Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Fundamentals Programming

of C
Features of C Language
 Modularity
 Extensibility
 Elegant syntax
 Case sensitive
 Less memory required
 The standard library concept
 The portability of the compiler
 A powerful and varied range of operators
 Ready access to the hardware when needed

Basics of C 2
Structure of C Program
Program
Documentation section
1 // Program for addition of 2 nos
(Used for comments)
2
Link section 3
4
Definition section 5
6 void fun();
7
Global declaration section 8 int a=10
10;
(Variables used in more than 9
one functions) 10
void main () 11 void main( )
{ 12 {
Declaration part 13 printf(
printf("Value of a inside main function: %d", a);
Executable part 14 fun();
} 15 }
16
Subprogram section 14 void fun()
(User defined functions) 18 {printf(
{printf("Value of a inside fun function: %d", a);}

Basics of C 3
Comments
 A comment is an explanation or description of the source code of the program
 It helps a programmer to explain logic of the code and improves program
readability.
 At run-time, a comment is ignored by the compiler.
 There are two types of comments in C:
 Single line comment
 Represented as // double forward slash
 It is used to denote a single line comment only.
 Example: // Single line comment
 Multi-line comment
 Represented as /* any_text */ start with forward slash and asterisk (/*) and end with asterisk and
forward slash (*/).
 It is used to denote single as well as multi-linecomment.
comment.
 Example: /* multi line comment line -1
 multi line comment line -2 */
Basics of C 4
Header files
 A header file is a file with extension .h which contains the set of predefined
standard library functions.
 The “#include” preprocessing directive is used to include the header files with
extension in the program.
Header file Description
stdio.h Input/Output functions (printf and scanf)
conio.h Console Input/Output functions (getch and clrscr)
math.h Mathematics functions (pow, exp, sqrt etc…)
string.h String functions (strlen, strcmp, strcat etc…)

Basics of C 5
Data Types
 Data types are defined as the data storage format that a variable can store a data.
 It determines the type and size of data associated with variables.

Data types in C

Primary Data type

Secondary Data type
(int, float, char)

Derived Data type User definer Data type

array, pointer)
(array (structure, union, enum)

Basics of C 6
Primary Data Type
 Primary data types are built in data types which are directly supported by machine.
 They are also known as fundamental data types.
 int:
 int datatype can store integer number which is whole number without fraction part such as 10, 105
etc.
 C language has 3 classes of integer storage namely short int, int and long int. All of these data
types have signed and unsigned forms.
 Example: int a=10;
 float:
 float data type can store floating point number which represents a real number with decimal point
and fractional part such as 10.50, 155.25 etc.
 When the accuracy of the floating point number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the
number. The double is same as float but with longer precision.
 To extend the precision further we can use long double which consumes 80 bits of memory space.
 Example: float a=10.50;

Basics of C 7
Primary Data Type (cont…)
 char:
 Char data type can store single character of alphabet or digit or special symbol such as ‘a’, ‘5’ etc.
 Each character is assigned some integer value which is known as ASCII values.
 Example: char a=‘a’;
 void:
 The void type has no value therefore we cannot declare it as variable as we did in case of int or
float or char.
 The void data type is used to indicate that function is not returning anything.

Basics of C 8
Secondary Data Type
 Secondary data types are not directly supported by the machine.
 It is combination of primary data types to handle real life data in more convenient
way.
 It can be further divided in two categories,
categories
 Derived data types: Derived data type is extension of primary data type. It is built-in system
and its structure cannot be changed. Examples:
Examples Array and Pointer.
 Array: An array is a fixed-size sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.
 Pointer: Pointer is a special variable which contains memory address of another variable.
 User defined data types: User defined data type can be created by programmer using
combination of primary data type and/or derived data type. Examples: Structure, Union, Enum.
 Structure: Structure is a collection of logically related data items of different data types grouped
together under a single name.
 Union: Union is like a structure, except that each element shares the common memory.
 Enum: Enum is used to assign names to integral constants, the names make a program easy to read
and maintain.

Basics of C 9
Variables and Constants
 Variable is a symbolic name given to some value which can be changed.
 , , , , . can be variable names..
 =5 = +
 Constant is a fixed value which cannot be changed.
 5, −7.5, 1452, 0, 3.14, .

