixels // higher resolution
• Higher colour contrast (in ambient lighting) // more vivid colours
• Colours are (often) more accurate
• Image (usually) appears brighter (with same wattage)
• Will be stationary so does not need the portability of DLP
• Does not need the compactness of DLP
• Cost of purchase (usually) less
• Run quieter
• Any surface can be used as a display
• Uses less power
• Produces less heat
• Does not give the rainbow effect DLP often gives
• Longer lasting lamps

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Question Answer Marks

4(c) 1 mark for naming appropriate device 4

• hard disk / HDD / magnetic
• solid state drive / SSD / USB memory stick / flash drive

1 mark each for matching justification to max 3.

e.g.

HDD
• Large capacity storage
• …for videos/films that have large file sizes / require large storage space
• Longevity // Can be read from/written to large number of times
• … the copies will be accessible for a long time // device will not break if accessed regularly
• …may require large number of read/write to access fields
• Relatively cheap per GB // cheaper than SSD per GB …
• … there is a large capacity required therefore overall may cost less than other devices
• Device will not be moved regularly so no need for portability/durability

SSD
• Large capacity storage
• …for videos/films that have large file sizes / require large storage space
• No moving parts
• …can be carried/moved to other locations with limited risk of damage
• Fast access speed
• … videos are large files that will be stored/accessed in less time
• Cost per GB is not significant (in comparison)
• …there is a large capacity required therefore overall cost will not be significantly more than others
• Used as a copy of files to may not be accessed regularly
• … the limited number of read/write times/longevity is inconsequential
• Uses less power // runs cooler
• No latency // does not take time to start-up

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) 1 mark for each example, allow description or tags 4

Structure e.g.
• head
• body
• table
• heading
• subheading
• paragraph
• object position on the page // alignment
• margins
• borders (position/size)
• padding

Presentation e.g.
• colour
• font size
• font style
• border (style)

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) 1 mark for each bullet to max 2 for each 6

Type of address Features

• protocol
• domain name
URL • top level domain
• file/folder name/address/directory/path
• made up of letters, numbers and symbols

IPv4:
• 4 groups of numbers // 12 numbers
• separated by full stops (.)
• 0-255 in each group
• 4 bytes long // 32 bits
• Represented in denary
IP
IPv6:
• 8 groups of numbers // 32 numbers
• separated by colons (:)
• 0-FFFF in each group
• 16 bytes long // 128 bits
• Consecutive groups of 0000 can be replaced with ::
• Represented in hexadecimal

• First part is manufacturer ID

• Second part is serial number
• Each part has 3 pairs of numbers // Each part has 6 numbers // 6 pairs of 2-digits
// consists of 12 numbers
MAC
• …between 00 and FF
• ..separated by :
• Each part is 3 bytes // Is 6 bytes long // Is 48 bits long
• Represented using hexadecimal

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Question Answer Marks

5(c) 1 mark for threat. 1 for impact. 1 for software. 6

Do not award identical impacts twice but read whole answer and award if additional impact given.
Allow the same software twice.
e.g.
Threat Impact on company Software

Denial of service • Users cannot access the website Proxy/firewall

• Loss of sales (of holidays)
• Loss of reputation

Virus/malware • Data on the server may be Anti-virus

deleted/changed
• Website may be deleted/changed
• Server may be filled with data and
crash

Unauthorised • Data could be Proxy/Firewall

access // hacker deleted/stolen/changed

Question Answer Marks

6 Any seven from: 7

• (Motion) sensor sends signals to microprocessor
• analogue signal is converted to digital
• microprocessor compares signal to stored value …
• …if it does not meet / meets the stored value (and if camera is not recording) the microprocessor sends signal (to
camera) to start recording
• … if it does not meet / meets the stored value the microprocessor starts/resets the timer
• When the timer reaches 2 minutes the microprocessor sends signal (to camera) to stop recording
• Whole process is repeated continually/until turned off

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Question Answer Marks

7(a)(i) 1 mark for when 3

e.g.
• Development // when writing the program // when debugging

1 mark for explanation to max 2 from:

e.g.
• … easier to debug
• …stops when an error is detected
• …reports one error at a time
• …can correct errors in run-time // correct the line and then continue running from that point
• …can test one section without the rest of the code being completed

7(a)(ii) 1 mark for when 3

e.g.
• After completion // For distribution // For final/repeated testing

1 mark each to max 2 from: e.g.

After completion
• It creates an executable file
• …than can be distributed without source code
• …so that other people cannot edit/view the code
• …so end users do not need translator software // so end users do not need to compile/interpret each time
• …so it is machine/platform independent (usually)
In final testing
• It creates an executable file
• …do not need to retranslate for each test sequence
• …can test repeatedly with different data faster

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Question Answer Marks

7(b) Any four from, max 2 from each: 4

Freeware:
• There is no cost to the user // free trial
• No source code provided
• …cannot be modified
• Can be redistributed (in same state)
• Is subject to copyright

Free software:
• User has access to the source code
• Can be modified (without restriction)
• Can be redistributed (without restriction)
• Can have a cost associated but does not have to
• Is subject to copyright

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Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 Computer Systems February/March 2023
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the February/March 2023 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2023 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme February/March 2023
PUBLISHED

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Mark scheme abbreviations

/ separates alternative words / phrases within a marking point

// separates alternative answers within a marking point
underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants accepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be awarded
() the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context

Note: No marks are awarded for using brand names of software packages or hardware.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) D 1

1(b) One mark for identification. E.g. One mark per bullet for description to max 6
two each.

Virus
• Software/code that replicates
• …when the user runs it // with an active host
• Deletes/damages/corrupts data/files // takes up storage/memory space

Worm
• Software/code that replicates itself on a network
• …without user input // without active host
• Takes-up bandwidth
• Deletes/damages/corrupts data/files // takes up storage/memory space
• Opens back doors to computers over the network
• Used to deposit other malware on networked computers

Trojan horse
• Software/code that is hidden within other software // Software that is
disguised as authentic software
• …when downloaded/installed the other malware/by example it
contains is installed

Adware
• Software/code that generates/displays (unwanted) adverts on a user's
computer
• Some may contain spyware/other malware
• Some when clicked may link to viruses
• Reduces device performance // reduces internet speed
• Redirects internet searches/user to fake websites

Ransomware
• Software/code that stops a user accessing/using their computer/data
• …by encrypting the data/files/computer
• A fee has to be paid to decrypt the data // A fee has to be paid to
'release' the computer/device/data

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) One mark for each similarity to max two. One mark for difference (both 3
sides needed unless clearly and accurately implied).

Similarities e.g.
• Check incoming and outgoing signals // filter traffic
• Store whitelist/blacklist
• Block incoming/outgoing signals
• Both block unauthorised access
• Keep a log of traffic
• Both can be hardware or software (or both)

Differences e.g.
• Proxy can hide user's IP address, firewall does not hide the user's IP
address
• Proxy intention is to divert attack from server, firewall is to stop
unauthorised access
• Proxy protects a server, firewall protects individual computer
• Proxy examines/processes requests for a website but a firewall does
not (checks type of signal) // Proxy processes client-side requests
whereas firewall filters packets
• Proxy transmits website data to the user, but a firewall does not (it
allows valid signals)
• Proxy allows faster access to a web page using cache, but a firewall
does not (allow faster access or have cache)
• Proxy can hide internal network from internet, but a firewall cannot

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) No mark for choice. 4

Any four from matching choice.