Basics of C 10
Tokens
 The smallest individual unit of a program is known as token.
 C has the following tokens:
 Keywords
 C reserves a set of 32 words for its own use. These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and
each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C language.
 Identifiers
 Identifiers are names that are given to various user defined program elements, such as variable,
function and arrays.
 Constants
 Constants refer to fixed values that do not change during execution of program.
 Strings
 A string is a sequence of characters terminated with a null character \0.
 Special Symbols
 Symbols such as #, &, =, * are used in C for some specific function are called as special symbols.
 Operators
 An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical operation.

Basics of C 11
Operators
 Arithmetic operators (+, - , *, /, %)
 Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=)
 Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
 Assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=)
 Increment and decrement operators (++, --)
 Conditional operators (?:)
 Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
 Special operators ()

Basics of C 12
Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical calculation.
Operator Meaning Example Description
+ Addition a+b Addition of a and b
- Subtraction a–b Subtraction of b from a
* Multiplication a*b Multiplication of a and b
/ Division a/b Division of a by b
% Modulo division- remainder a%b Modulo of a by b

Basics of C 13
Relational Operators
 Relational operators are used to compare two numbers and taking decisions based
on their relation.
 Relational expressions are used in decision statements such as if, for, while, etc…
Operator Meaning Example Description
< Is less than a<b a is less than b
<= Is less than or equal to a <= b a is less than or equal to b
> Is greater than a>b a is greater than b
>= Is greater than or equal to a >= b a is greater than or equal to b
== Is equal to a=b a is equal to b
!= Is not equal to a != b a is not equal to b

Basics of C 14
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to test more than one condition and make decisions.
Operator Meaning
&& logical AND (Both non zero then true, either is zero then false)
|| logical OR (Both zero then false, either is non zero then true)
! Is greater than

a b a&&b a||b
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

Basics of C 15
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators (=) is used to assign the result of an expression to a variable.
 Assignment operator stores a value in memory.
memory
 C also supports shorthand assignment operators which simplify operation with
assignment.
Operator Meaning
= Assigns value of right side to left side
+= a += 1 is same as a = a + 1
-= a -= 1 is same as a = a - 1
*= a *= 1 is same as a = a * 1
/= a /= 1 is same as a = a / 1
%= a %= 1 is same as a = a % 1

Basics of C 16
Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment (++) operator used to increase the value of the variable by one.
 Decrement (--) operator used to decrease the value of the variable by one.

Example Explanation
x=100; After the execution the
x++; value of x will be 101.

Example Explanation
x=100; After the execution the
x--; value of x will be 99.

Basics of C 17
Increment and Decrement Operators (cont…)
(
Operator Description
Pre increment operator (++x) value of x is incremented before assigning it to the variable
on the left

Example Explanation Output

x=10; First increment value of x will be 11
p=++x; x by one then assign. p will be 11

Operator Description
Post increment operator (x++) value of x is incremented after assigning it to the variable on
the left

Example Explanation Output

x=10; First assign value of x x will be 11
p=x++; then increment value. p will be 10

Basics of C 18
Conditional Operators
 A ternary operator is known as conditional operator.
 Syntax: exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Working of the ? : Operator
exp1 is evaluated first
if exp1 is true(nonzero) then
- exp2 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression
If exp1 is false(zero) then
- exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression

Example Example
m=2, n=3; m=2, n=3;
r=(m>n) ? m : n; r=(m<n) ? m : n;
Explanation Explanation
Value of r will be 3 Value of r will be 2

Basics of C 19
Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise operators are used to perform operation bit by bit.
 Bitwise operators may not be applied to float or double.
Operator Meaning
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
^ bitwise exclusive OR
<< shift left (shift left means multiply by 2)
>> shift right (shift right means divide by 2)

Basics of C 20
Bitwise Operators
8 = 1000 (In Binary) and 6 = 0110 (In Binary)

Example: Bitwise & (AND) Example Bitwise | (OR)

Example:
int a=8, b=6, c; int a=8, b=6, c;
c = a & b; c = a | b;
printf("Output = %d", c); printf
printf("Output = %d", c);
Output Output
0 14

Example: Bitwise << (Shift Left) Example Bitwise >> (Shift Right)
Example:
int a=8, b; int a=8, b;
b = a << 1; b = a >> 1;
printf("Output = %d", b); printf
printf("Output = %d", b);
Output Output
16 (multiplying a by a power of two) 4 (dividing a by a power of two)

Basics of C 21
Special Operators

Operator Meaning
& Address operator, it is used to determine address of the variable.
* Pointer operator, it is used to declare pointer variable and to get value from it.
, Comma operator. It is used to link the related expressions together.
sizeof It returns the number of bytes the operand occupies.
. member selection operator, used in structure.
-> member selection operator, used in pointer to structure.

Basics of C 22
Expressions
 An expression is a combination of operators, constants and variables.
 An expression may consist of one or more operands, and zero or more operators to
produce a value.

Operand 1 Operand 2 Operand 3

answer = a + b * c;

Variable to store Operator 1 Operand 2

the expression value

Basics of C 23
Evaluation of Expressions
 An expression is evaluated based on the operator precedence and associativity.
 When there are multiple operators in an expression, they are evaluated according
to their precedence and associativity.

Basics of C 24
Operator precedence
 Precedence of an operator is its priority in an expression for evaluation.
 The operator with higher precedence is evaluated first and the operator with the
least precedence is evaluated last.
 Operator precedence is why the expression 5 + 3 * 2 is calculated as 5 + (3 * 2),
giving 11, and not as (5 + 3) * 2, giving 16.
16
 We say that the multiplication operator (*) has higher "precedence" or "priority"
than the addition operator (+), so the multiplication
multiplic must be performed first.

Basics of C 25
Operator associativity
 Associativity is the left-to-right or right-to-left
right order for grouping operands to
operators that have the same precedence.
precedence
 Operator associativity is why the expression 8 - 3 - 2 is calculated as (8 - 3) - 2,
giving 3, and not as 8 - (3 - 2), giving 7.
 We say that the subtraction operator (-) is "left associative", so the left subtraction
must be performed first.
 When we can't decide by operator precedence alone in which order to calculate an
expression, we must use associativity.

Basics of C 26
Type conversion
 Type conversion is converting one type of data to another type.
 It is also known as Type Casting.
 There are two types of type conversion:
 Implicit Type Conversion
 This type of conversion is usually performed by the compiler when necessary without any commands
by the user.
 It is also called Automatic Type Conversion.
 Explicit Type Conversion
 These conversions are done explicitly by users using the pre-defined functions.
Example: Implicit Type Conversion Example: Explicit Type Conversion
int a = 20; double a = 4.5, b = 4.6, c = 4.9;
double b = 20.5; int result = (int)da + (int)db + (int)dc;
printf("%lf", a + b); printf("result = %d", result);
Output Output
40.500000 12

Basics of C 27
printf()
 printf() is a function defined in stdio.h file
 It displays output on standard output, mostly monitor
 Message and value of variable can be printed
 Let’s see few examples of printf
 printf(“ ”);
 printf(“Hello World”); // Hello World
 printf(“%d”, c); // 15
 printf(“Sum = %d”, c); // Sum = 15
 printf(“%d+%d=%d”, a, b, c); // 10+5=15
15

Basics of C 28
scanf()
 scanf() is a function defined in stdio.h file
 scanf() function is used to read character, string, numeric data from keyboard
 Syntax of scanf
 scanf("%X", &variable);
 where %X is the format specifier which tells the compiler what type of data is in a variable.
 & refers to address of “variable” which is directing the input value to a address returned by &variable.

Format Supported Example Description

specifier data types
%d Integer scanf(“%d”, &a) Accept integer value such as 1, 5, 25, 105 etc
%f Float scanf(“%f”, &b) Accept floating value such as 1.5, 15.20 etc
%c Character scanf(“%c”, &c) Accept character value such as a, f, j, W, Z etc
%s String scanf(“%s”, &d) Accept string value such as diet, india etc

Basics of C 29
getchar and putchar
Program
 getchar function reads a single
1 #include <stdio.h>
character from terminal. 2 void main( )
 putchar function displays the 3 {
character passed to it on the screen. 4 int c;
5 printf("Enter a character: ");
6 /* Take a character as input */
7 c = getchar();
8 /* Display the character */
9 printf("Entered character is: ");
10 putchar(c);
11 }