High-level
• Easier for programmer to read/write/understand/edit
• … therefore, the programmer is less likely to make mistakes // can write
in shorter timeframe
• Easier to debug // Easier to find/correct errors
• …so, the programmer can find and correct errors in less time
• Game will be machine independent // Game will be portable (between
hardware)
• …the game can be used on any computer without a need for
understanding of the hardware / compilation for that hardware
• Programmer can focus on the problem instead of the manipulation of
memory/hardware

Low-level
• More memory/RAM efficient
• … 3D graphics will have high memory consumption anyway
• Allows direct manipulation of memory
• … allows for more efficient control/response time
• Allows for use of specialised hardware

2(b) Two from for each compiler and interpreter. 4

Compiler
• Checks all code before executing any code
• Produces error report with all errors found for the whole code (before
translating/running any of the code)
• Produces executable file

Interpreter
• Checks/translates one line of code and then executes it before moving
on to the next line
• Stops when an error is found
• … when corrected the program can be run from the same position //
allows error correction in real time

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) One mark each: 4

8 bytes = 16 nibbles
512 KiB = 0.5 MiB
4 GiB = 4096 MiB
1 EiB = 1024 PiB

3(b) Any three from: 3

• Currently running data
• Currently running (application) software
• Currently running instructions
• Currently running parts of OS
• Currently running utility software

3(c) Any two from: 2

• For non-volatile/permanent/long-term storage of files/data
• To store data that is not currently required by the CPU
• To store data to transfer it to another computer

Question Answer Marks

4(a) One mark each: 2

Pixel:
• One square/circle of one colour // the smallest component of the
image

Resolution:
• The number of pixels per set area/cm/inch // the number of pixels wide
by the number of pixels high // number of pixels in an image

4(b) One mark for answer: 2

• 2 000 000 bytes

One mark for working from:

• 1000  1000 (= 1 000 000)
• 1 000 000 * 2 (= 2 000 000)

4(c) One mark for each term: 4

Solid-state storage is non-volatile. This means that the data is not lost
when the power is turned off.
Solid-state storage is made of transistors that are laid out in a grid.
Gates are used to control the flow of the electrons through the transistors.
This changes the data in the transistors from 1 to 0, or from 0 to 1.

4(d) Any one from: 1

• Reduce the file size
• Increase transmission speed // Reduce transmission time
• Reduce storage space required
• Less bandwidth required for transmission

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) Any two from: 2

e.g.
• Destination IP/address
• Packet number
• Originators IP/address
• Error detection method

5(a)(ii) One mark each: 2

• Payload
• Trailer

5(b)(i) No mark for choice. 3

Three from for justification that matches choice.

Serial
• Data arrives in order sent // does not need reordering
• Less likely to experience interference
• … less likely to have errors
• Can transmit over a longer distance (i.e. another room)
• Still fast transmission…
• …sufficient for this purpose

Parallel
• Faster transmission speed than serial
• … faster response to requests
• Very long connection not needed
• …next room is (likely) within distance for parallel
• … unlikely to error/arrive out of sequence/skew

5(b)(ii) One mark each: 2

• Data goes in both directions…
• …at the same time

5(c)(i) One mark each: 2

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5(c)(ii) One mark each: 2

• In parity check, interchange of bits will not be detected // Parity check
cannot detect even number of changes // Parity check cannot detect
error if parity stays correct …
• …the (possible) position of all changes will be highlighted // will identify
the horizontal and vertical position of all differences/changes

5(c)(iii) One mark each: 2

• Bit 6
• Byte 4

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Question Answer Marks

5(d)(i) Any two from: 2

e.g.
• Storing bookmarks/favourites
• Storing history
• Allow multiple tabs/web pages to be open
• Allow movement back and forth between web pages // provides
navigation tools
• Allows the user to enter a URL/IP into the address bar
• Manages HTTP/HTTPS protocol
• Search cache for IP // Request IP from DNS // Send URL to DNS
• Sends a request to the IP address/web server (to obtain the contents
of a web page)
• Runs active script/JavaScript/client-side script
• Allows files to be downloaded from website/internet

5(d)(ii) Any two from: 2

e.g.
• Storing preferences // so the user does not have to select their
preferences each time they visit the site
• Storing account details // so the user does not have to remember/enter
their username and password each time they visit the site
• Storing recent purchases // to allow the user to quickly re-order more
items
• Storing the pages visited/items selected // to display relevant adverts
• Storing shopping basket // so when the user leaves the site the items
are still in their basket

Question Answer Marks

6(a) One mark each 4

Movement Binary Denary Hexadecimal

forward 1 step 00011111 31 1F

back 1 step 10001100 140 8C

turn right 01011010 90 5A

turn left (0)1111000 120 78

6(b) Any two from: 2

• The design of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)
• The construction of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)
• The operation of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)

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Question Answer Marks

6(c) Seven from: 7

• Uses an infra-red/proximity sensor
• Sensor continuously sends the digitised value/reading/distance to the
microprocessor
• Microprocessor compares the data/signal to the stored value of 10(cm)
• If the data/signal is greater than the stored value/10 …
• …a signal is sent to make the robot move forward
• If the data/signal is less than or equal to the stored value/10 …
• …a signal is sent to make robot turn
• An actuator is used to make the robot turn/move forward
• The whole process repeats continuously until turned off/stopped

6(d)(i) Any three from: 3

e.g.
• Collects data
• Stores rules for using the data
• The ability to reason
• The ability to learn // uses machine learning
• … by adapting what it does
• … for example, from mistakes to not make them again // result from
previous decisions impacts future
• … by changing its own rules
• …by changing its own data
• …by being trained
• Makes one or more predictions (to make a decision)
• Find/analyse patterns

6(d)(ii) Four from: 4

e.g.
• Use machine learning algorithms
• Collects data about where it has been
• Collect data about obstacles/problems
• Store successful actions
• Stores unsuccessful actions
• Identify/store patterns
• … to make sure it does not repeat the same incorrect route
• … so, it knows how to react to obstacles next time
• …so, it knows what is most likely to work next time

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 Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 May/June 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and
some Cambridge O Level components.

IGCSE™ is a registered trademark.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

© UCLES 2018 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1 1 mark for each unit, in the given order: 4

– nibble
– byte

– megabyte (MB)
– gigabyte (GB)

Question Answer Marks

2(a) Any four from: 4

– Image is converted from analogue to digital (using ADC)
– Image is turned into pixels
– Each pixel is given a binary value
– Pixels form a grid (to create the image)
– Each pixel has a colour
– Pixels are stored in sequence (in a file)
– Meta data is stored (to describe the dimensions/resolution of the image) // It stores the dimensions/colour
depth .etc.
– An example of a suitable photo file format e.g. JPEG

2(b) 1 mark for correct compression, 3 marks for explanation: 4

– Lossy

Any three from:

– Lossy would reduce the file size more (than lossless)
– The redundant data can be removed from the files // by example (must be about redundant data)
– Images can still be a similar quality
– There is no requirement for the files to be exactly the same as original file
– Photos can be sent quicker // faster to upload // faster to download

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) 1 mark for each correct register 3

Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Minutes 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

Seconds 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

3(b) 1 mark for each correct section: 3

0 5 2 6 5 5
Hours Minutes Seconds

Question Answer Marks

4 1 mark for each correct section: 3

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 mark 1 mark 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5 1 mark for correct register, 3 marks for reason: 4

– Register Y

Any three from:

– Count the number of 1/0 bits (in each byte/register)
– Two bytes/registers have an odd number of 1/0 bits // Two have odd parity
– Even parity must be the parity used
– One byte/register has an even number of 1/0 bits // One uses even parity
– The two with an odd number of one bits/odd parity are incorrect // Register X and Z should have even parity

Question Answer Marks

6 1 mark for each correct missing word, in the given order: 8

– fetches
– immediate access store // IAS
– program counter // PC
– memory address register // MAR
– memory data register // MDR
– executed
– arithmetic logic unit // ALU
– accumulator // ACC

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) 1 mark for each correct logic gate with correct direct of input(s): 6

7(b) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6 or 7 correct outputs
2 marks for 4 or 5 correct outputs
1 mark for 2 or 3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

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Question Answer Marks

8 1 mark for correct translator, 3 marks for explanation: 4

– Compiler

Any three from:

– Does not require recompilation // compiled program can be executed without a compiler «
– ... therefore, allows faster execution
– Provides an executable file «
– « therefore, allows him to just send machine code
– Dimitri’s friend does not need translation/compilation software to execute the program

Question Answer Marks

9(a) QR/Quick response 1

9(b) Any four from: 4

– Read/scanned using app (on mobile device)
– It is the camera that is used to scan/capture the image
– The three large squares are used to define the alignment // uses alignment targets/modules
– Black squares reflect less light // white squares reflect more light
– The app/device processes the image
– Each small square/pixel is converted to a binary value

Question Answer Marks

10(a) Any four from: 4

– Conductive layer
– An electrostatic/electric field is created
– Sensor(s) (around the screen) monitor the electrostatic field
– When touched (electrostatic) charge is transferred to finger
– Location of touch is calculated // Co-ordinates used to calculate touch

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Question Answer Marks

10(b)(i) Any two from: 2

– Gloves are not conductive // Gloves are an insulator
– Block current/charge from finger / body / person
– Stop the electrostatic field being disturbed/changed

10(b)(ii) Any two from e.g. (1 mark for method, 1 for expansion): 2
– She could use a (conductive) stylus«
– « this will allow the charge to be charged/disturbed

– She could use capacitive gloves«

– « this will allow the charge to be charged/disturbed

– She could use a natural language interface/voice operated interface «

– « she could give vocal commands to the device

Question Answer Marks

11 Any six from: 6

– Suitable sensor (motion/infra-red)
– Data converted (from analogue) to digital (using ADC)
– Data sent to microprocessor
– Data is compared to stored value/range «
– « if data matches/out of range data security light turned on «
– « waits for suitable period/until no motion detected «
– « light turned off
– Continuous loop/process

Question Answer Marks

12(a)(i) Encryption 1

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Question Answer Marks

12(a)(ii) Any five from: 5

– Her personal details before encryption is the plain text
– The plain text/her personal details is encrypted using an encryption algorithm
– The plain text/her personal details is encrypted using a key
– The encrypted text is cypher/cipher text
– The key is transmitted separately (from the text)
– The key is used to decrypt the cypher text (after transmission)

12(b) Any three from a single error method: 3

– Checksum
– Calculation carried out on data
– (checksum/calculated) value sent with data
– recalculated after transmission and compared to original
– If they do not match an error is present

– ARQ
– uses acknowledgment and timeout
– A request is sent with data to acknowledge all data is received
– Acknowledgement sent back to say all data is received
– If no acknowledgement is received in a time frame an error in transmission detected / data automatically resent.

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 Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 May/June 2019
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2019 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and
some Cambridge O Level components.

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

© UCLES 2019 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2019
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) Three from e.g.: 3

− Keyboard
− Mouse
− Microphone
− 2D scanner
− 3D scanner
− Touchscreen
− Webcam // digital camera
− Joystick
− Trackpad
− Sensor
− Interactive whiteboard

1(b) Three from e.g.: 3

− Monitor // touchscreen
− Inkjet printer
− Laser printer
− 3D printer
− Speaker
− Headphones
− LED Projector
− DLP
− 2D cutter
− 3D cutter
− Actuator

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Two from: 2

− It is non-volatile
− Can be easily disconnected from the computer
− It is not directly accessed by the CPU
− Suitable example e.g. CD, DVD, USB flash memory

2(b)(i) One from: 1

− ROM
− RAM

2(b)(ii) Two from: 2

− HDD
− SSD
− Flash memory

Question Answer Marks

3 1 mark for each correct term, in the correct place: 6

− Data/instructions
− Instructions/data (must be the alternative to MP1)
− Fetched
− RAM
− Decoded
− Executed

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Two from e.g.: 2

− DVD uses red laser/light whereas blu-ray uses blue/violet laser/light
− DVD has a smaller (storage) capacity // Blu-ray has a larger (storage) capacity
− DVD has two layers (of polycarbonate) whereas Blu-ray disks have a single layer (of polycarbonate)
− DVD has a slower transfer rate (of approximately 10 mbps) // Blu-ray has a faster transfer rate
(of approximately 36 mbps)

4(b)(i) 2 marks for any two correct stages of working, 1 mark for correct answer. 3
− 500 * 300 * 10 // 150 000 *10
− * 8 then ÷ 8 (anywhere in the process)
− 1 500 000 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 // 1 500 000 ÷ 1 048 576

− = 1.43 MB

4(b)(ii) Four from: 4

− Rollers are used to move the paper through the printer
− Nozzles spray/drop/jet ink onto the paper
− Ink jets/print head/nozzles are moved across the paper (to distribute the ink)
− Different colour inks are mixed to create required colours
− Technology could be piezoelectric
− Technology could be thermal bubble

− Ink is heated
− and expands/evaporates into a bubble
− Bubble is pushed through the nozzle on to the paper
− then the bubble collapses

− Electrical current is applied to a crystal

− which makes it vibrate
− which forces a droplet of ink through the nozzle

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Question Answer Marks

5 − Password protection 4
− Password is released on the release date

− Encryption
− Encryption key is released on the release date

Question Answer Marks

6(a) Structure 4
− This is the layout of the web page
− e.g. placing an image alongside some text // example of tag, such as <div>

Presentation
− This is the formatting/style of the web page
− e.g. the colour that is applied to some text // example of tag, such as <font-color>

6(b) 1 mark per each correct row. 5

True False
Statement
(9) (9)
Cookies can be used to store a customer’s credit card details 9

Cookies can be used to track the items a customer has viewed

9
on a website

Cookies will corrupt the data on a customer’s computer 9

Cookies are downloaded onto a customer’s computer 9

Cookies can be deleted from a customer’s computer 9

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Question Answer Marks

6(c) − Several/multiple bits are transmitted at a time/simultaneously 4

− Several/multiple wires are used
− Data is transmitted in both directions
− at the same time/simultaneously