Output
Enter a character: a
Entered character is: a

Basics of C 30
gets and puts
Program
 gets function reads a line from stdin
1 #include <stdio.h>
into the buffer pointed to by s until 2 void main( )
either a terminating newline or EOF 3 {
(End of File) occurs. 4 /*Character array of length 100*/
5 char str[100];
 puts function writes the string 's' 6 printf("Enter a string: ");
and 'a' trailing newline to stdout. 7 /* Take a string as input */
8 gets( str );
9 /* Display the string */
10 printf("Entered string is: ");
11 puts( str );
12 }

Output
Enter a string: india
Entered string is: india

Basics of C 31
Preprocessor
 Preprocessors are programs that process our source code before compilation.
 There are a number of steps involved between writing a program and executing a
program in C.
 Let us have a look at these steps before we actually start learning about
Preprocessors.
C Program

Object Executable
Are there No Code Code
preprocessor Compiler Linker
directive

Yes

Preprocessor perform action

Basics of C 32
Types of Preprocessor
 There are 4 main types of preprocessor directives:
directives
 Macros
 File inclusion
 Conditional compilation
 Other directives

Basics of C 33
Macro
 A macro is a fragment of code which has been given a name. Whenever the name
is used in program, it is replaced by the contents of the macro.
 Macro definitions are not variables and cannot be changed by your program code
like variables.
 The ‘#define’ directive is used to define a macro.
 Do not put a semicolon ( ; ) at the end of #define statements.
 There are two types of macros:
 Object-like Macros
 Function-like Macros

Basics of C 34
Macro
Description Object-like Macros Function-like Macros
Definition The object-like
like macro is an identifier that The function-like macro looks like
is replaced by value. function call.
Use It is used to represent numeric constants. It is used to represent function.
Syntax #define CNAME value #define CNAME (expression)
Example #define PI 3.14 #define MIN(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))
Program 1 #include <stdio.h> 1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #define PI 3.14 2 #define MIN(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))
3 void main() 3 void main()
4 { int r=2; 4 {
5 float a; 5 printf("%d", MIN(2, 5));
6 a=PI*r*r; 6 }
7 printf("%f", a);
8 }

Basics of C 35
 Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Decision Programming

making in
C
Need of decision making

if number is odd
{
/* code */
}

else number is even

{
/* code */
}

Decision Making 2
Decision Making or Conditional Statement
 C program statements are executed sequentially.
sequentially
 Decision Making statements are used to control the flow of program.
 It allows us to control whether a program segment is executed or not.
 It evaluates condition or logical expression first and based on its result (either true
or false), the control is transferred to particular statement.
 If result is true then it takes one path else it takes another path.

Decision Making 3
Decision Making Statements in C

Decision Making Statements are

One way Decision: if (Also known as simple if)
Two way Decision: if…else
Multi way Decision: if…else if…else if…else
else
Two way Decision: ?: (Conditional Operator)
Operator
n-way Decision: switch…case

Decision Making 4
Relational Operators
 Relational Operator is used to compare two expressions.
 It gives result either true or false based on relationship of two expressions.

Math C Meaning Example Result

> > is greater than 5 > 4 true
≥ >= is greater than or equal to 5 >= 4 true
< < is less than 5 < 4 false
≤ <= is less than or equal to 5 <= 4 false
≠ != is not equal to 5 != 4 true
= == is equal to 5 == 4 false

Decision Making 5


If statement
if
 if is single branch decision making statement.
 If condition is true then only body will be executed.
 if is a keyword. Flowchart of if
Syntax
if(condition)
{ False
// Body of the if condition
// true part
}
True

Decision Making 7
WAP to print Zero if given number is 0

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:0
2 void main() Zero
3 {
4 int a;
5 printf("Enter Number:");
6 scanf("%d",&a);
7 if(a == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Zero");
10 }
11 }

Decision Making 8
WAP to print Positive or Negative Number

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
4 int a; Output
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a >= 0)
8 {
9 printf("Positive Number");
10 }
11 if(a < 0)
12 {
13 printf("Negative Number");
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 9
Modulus Operator
 % is modulus operator in C
 It divides the value of one expression (number) by the value of another expression (number), and
returns the remainder.
 Syntax: express1 % express2
 E.g.
 7%2 Answer: 1
 6%2 Answer: 0
 25%10 Answer: 5
 37%28 Answer: 9