6(d) One from: 1

− Uniform resource locator
− The website’s address
− User friendly version of the IP address

6(e)(i) Four from: 4

− Designed to deny people access to a website
− A large number/numerous requests are sent (to a server)
− all at the same time
− The server is unable to respond/struggles to respond to all the requests
− The server fails/times out as a result

6(e)(ii) One from: 1

− Proxy server
− Firewall

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) Six from: 6

− Motion sensor is used
− Sensor sends data/signal to microprocessor
− Data/Signal is converted from analogue data to digital data (using ADC)
− Value to compared to stored value(s) //
− If value is outside range/matches
− microprocessor sends signal to switch lights on
− actuator used to switch light on/off
− timer is set for 2 minutes
− Every time movement is detected the timer is reset
− When timer reaches 0/120/times out microprocessor sends signal to switch lights off
− Process is continuous

7(b) Three from: 3

− Read only memory
− Non-volatile memory // Contents of memory are retained when power is turned off//permanent storage
− Primary storage // directly accessed by the CPU
− Holds firmware/boot-up instructions/start-up instructions/BIOS
− Cannot be written to

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Question Answer Marks

8(a) 1 mark per each correct logic gate, with correct input(s) 6

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Question Answer Marks

8(b) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6/7 correct outputs
2 marks for 4/5 correct outputs
1 mark for 2/3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

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Question Answer Marks

9 1 mark per each correct parity bit: 3

Parity bit
Register A 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Register B 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Register C 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

Question Answer Marks

10 Four from: 4
− Electrical field/charge is spread across the screen
− Sensors are located around the screen // sensors are used to read the electric field
− When finger touches screen, the charge/ is transferred to the user
− as it is affected by the conductivity of another object
− Coordinates of touch determined/calculated/measured

© UCLES 2019 Page 12 of 12

Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 May/June 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2021 series for most Cambridge
IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Please note the following further points:

The words in bold in the mark scheme are important text that needs to be present, or some notion
of it needs to be present. It does not have to be the exact word, but something close to the
meaning.

If a word is underlined, this exact word must be present.

A single forward slash means this is an alternative word. A double forward slash means that this is
an alternative mark point.

Ellipsis (…) on the end of one-mark point and the start of the next means that the candidate cannot
get the second mark point without being awarded the first one. If a MP has ellipsis at the beginning,
but there is no ellipsis on the MP before it, then this is just a follow-on sentence and can be
awarded without the previous mark point.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) One mark per each correct binary value. 6

One mark per each correct hex value.

Denary Hexadecimal 8-bit binary

49 31 00110001

123 7B 01111011

200 C8 11001000

1(b) Any two from: 2

− Easier/quicker to read/write/understand
− Easier/quicker to identify errors/debug
− Takes up less screen/display space
− Less chance of making an error

1(c) Any three from: 3

− MAC address
− URL
− Assembly language
− Error codes // error messages
− IP addresses
− Locations in memory
− Memory dumps

Question Answer Marks

2(a) One mark per each correct row. 6

Magnetic Solid Optical

Statement () state ()
()

no moving parts are used to store data 

pits and lands are used to store data 

data is stored on platters 

flash memory is used to store data 

parts are rotated to store data  

data can be stored permanently   

2(b)(i) Any one from: 1

− Hard disk drive // HDD
− Magnetic tape

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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(ii) Any one from: 1

− CD
− DVD
− Blu-ray disk

2(b)(iii) One for type of storage, two for matching justification from: 3
− Magnetic // HDD
− (Web server) is likely to receive many requests a day
− (Web server) will likely need to store a lot of data and magnetic is high
capacity
− Magnetic is cheaper to buy for storage per unit than solid state
− Magnetic is capable of more of read/write requests over time // has more
longevity // SSD has more limited number of read/write requests (before
it is no longer usable)
− No requirement for it to be portable, so moving parts does not matter

− Solid-state // SSD
− (Web server) is likely to receive many requests a day
− (Web server) will likely need to store a lot of data and solid-state is high
capacity
− Solid-state is more energy efficient
− Solid-state runs cooler so will not overheat
− Solid state has faster read/write speeds to handle volume of traffic

2(c) Any three from: 3

− Data is flashed onto (silicon) chips
− Uses NAND/NOR technology // can use flip-flops
− Uses transistors/control gates/floating gates …
− … to control the flow of electrons
− It is a type of EEPROM technology
− When data is stored the transistor is converted from 1 to 0 / 0 to 1
− Writes (and reads) sequentially

3(a) One mark for each correct logic gate with correct input. 6

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Question Answer Marks

3(b) One mark per each correct row. 4

− Row 2
− Row 3
− Row 7
− Row 8

Question Answer Marks

4(a) One mark per each correct row. 6

Virus Spyware Denial of

Statement () () service
()

captures all data entered using a keyboard 

can be installed onto a web server  

prevents access to a website 

is malicious code on a computer  

is self-replicating 

damages the files on a user’s hard drive 

4(b) Any three from: 3

− Phishing
− Pharming
− Hacking // cracking

4(c) Any three from: 3

− Human error
− Power failure/surge
− Hardware failure
− Software failure
− Fire
− Flood

5(a) − Light sensor 2

− Motion sensor // infra-red sensor

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) Eight from: 8

− Sensors send data to microprocessor
− Data is converted to digital (using ADC)
− Microprocessor compares data to stored value(s) …
− … if one value or neither values are within range/out of range/match no
action is taken
− … If both values are out of range/in range/match microprocessor sends
signal to switch light on …
− … 1-minute timer is started
− Actuator used to switch on/off light
− When timer reaches 1 minute, microprocessor sends signal to switch
light off
− Whole process is continuous

6(a) Any three from: 3

− Webserver sends (cookie) file to user’s browser
− User’s payment details stored in encrypted text file // data is encrypted to
be stored
− Cookie file is stored by browser/on user’s HDD/SSD
− When user revisits website, webserver requests cookie file // webserver
can access the data stored in the cookie file (to automatically enter
details)
− … and browser sends cookie file back to webserver (to automatically
enter the details)

6(b) Four from: 4

− User does not see what information is stored // might collect data that
user does not know about …
− … so, user may feel their privacy is affected

− A profile could be built about the user …

− … that could expose a user’s identity // lead to identity theft

− Sensitive information stored in cookies could be intercepted in

transmission …
− Other websites could gain access to the cookies stored on a user’s
computer …
− Computer could be hacked to obtain data stored in cookies …
− … so, payment information could be stolen and used by a third party

Question Answer Marks

7(a)(i) Any one from: 1

− Placement of text/image
− Margins
− Line break
− Padding

NOTE: Any relevant example of structure can be awarded

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Question Answer Marks

7(a)(ii) Any two from: 2

− Font colour
− Font style
− Font size
− Background colour
− Image size
− Border properties

NOTE: Any relevant example of presentation can be awarded

7(b) Any two from: 2

− Can easily change/edit the style of the webpage
− So, CSS can be used to create a template/style sheet
− Can add new content and apply the same style easily
− Can re-use the presentation/style for other websites

8 One mark for each correct term in the correct order 6

− Switch
− Circuit
− Current
− Calculated
− Character
− Binary

© UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 8

Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 Theory May/June 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 13

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

Please note the following further points:

The words in bold in the mark scheme are important text that needs to be present, or some notion of it needs to be present. It does not have to
be the exact word, but something close to the meaning.