Decision Making 10
WAP to print Odd or Even Number

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:12
2 void main() Even Number
3 {
4 int a; Output
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:11
6 scanf("%d",&a); Odd Number
7 if(a%2 == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Even Number");
10 }
11 if(a%2 != 0)
12 {
13 printf("Odd Number");
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 11


If..else statement
if...else
 if…else is two branch decision making statement
 If condition is true then true part will be executed else false part will be executed
 else is keyword
Flowchart of if…else
Syntax
if(condition)
{ True False
// true part condition
}
else
{
// false part … …
}

Decision Making 13
WAP to print Positive or Negative Number using if…else

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
4 int a; Output
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a >= 0)
8 {
9 printf("Positive Number");
10 }
11 else
12 {
13 printf("Negative Number");
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 14
WAP to print Odd or Even Number using if…else

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:12
2 void main() Even Number
3 {
4 int a; Output
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:11
6 scanf("%d",&a); Odd Number
7 if(a%2 == 0)
8 {
9 printf("Even Number");
10 }
11 else
12 {
13 printf("Odd Number");
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 15
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using if

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 if(a > b)
8 {
9 printf("%d is largest", a);
10 }
11 if(a < b)
12 {
13 printf("%d is largest", b);
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 16
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using if…else

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 if(a > b)
8 {
9 printf("%d is largest", a);
10 }
11 else
12 {
13 printf("%d is largest", b);
14 }
15 }

Decision Making 17
{ }
 If body of if contains only one statement then { } are not compulsory
 But if body of if contains more than one statements then { } are compulsory

if(a >= b) Both if(a >= b)

{ printf("%d is largest", a);
are
printf("%d is largest", a);
} same

Decision Making 18


If…else if…else if…else

Ladder if
If…else if…else if…else
 if…else if…else if…else is multi branch decision making statement.
 If first if condition is true then remaining if conditions will not be evaluated.
 If first if condition is false then second if condition will be evaluated and if it is
true then remaining if conditions will not be evaluated.
 if…else if…else if…else is also known as if…else if ladder
Syntax
if(condition-1)
statement-1;
else if(condition-2)
statement-2;
else
statement-3;

Decision Making 20
if…else if…else ladder flowchart

condition False
1

True condition False

2
… True Condition False
3
… True

… …

Decision Making 21
WAP to print Zero, Positive or Negative Number

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Number:5
2 void main() Positive Number
3 {
4 int a; Output
5 printf("Enter Number:"); Enter Number:-5
6 scanf("%d",&a); Negative Number
7 if(a > 0)
8 printf("Positive Number");
9 else if(a==0)
10 printf("Zero");
11 else
12 printf("Negative Number");
13 }

Decision Making 22


Nested if
Nested if
 If condition-1 is true then condition-2 is evaluated.
evaluated If it is true then statement-1 will
be executed.
 If condition-1 is false then statement-3 will be executed.
Syntax
if(condition-1)
{
if(condition-2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}

Decision Making 24
Nested if flowchart

False condition True

1

Statement condition False

3 2

True
Statement Statement
1 2

Next
Statement
Decision Making 25
WAP to print maximum from given three numbers
Program
1 void main(){
2 int a, b, c; Output
3 printf("Enter Three Numbers:"); Enter Three Numbers:7
4 scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); 5
5 if(a>b) 9
6 { 9 is max
7 if(a>c)
8 printf("%d is max",a);
9 else
10 printf("%d is max",c);
11 }
12 else
13 {
14 if(b>c)
15 printf("%d is max",b);
16 else
17 printf("%d is max",c);
18 }
19 }
Decision Making 26


Conditional Operator
 ? : (Conditional Operator)
 The conditional works operator is similar to the if-else.
 It is also known as a ternary operator.
 It returns first value of expression (before colon(:)) if expression is true and second
value of expression if expression is false.