If a word is underlined, this exact word must be present.

A single forward slash means this is an alternative word. A double forward slash means that this is an alternative mark point.

Ellipsis (…) on the end of one-mark point and the start of the next means that the candidate cannot get the second mark point without being
awarded the first one. If a mark point has an ellipsis at the beginning, but there is no ellipsis on the mark point before it, then this is just a follow-on
sentence and can be awarded without the previous mark point.

© UCLES 2022 Page 3 of 13

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

1(a) One mark for each correct line 3

Denary 8-bit binary

00100001

41 10100110

00101001

174

10000110

86 10101110

01010110

1(b) One mark for correct working, one mark for correct answer 2

Working e.g.
 256  64  16  4  2  1

Answer:
 343

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Two marks each correct conversion (one mark for the first four bits, one mark for the second four bits) 6

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
2F

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
15

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
D6

2(b) Any two from: 2

 IP address
 Error messages/codes
 Assembly language // low-level language
 URL // web address
 Memory dumps
 Locations in memory

2(c) One mark for a description, one mark for a correct example 4

Structure
 Layout of the web page
 e.g. Where text is placed

Presentation
 Formatting of the web page
 e.g. the colour of the font

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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Two from: 2

 The formatting of the page can be changed/edited without needing to alter the structure
 … so, they can make regular updates without needing to check the structure

 The formatting document can be used again for a different website …

 If further content and web pages are added to the website, the necessary formatting can be easily applied …
 … so, this can save time when developing/updating a website
 Allows use of CSS to standardise formatting
 … so, CSS only needs to be created once (to be applied to each webpage)

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) One mark for the correct term or definition 5

Term Definition

browser Software/application that allows users to view web

pages / render HTML

Internet Service this is the company that provides a user with a

provider // ISP connection to the Internet

HTTP // HTTPS this is a protocol that is used to send data for web
pages across the Internet

Uniform Resource a text-based version of a web address

Locator (URL)

cookie a text file (stored by web browser) that contains data

about a user’s browsing habits/details/preferences

3(b)  Hardware or software based 1

3(c) Four from: 4

 (The parent can) set criteria for the websites she is allowed to visit
 … such as a whitelist/blacklist of websites
 The firewall will examine the data/traffic incoming and outgoing from her computer
 If data is sent from a website that is not allowed, it will be blocked

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Any three from: 3

 It uses English-like statements

 It needs to be converted to machine code (to be processed by a computer)
 … using a translator
 It is portable
 One line of code can perform multiple commands

4(b)(i) Two from: 2

 The user is not allowed to access the source code …

 … so, they cannot tailor the software to their needs
 … so, they cannot fix any bugs in it
 The software is still covered by copyright
 The user must get the owner’s permission to do anything beyond using it

4(b)(ii) Two from: 2

 The user can access the source code …

 … so, they can tailor the software to their needs
 … so, they can fix any bugs in it
 … so, the source code could be studied for educational purposes
 The user can redistribute the software/program …
 … but this must be done under the same terms as the original software

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) One mark for each correct logic gate with correct input(s) 5

5(b) Four marks for 8 correct outputs 4

Three marks for 6/7 correct outputs
Two marks for 4/5 correct outputs
One mark for 2/3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

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Question Answer Marks

6(a) One mark for identifying the attack, two marks for the description 6

 Phishing
 Email is sent to user to encourage them to click link
 … that takes user to fake website

Pharming
 Email is sent to user to encourage them to click link/download attachment
 … that triggers download of malicious code that will redirect user to fake website

Virus/malware
 Email is sent to user to encourage them to click link/download attachment
 … that triggers download of virus/malware

Denial of service // DoS

 A very large number of emails are sent to a server/network at the same time
 … crashing the server/network

6(b) Any two from: 2

 Encryption
 Password
 Two-step / Two-factor authentication/verification
 Biometric device
 Anti-malware // Anti-virus
 Proxy-server

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Question Answer Marks

6(c) One mark for identifying an issue, one mark for suggesting a suitable prevention 6

 Power surge/loss (damages hardware)

 Use a UPS

 Water can be spilled on the device

 Don’t have water near the device
 Keep device in a waterproof box when not is use

 Fire can destroy device

 Use electrics safety
 Keep device in a fireproof box when not is use

 Data is accidentally deleted

 Add verification method for data deletion
 Set access levels for data to limit who can delete the data

 Incorrect use of storage device

 Making sure device is ejected before removing

 Physical damage to hardware // hardware failure

 Correct care and maintenance of hardware

 Software failure
 Making sure it is always up to date // enable automatic updates

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) Three from: 3

 CD
 DVD
 Blu-ray

7(b) One mark for each correct row 6

Type of storage

Statement Magnetic Optical Solid

() () state
()

this storage has no moving parts 

this storage uses a laser to read and write data 

this storage uses a read/write head  

this storage burns pits onto a reflective surface 

this storage uses NAND and NOR technology 

this storage stores data in tracks and sectors  ()

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Question Answer Marks

8(a) Any four from: 4

 Trial version of software

 … for a limited time / number of uses
 … with limited features
 … free of charge
 If full version is required need to pay fee / sign up // When trial over user is asked to pay / sign up
 Protected by copyright
 Type of software licence

8(b) Any three from: 3

e.g.
 Copyright
 Plagiarism
 Production/distribution of malware
 Intellectual property theft
 Privacy of data
 Age appropriation
 Offensive materials
 Environmental impact of distribution media e.g. CDs
 Accessibility of software
 Security of software
 Following guidelines of professional bodies e.g. ACM/IEEE/BCS

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 Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 October/November 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

© UCLES 2018 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) 1 mark for each correct 8-bit binary number 3

66 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

85 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

83 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

1(b)(i) 1 mark for each correct hexadecimal number 3

4B
45
59

1(b)(ii) Three from: 3

• (HTML) colour codes
• Error messages
• MAC addresses
• IP addresses
• Assembly language
• Memory dump
• Locations in memory

1(b)(iii) Two from: 2

• Easier to read/write/understand (for humans)
• Easier to remember (for humans)
• Short way to represent binary // Uses less screen/display space
• Fewer errors made (in data transcription)
• Easier to debug (for humans)

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) 1 mark for each correct tick (9) 3

Statement RAM ROM

(9) (9)

Stores the programs and data that are currently in use 9

Used to boot up the computer when power is turned on 9

Contents are retained when power is turned off 9

2(b) Primary 1

2(c) Two from: 2

• Non-volatile storage
• Storage that can be disconnected/removed from the computer
• Any suitable example
• Must be (physically) connected to computer to obtain stored data
• Used to store files as a backup

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Question Answer Marks

3 1 mark for each correct logic gate, with correct inputs. 5

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Three from: 3

• Malware
• Virus // No antivirus
• Denial of service
• Spyware // No antispyware
• Phishing // opening unknown links/emails
• Pharming // opening unknown links/emails (only award once for this alternative)
• Hacking/cracking/unauthorised access // No/weak password // No/weak firewall
• Downloading/Using unknown software
• Not updating software
• Physical issue e.g. computer/door left unlocked