False
True

variable = Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3

Result value
Result value

Decision Making 28
Conditional operator flowchart
 Here, Expression1 is the condition to be
evaluated
evaluated.
True Expression False
1  If the condition(Expression1) is True then
Expression will be executed and the result
Expression2
will be returned.
Expression Expression
2 3
 Otherwise, if condition(Expression1) is
false then Expression3 will be executed
Variable
and the result will be returned.

Decision Making 29
WAP to find largest number from given 2 numbers using ? :

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter Two Numbers:4
2 void main() 5
3 { 5 is largest
4 int a, b, max;
5 printf("Enter Two Numbers:");
6 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
7 max = a>b?a:b;
8 printf("%d is largest",max);
9 }

Decision Making 30


switch…case
switch...case
 The switch statement allows to execute one code block among many alternatives.
 It works similar to if...else..if ladder.
Syntax  The expression is evaluated once and
switch (expression) compared with the values of each case.
{
case constant1:  If there is a match, the corresponding
// statements statements after the matching case are
break; executed.
case constant2:
// statements  If there is no match, the default
break; statements are executed.
.
.  If we do not use break, all statements
. after the matching label are executed.
default:
// default statements  The default clause inside the switch
} statement is optional.
Decision Making 32
WAP that asks day number and prints day name using switch…case
void main(){ case 7:
int day; printf("Saturday");
printf("Enter day number(1-7):"); break;
scanf("%d",&day); default:
switch(day) printf("Wrong input");
{ break;
case 1: }
printf("Sunday"); }
break;
case 2:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 3:
Output
printf("Tuesday");
break; Enter day number(1-7):5
number(1
case 4: Thursday
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Friday");
break;

Decision Making 33
Practice programs
1) Write a program to check whether entered character is vowel or not?
2) Write a program to perform Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of
2 numbers as per user’s choice (using if…else/Nested
if… if/Ladder if).
3) Write a program to read marks of five subjects. Calculate percentage and print
class accordingly. Fail below 35, Pass Class between 35 to 45, Second Class
between 45 to 60, First Class between 60 to 70, Distinction if more than 70.
4) Write a program to find out largest number from given 3 numbers (Conditional
operator).
5) Write a program to print number of days in the given month.

Decision Making 34


Thank you
 Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Looping Programming
Life is all about Repetition.
We do same thing everyday
What is loop?
 Loop is used to execute the block of code several times according to the condition
given in the loop. It means it executes the same code multiple times.

“Hello” 5

Output

printf("Hello\n"); Hello
printf("Hello\n"); Hello loop(condition)
{
printf("Hello\n"); Hello //statements
printf("Hello\n"); Hello }

printf("Hello\n"); Hello

Looping 3
if v/s while

Flowchart of if v/s Flowchart of while

False False
condition condition

True True

… …

Looping 4
Looping or Iterative Statements in C
Looping Statements are
Entry Controlled Loop: while, for
Exit Controlled Loop: do…while
Virtual Loop: goto

Looping 5


While loop
While Loop
 while is an entry controlled loop
 Statements inside the body of while are repeatedly executed till the condition is
true
 while is keyword
Syntax
while(condition)
{
// Body of the while
// true part
}

Looping 7
WAP to print 1 to n(while loop)

Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n:10
2 void main() 1
3 { 2
4 int i,n; 3
5 i=1; 4
6 printf("Enter n:"); 5
7 scanf("%d",&n); 6
8 while(i<=n) 7
9 { 8
10 printf("%d\n",i); 9
11 i=i+1; 10
12 }
13 }

Looping 8
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n(while loop)
Line i n condition Process Output
Program 1 Linking header file
1 #include<stdio.h> 2 Calling void main()
3
2 void main() 4 1 Declarations
3 { 5 Enter value of
n
4 int i=1, n; 6 5 Scanning value of n 5
5 printf(“Enter the value of n”); 7 i <= n, TRUE While loop condition
6 scanf(“%d ”,&n); 8
9 i%2 != 0 TRUE If condition
7 while(i <= n) 10 Printing value of i 1
8 { 11 2 Incrementing value of i by 1
12 Jump to line:7
9 if(i%2!=0) 7 i <= n, TRUE While loop condition
10 printf(“%d/n”,i); 8
11 i=i+1; 9 i%2 != 0 FALSE If condition, skip line:10
11 3 Incrementing value of i by 1
12 } 12 Jump to line:7
13 } 7 i <= n, TRUE While loop condition
8
9 i%2 != 0 TRUE If condition
Output 10 Printing value of i 3
Enter the value of n 11 4 Incrementing value of i by 1
5 12 Jump to line:7
1
3
5 13 End of program

Looping 9
WAP to print multiplication table(while loop)

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter n for multiplication table:5
2 void main() 5 * 1 = 5
3 { 5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
4 int i=1,n;
5 * 4 = 20
5 printf("Enter n for multiplication table:");
table:" 5 * 5 = 25
6 scanf("%d",&n); 5 * 6 = 30
7 while(i<=10) 5 * 7 = 35
8 { 5 * 8 = 40
9 printf("%d * %d = %d\n",n,i,n*i);
); 5 * 9 = 45
10 i=i+1; 5 * 10 = 50
11 }
12 }

Looping 10
WAP to Sum of 5 numbers entered by user(while loop)

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter a number=10
2 void main() Enter a number=20
3 { Enter a number=30
Enter a number=40
4 int sum=0, i=1,n;
Enter a number=50
5 while(i<=5) Sum is=150
6 {
7 printf("Enter a number=");
8 scanf("%d",&n);
9 sum=sum+n;
10 i=i+1;
11 }
12 printf("Sum is=%d",sum);
13 }

Looping 11
Looping
 Loop Control in C, is the repeated execution of code, for a specified number of
times, if the condition is met.

loop (repeat 50
10 times)
{
printf
printf("*");
}

Looping 12
Syntax and Logic
Swimming Rules To Swim
1. Breath control
2. Kicking legs
3. Back stroke with arms
4. Front stroke with arms
5. Crawling in water

Syntax Logic
while(condition) int i = 1;
{ while (i <= 5)
// Body of the while {
// true part printf("%d\n", i);
} i=i+1;
}

Looping 13
How to build logic? Step-1
Step 1: Understand the problem statement
 e.g. Write a program to find factors of a number.
 Run following questions through mind
 What is the factor of a number?
 Factor is a number that divides another number evenly with no remainder.
 For example, 1,2,3,4,6,12 are factors of 12.
 How many variables needed? What should be their data types?(Inputs/Outputs)
 To get number from user we need variable n.
 Now we need to divide n with 1,2,3,...,n. For this we will declare a loop variable i initialized as 1.
 Both variables should be of integer data type.
 What control structure you require?
 First we need a loop to divide n by 1,2,3,…,n,, loop will start from 1 and ends at n.
 Inside loop we need if structure to check n%i==0
n%i (Number n is evenly divisible by i or not).

Looping 14
How to build logic? Step-2
Step 2: Think for 1 or 2 examples
 Consider n=6, now take i=1
 6%1==0, TRUE; So, 1 is factor of 6
 6%2==0, TRUE; So, 2 is factor of 6
 6%3==0, TRUE; So, 3 is factor of 6
 6%4==2, FALSE; S0, 4 is not factor of 6
 6%5==1, FALSE; S0, 5 is not factor of 6
 6%6==0, TRUE; S0, 6 is factor of 6

 From this we can infer that loop variable i starts with 1 and incremented by one
for next iteration then ends at value n.
 Consider n=10, factors are 1,2,5,10
 Consider n=11, factor is 1,11
 From this we can infer that 1 and number itself are always factors of any number n.

Looping 15
How to build logic? Step-3
Step 3: Draw flowchart/steps on paper or in mind
Start
Steps
i=1 Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables n,i
read n Step 3: Initialize variable
i ← 1
Step 4: Read value of n
i<=n? Step 5: Repeat the steps until i = n
True False 5.1: if n%i == 0
Display i
n%i==0? 5.2: i=i+1
True False Step 7: Stop
print i

i=i+1
Stop
Looping 16
How to build logic? Step-4
Step 4: Writing Pseudo-code
 Pseudo-code
code is an informal way to express the design of a computer program or
an algorithm.
 It does not require any strict programming language syntax.