4(b) Four from: 4

• It examines/monitors/filters traffic into and out of a computer
• It allows a user to set criteria/rules for the traffic
• It checks whether the traffic meets the criteria/rules
• It blocks any traffic that does not meet the criteria/rules // Blocks unauthorised access
• It warns a user of any unauthorised software/access/unauthorised outgoing traffic
• It keeps a log of all traffic (that can be examined)

Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) 2D/3D cutter 1

5(a)(ii) Liquid crystal display // LCD 1

5(a)(iii) Actuator 1

5(b) 1 mark for each correct missing word, in the given order: 5
• interactive whiteboard
• inkjet
• thermal bubble
• laser
• rotating
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Question Answer Marks

6(a) • Compiler 2
• Interpreter

6(b) Four from: 4

• Closer to human language/English «
• « so it is easier/quicker to read/write/understand
• « so it is easier/quicker to debug the program
• « therefore, less likely to make errors

• The program can be used on many different platforms «

• « because it is written in source code
• « because it is compiled into object code

• They have built-in functions/libraries «

• « this saves time when writing the program

• Do not need to manipulate memory addresses directly «

• « therefore, specialist knowledge of this is not required

• Only need to learn a single language «

• « as this can be used on many different computers

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Question Answer Marks

6(c) 1 mark for each correct tick (9) 3

High-level Assembly Machine
Computer code language language code
(9) (9) (9)

10110111
11001100 9
01011100

FOR X = 1 TO 10
PRINT X 9
NEXT X

INP X
STA X 9
LDA Y

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Question Answer Marks

7 1 mark for each correct line (to a maximum of 5) 5

A program that allows a user to view
Browser
webpages

Internet Service Provider The main protocol that governs the

(ISP) transmission of data using the Internet

Hypertext Transfer Protocol The website address that is typed into

(HTTP) the address bar

Uniform Resource Locator An address given to each device on a

(URL) network. It is provided by the network

A unique address given to a device on

MAC address a network. It is provided by the
manufacturer

A company that provides a connection

IP address
to access the Internet

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Question Answer Marks

8 Four from: 4
• Used to attend to certain tasks/issues
• Used to make sure that vital tasks are dealt with immediately
• The interrupt/signal tells the CPU/processor (that its attention is required)
• A signal that can be sent from a device (attached to the computer)
• A signal that can be sent from software (installed on the computer)
• The interrupt will cause the OS/current process to pause
• The OS/CPU/ISR will service/handle the interrupt
• They have different levels of priority
• After the interrupt is serviced, the (previous) process is continued
• It enables multi-tasking to be carried out on a computer
• A valid example of an interrupt e.g. ‘out of paper’ message for a printer

Question Answer Marks

9(a)(i) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted one bit at a time
• Data is transmitted using a single wire
• Bits arrive in order/sequence

9(a)(ii) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted multiple bits at a time/simultaneously
• Data is transmitted using multiple wires
• Bits may arrive out of sequence/skewed (and are reordered)

9(a)(iii) 1 mark for each: 2

• Data is transmitted in both directions
• « at the same time/simultaneously

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Question Answer Marks

9(b) Maximum of three marks per error detection method. 9

1 mark for naming the method, 2 marks for describing it.
Parity (check)
• Odd or even parity can be used
• Bits are added together // 1 bits are counted
• Parity bit added (depending on parity set)
• Parity checked on receipt
• If parity bit is incorrect an error is detected

Checksum
• Calculation performed on data (to get the checksum)
• Checksum sent with data
• Checksum recalculated after transmission
• Comparison made between checksum before and checksum after transmission
• Error detected if checksums are different

Automatic repeat request (ARQ)

• Uses acknowledgement and timeout
• Request is sent (with data) requiring acknowledgement
• If no response/acknowledgment within certain time frame data package is resent
• When data received contains an error a request is sent (automatically) to resend the data
• The resend request is repeatedly sent until packet is received error free/limit is reached/acknowledgement received

Question Answer Marks

10 Five from: 5
• The sensor sends data to the microprocessor
• The analogue data is converted to digital (using ADC)
• The microprocessor compares the reading to the set range/stored values/stored data (6 to 8) «
– « If the reading is >8 or <6 / outside range «
o « the microprocessor sends a signal to output the alert
• The process is continuous/repeated

© UCLES 2018 Page 12 of 12

 Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 October/November 2019
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2019 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 15 printed pages.

© UCLES 2019 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2019
PUBLISHED

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific
content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking
principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope
of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question
as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be
limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade
descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1 One mark for each correct tick 4

Statement True False

(9) (9)

25 kB is larger than 100 MB 9

999 MB is larger than 50 GB 9

3500 kB is smaller than 2 GB 9

2350 bytes is smaller than 2 kB 9

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Question Answer Marks

2 Four from: 4
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Memory address register (MAR)
• Memory data register (MDR) // Memory buffer register (MBR)
• Accumulator (ACC)
• Immediate Access Store (IAS)
• Main memory // RAM
• Program counter (PC)
• Current instruction register (CIR)
• Address bus
• Data bus
• Control bus
• Input device
• Output device
• Secondary storage device

Question Answer Marks

3(a) One from: 1

• Continuous data // by description
• Non-discrete data // by description
• By example, e.g. data such as a sound wave

3(b) One from: 1

• Discrete data that has only two values
• By example, e.g. binary data / 1’s and 0’s

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) • 52 1

4(b) 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

4(c) • It is multiplied by 4 1

Question Answer Marks

5(a) Four from: 4

• A compression algorithm is used
• Discards any unnecessary sounds «
• « using perceptual musical shaping
• « such as removing background noise / sounds humans can’t hear // or other suitable example
• Reduces sample size / resolution // by example
• Reduces sample rate // by example
• Sound is clipped
• The data is permanently removed

5(b)(i) One from: 1

• The file size will be smaller than lossless
• Requires less storage space
• Requires less time to transmit

5(b)(ii) One from: 1

• The quality of the sound will be reduced
• The original file cannot be restored

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Question Answer Marks

5(c)(i) Four from: 4

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface file
• Stores a set of commands / instructions for how the sound should be played
• Does not store the actual sounds
• Data in the file has been recorded using digital instruments
• Specifies pitch of the note // specifies the note to be played
• Specifies when each note plays and stops playing // Specifies key on/off
• Specifies duration of the note
• Specifies volume of the note
• Specifies the tempo
• Specifies the type of instrument

5(c)(ii) Four from: 4

• It uses a single wire «
• « therefore, it is cheaper to manufacture / buy / install
• « therefore, less likely to have interference // no crosstalk
• « therefore, can be used over longer distances
• Data is sent a bit at a time «
• « therefore, less chance of data being skewed // data is received in order
• Transmission can be synchronised «
• « can reduce rate of errors

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Question Answer Marks

6 One mark for each correct tick 6

Resistive Capacitive
Statement
(9) (9)

This touch screen has multi-touch capabilities 9

This touch screen cannot be used whilst wearing gloves 9

This touch screen is made up of two layers with a small

9
space in between

This touch screen uses the electrical properties of the

9
human body

This touch screen is normally cheaper to manufacture 9

This touch screen has a quicker response time 9

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) Four from: 4

• Membrane / matrix / circuit board present at base of keys
• A key is pressed that presses a switch
• When a key is pressed it completes a circuit // changes the current in a circuit
• The location of the keypress is calculated
• An index of characters is searched to find the corresponding keypress
• Each character has an ASCII / Unicode value
• The ASCII / Unicode value has a binary value
• Keypress generates an interrupt
• Each character / keypress is added to a buffer to wait to be processed
• The binary can then be processed by the CPU to action the key press

7(b) Three from: 3

• Display a web page
• Sends a request to the web server
• Receives data from web server
• Translates HTML files
• Processes client-side script, e.g. JavaScript
• Store favourites
• Store history
• Navigation forward and backward
• Check security
• Store / access cookies
• Find specific text within a web page
• Downloading file from the web
• Allows a homepage
• Allows multiple tabs / web pages to be opened
• Stores data in its cache

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Question Answer Marks

7(c) Three from: 3

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure // It is a protocol «
• « that is a set of rules/standards
• Secure version of HTTP
• Secure website // secures data
• Uses TLS / SSL
• Uses encryption

Question Answer Marks

8(a) • X = 1 if (A is 1 XOR C is 1) OR (B is 1 NAND C is NOT 1) 3

• X = (A XOR C) OR (B NAND NOTC)

One mark for each bullet:

• (A XOR C)
• OR
• (B NAND NOTC)

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Question Answer Marks

8(b) Four marks for 8 correct outputs 4

Three marks for 6 or 7 correct outputs
Two marks for 4 or 5 correct outputs
One mark for 2 or 3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

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Question Answer Marks

9(a) One mark per each correct tick 5

True False
Statement
(9) (9)
Duplex data transmission can be either serial or
9
parallel
Duplex data transmission is when data is transmitted
9
both ways, but only one way at a time
Duplex data transmission is always used to connect a
9
device to a computer
Duplex data transmission is when data is transmitted
9
both ways at the same time
Duplex data transmission automatically detects any
9
errors in data

9(b) • Parallel data transmission 1

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Question Answer Marks

9(c) Four from (maximum two marks per benefit): 4

• It is a universal standard «
• « so it is likely to be compatible with the computer

• It can only be inserted one way «

• « so there is less chance of connecting a device incorrectly

• It is a high-speed connection «
• « so data will be transmitted quicker

• It uses serial transmission «

• « so it is cheaper to manufacture/buy
• « less chance of skewing / errors

• It doesn’t require a (wireless) network «

• « therefore, can be used if a network is down

• It is backwards compatible «
• « so no additional technology is needed

• It can power the device «

• « therefore no separate source of power is needed

• Drivers are automatically downloaded // device is automatically identified «

• « so no need to find them online / install them manually

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Question Answer Marks

10(a) Four from: 4

• Validation method
• Used to check data entry
• Digit is calculated from data // by example
• Digit is appended / added to data
• Digit is recalculated when data has been input
• Digits are compared
• If digits are different, error is detected // If digits match, no error is detected

10(b) Six from (maximum three marks per security method): 6

• Firewall «
• « Monitors the traffic
• « Blocks any traffic that doesn’t meet the criteria / rules

• (Strong) password // biometric «

• « Data cannot be accessed without the use of the password / bio data
• « Prevent brute force attacks

• Encryption «
• « Data will be scrambled
• « Key is required to decrypt the data
• « If data is stolen it will be meaningless

• Physical security methods «

• « The physical security will need to be overcome
• « This can help deter theft of the data

• Antispyware «
• « will remove any spyware from system
• « will prevent data being relayed to a third party

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Question Answer Marks

11(a) RAM 3
• To store the data / instructions / parts of OS that are currently in use
ROM
• To store the firmware / bootup instructions / BIOS
SSD
• To store files / software // by example

11(b) Two from: 2

• It is more durable // it has no moving parts
• It has a faster read / write / access speed
• It is more compact / light weight / smaller / portable
• It uses less energy // battery will last longer
• It is quieter
• Not affected by magnetic forces
• It runs at a cooler temperature
• Less latency // takes less time to warm up

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Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 October/November 2020
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2020 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

© UCLES 2020 [Turn over

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PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) Any one from: 1

− Hypertext Mark-up Language
− Web authoring language // language used to write/create websites/web pages

1(b)(i) − Presentation 1

1(b)(ii) One mark per each nibble: 6

43 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

B7 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

F0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1(c)(i) − Input 1

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Question Answer Marks

1(c)(ii) One from: 4

− Lossy (compression)

Any three from:

− A (compression) algorithm is used
− Removes redundant/unnecessary data from the file
− Removes sounds that cannot be heard by the human ear/background noise
− Reduces sample rate
− Reduces sample resolution
− Data is permanently removed // original file cannot be re-instated
− Perceptual music shaping is used

NOTE: If lossless given, marks can be awarded for a correct description of lossless as follow through.

Any three from (lossless):

− A (compression) algorithm is used
− Repeating patterns are identified
− … are replaced with a value
− … and indexed
− No data is permanently removed // original file can be re-instated
− Suitable example of a lossless algorithm

1(c)(iii) Any two from: 2

− Quicker for her to upload
− Quicker for users to download
− Won’t slow website down as much when loading
− Takes up less storage space

1(d)(i) − Handshake (layer) 2

− Record (layer)

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Question Answer Marks

1(d)(ii) Any six from: 6

− Client/browser requests secure connection to server
− Client/browser requests the server to identify itself
− Server provides a digital certificate
− Client/browser validates the certificate
− Client/browser send signal back to server (to begin transmission)
− Session caching can be used
− A session key is generated
− Encryption method is agreed // data is encrypted

1(e)(i) Any three from: 3

− Hacking
− Denial of service (DoS) attack
− Virus
− Malware

NOTE: Three different type of malware can be awarded

1(e)(ii) Any four from: 4

− Acts as a firewall
− Monitor/filters/examines incoming and outgoing traffic
− Rules/criteria for traffic can be set // blacklist/whitelist set
− Blocks any traffic that does not meet criteria …
− … and can send a warning message to the user
− Stop the website failing in a DoS attack // DoS attack hits the proxy server and not the webserver

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) One mark for each correct row: 4

Even Odd
8-bit binary value
() ()

11111111 

01100110 

01111011 

10000000 

2(b) Any five from: 5

− A value is calculated from the data
− The value is calculated using an algorithm // by example
− The value is appended to the data to be transmitted
− Value is recalculated after transmission
− Values are compared
− If the values match the data is correct // if the values do not match the data is incorrect

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Any three from: 3

− Loss of power/electricity
− Spillage of liquids
− Flood
− Fire
− Human error
− Hardware failure
− Software failure

NOTE: Three different types of human error can be awarded e.g. accidental deletion, not saving data, incorrect shutdown
procedure

3(a)(ii) − Create a backup 1

3(b) Max three from: 4

− Solid state drive
− Non-volatile
− Secondary storage
− Flash memory
− Has no mechanical/moving parts
− Uses transistors
− … and cells that are laid out in a grid
− Uses control gates and floating gates
− Can be NAND/NOR (technology)
− Use EEPROM technology

Max two from:

− Stores data by flashing it onto the chips
− Data stored by controlling the flow of electrons through/using transistors/chips/gates
− The electric current reaches the control gate and flows through to the floating gate to be stored
− When data is stored the transistor is converted from 1 to 0

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Question Answer Marks

3(c) One mark for each correct row: 6

Blu-ray CD DVD
Statement
() () ()

A type of optical storage   

Has the largest storage capacity 

Can be dual layer  

Read using a red laser  

Has the smallest storage capacity 

Stores data in a spiral track   

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) One mark for each correct logic gate with correct input: 4

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Question Answer Marks

4(b) Four marks for 8 correct outputs 4

Three marks for 6/7 correct outputs
Two marks for 4/5 correct outputs
One mark for 2/3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) One mark for each correct row: 5

True False
Statement
() ()

It is a flat panel display 

It creates images using red, green and blue diodes 

It is not very energy efficient and gives off heat 

It is also used in mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets 

It is a front-lit display 

5(b) One mark for each correct term in the correct place: 5
− Control
− Unique
− Identify
− Protocol
− Dynamic

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Question Answer Marks

5(c) Any four from: 4

− Allows user to view web pages
− Renders HTML
− Allows user to bookmark/favourite web pages
− Provides navigation features
− Allows (multiple) tabs
− Stores cookies
− Records history of pages visited
− Has a homepage
− Runs active script
− Allows files to be downloaded from website/internet
− Sends a request to the IP address/web server (to obtain the contents of a web page)
− Sends URL to DNS
− Manages HTTP/HTTPS protocol

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Cambridge IGCSE™

COMPUTER SCIENCE 0478/12

Paper 1 October/November 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2021 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2021
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.

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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) − Base-10 1

1(b) − 5 4
− 32
− 26
− 171

1(c)(i) − 00100101 1

1(c)(ii) − 00011011 1

1(d)(i) Any one from: 1

− To represent HTML colour codes
− In error messages

1(d)(ii) Any one from: 1

− Assembly code/language
− Memory address locations
− In error messages
− Memory dump

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Any one from: 1

− Printer
− Speaker
− Light/LED
− Actuator

2(b) Any one from: 1

− Touchscreen
− Trackpad / touchpad
− Microphone
− QR code reader
− Barcode reader
− Magnetic strip reader
− RFID reader

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) One mark per each correct row. 6

Parallel Parallel Serial

Serial
Statement simplex half-duplex duplex
simplex ()
() () ()

bits are transmitted along a single wire  

data is transmitted in both directions  

it is only suitable for distances less than 5  

metres

Bits from the same byte are transmitted one  

after the other

data may not arrive in the correct sequence  

data is transmitted in both directions, but 

only one direction at a time

3(b) Any three from: 3

− Can charge/power the mobile device (at the same time)
− (Uses serial transmission so) data less likely to be skewed / corrupted
− Universal / industry standard / connection
− Cable can only be plugged in one way // Cannot be inserted incorrectly
− Fast transmission speed
− Backward compatible
− Supports different transmission speeds
− Automatically detects device // Automatically downloads drivers

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Question Answer Marks

4 One mark per each correct term in the correct order. 7

− Capacitive
− Conductive // Capacitive
− Change
− Coordinates
− Resistive
− Circuit
− Manufacture

Question Answer Marks

5(a) Any three from: 3

− Password
− Add a biometric device to the laptop // set biometric password
− Use two-step verification // Use two factor authentication
− Physically lock the laptop away in a secure cupboard // Taking laptop with him at all times

5(b)(i) Any three from: 3

− A compression algorithm is used
− The resolution could be reduced
− Colour depth could be reduced // bits per pixel reduced
− Sounds not heard by human ear could be removed // Perceptual music shaping can be used
− Repeating frames could be removed

5(b)(ii) Any one from: 1

− Quality may be reduced
− Data is lost // original file cannot be reconstructed

5(c)(i) Any one from: 1

− Maintains quality // quality better than lossy
− Original file is retained // Data is not permanently lost
− A significant reduction in file size is not required

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Question Answer Marks

5(c)(ii) Any two from: 2

− Takes more time to transmit file // Takes more time to upload to web server // Takes more time to download to
customer // Web page will load slower
− Takes up more storage space
− Data usage would be increased
− Uses more bandwidth

Question Answer Marks

6(a) Any one from: 1

− They both translate high-level language into machine code / low-level language
− They both check for errors
− They both report errors

6(b) Four from (Max 2 per translator): 4

− An interpreter translates and executes the code line by line
− … whereas a compiler translates and executes the whole code all in one go

− An interpreter stops translating and reports an error as it finds one

− … whereas a compiler produces an error report at the end of translation

− An interpreter does not produce an executable file

− … but a compiler does produce an executable file

− An interpreter will execute the code until it finds an error

− … whereas a compiler will not execute any code if there are errors present

− An interpreter allows correction of errors in real-time

− … whereas a compiler needs to retranslate the code each time after errors are found and corrected

6(c) − Assembler 1

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Question Answer Marks

7 One mark per each correct row. 5

3D scanner Barcode QR code

Statement
() reader () reader ()

uses position and alignment markers for orientation when scanning 

scans the shape and appearance of an object 

uses reflected light from a laser to convert a  ()

black-and-white pattern into binary

can often be built into an Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) terminal, for  ()
example, a supermarket checkout

it is an example of an input device   

Question Answer Marks

8 Seven from: 7
− Timer is started
− Pressure sensor (within each mat)
− Sensor sends data to microprocessor
− Analogue data is converted to digital (using ADC)
− Microprocessor compares data to stored value(s)
− If data matches / in/out range microprocessor stops timer
− If data matches / in/out range microprocessor checks if data has come from correct colour mat sensor
− If data matches / in/out range microprocessor checks to see if timer is stopped at less than 1 second
− If data matches / in/out range microprocessor increments counter if timer is less than 1 second and colour/mat is
correct
− If correct colour/mat is hit, timer is reset and the whole process is repeated
− If data has not come from the correct colour mat sensor the game ends

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Question Answer Marks

9(a) Any three from: e.g. 3

− A suitable description of any error that might occur
− A peripheral is connected/disconnected
− A key on a keyboard is pressed
− A mouse button click
− A phone/video call is received
− A buffer requires more data
− A printer has a paper jam
− A printer runs out of paper
− A printer runs out of ink
− When switching from one application to another

NOTE: If three suitable different errors are described, this can be awarded three marks.

9(b) Any one from: 1

− The computer would only start a new task when it had finished processing the current task // by example
− Computer will not be able to multitask
− Errors may not be dealt with
− Computer would become impossible to use

Question Answer Marks

10(a) − Enables an encrypted link (between the browser and the web server) // It encrypts the data 2
− … based on the authentication of an (SSL) certificate // and will only send it if the certificate is authentic

10(b) − Transport Layer Security // TLS 1

10(c) Any two from: 2

− URL begins with HTTPS
− Padlock symbol is locked
− Check the certificate is valid

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Question Answer Marks

11(a) One mark per each correct logic gate with correct input(s) 5

B X

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Question Answer Marks

11(b) 4 marks for 8 correct outputs 4

3 marks for 6/7 correct outputs
2 marks for 4/5 correct outputs
1 mark for 2/3 correct outputs

A B C Working space X

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

11(c) − NOR 2
− XOR / EOR

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