Pseudo-code
Initialize i=1 integer
Declare n as integer
Input n
while i<n
if n%i
print i
end if
increment i=i+1
1
end while

Looping 17
WAP to find factors of a number(while loop)

Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n to find factors=12
2 void main() 1,2,3,4,6,12,
3 {
4 int i=1,n;
5 printf("Enter n to find factors=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 while(i<=n)
8 {
9 if(n%i==0)
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 i=i+1;
12 }
13 }

Looping 18
WAP to print reverse a number(while loop)

Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter a number=1234
2 void main() 4321
3 {
4 int n;
5 printf("Enter a number=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 while(n!=0)
8 {
9 printf("%d",n%10);
10 n=n/10;
11 }
12 }

Looping 19
WAP to check given number is perfect or not(while loop)
1 void main(){
2 int i=1,n,sum=0;
3 printf("Enter a number:"); Output
4 scanf("%d",&n); Enter a number:6
5 while(i<n) 1+2+3=6
6 is a perfect number
6 {
7 if(n%i==0)
Output
8 {
9 printf("%d+",i); Enter a number:8
1+2+4+=7
10 sum=sum+i;
8 is not a perfect number
11 }
12 i=i+1;
Output
13 }
14 printf("=%d",sum); Enter a number:496
1+2+4+8+16+31+62+124+248+=496
15 if(sum==n) 496 is a perfect number
16 printf("\n%d is a perfect number",n
,n);
17 else
18 printf("\n%d is not a perfect number",n);
number"
19 }

Looping 20
WAP to check given number is prime or not(while loop)
1 void main()
2 {
3 int n, i=2,flag=0; Output
4 printf("Enter a number:"); Enter a number:7
5 scanf("%d",&n); 7 is a prime number
6 while(i<=n/2)
7 {
Output
8 if(n%i==0)
9 { Enter a number:9
9 is not a prime number
10 flag=1;
11 break;
12 }
13 i++;
14 }
15 if (flag==0)
16 printf("%d is a prime number",n);
17 else
18 printf("%d is not a prime number",n
,n);
19 }

Looping 21


for loop
for Loop
 for is an entry controlled loop
 Statements inside the body of for are repeatedly executed till the condition is true
 for is keyword
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; updateStatement)
{
// statements
}

 The initialization statement is executed only once.

once
 Then, the condition is evaluated. If the condition is false, the for loop is
terminated.
 If the condition is true, statements inside the body of for loop are executed, and
the update statement is updated.
 Again the condition is evaluated.
Looping 23
WAP to print numbers 1 to n (for loop)

Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Enter a number:5
2 void main() 1
3 { 2
4 int i,n; 3
5 printf("Enter a number:"); 4
6 scanf("%d",&n); 5
7 for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
8 {
9 printf("%d\n",i);
10 }
11 }

Looping 24
WAP to find factors of a number (for loop)

Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter n to find factors=12
2 void main() 1,2,3,4,6,12,
3 {
4 int i,n;
5 printf("Enter n to find factors=");
6 scanf("%d",&n);
7 for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
8 {
9 if(n%i==0)
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 }

Looping 25
WAP to check given number is perfect or not(for loop)
1 void main(){
2 int i,n,sum=0;
3 printf("Enter a number:"); Output
4 scanf("%d",&n); Enter a number:6
5 for(i=1;i<n;i++) 1+2+3=6
6 is a perfect number
6 {
7 if(n%i==0)
Output
8 {
9 printf("%d+",i); Enter a number:8
1+2+4+=7
10 sum=sum+i;
8 is not a perfect number
11 }
12 }
Output
13 printf("=%d",sum);
14 if(sum==n) Enter a number:496
1+2+4+8+16+31+62+124+248+=496
15 printf("\n%d is a perfect number",n
,n); 496 is a perfect number
16 else
17 printf("\n%d is not a perfect number",n);
number"
18 }

Looping 26


do while loop
do while Loop
 do while is an exit controlled loop.
 Statements inside the body of do while are repeatedly executed till the condition
is true.
 Do and while are keywords. Syntax
do
{
// statement
}
while (condition);

 Loop body will be executed first, and then condition is checked.

 If the condition is true, the body of the loop is executed again and the condition is
evaluated.
 This process goes on until the condition becomes false.
 If the condition is false, the loop ends.
Looping 28
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n(do while loop)

Program Output
1 void main() Enter a number:5
2 { 1,3,5
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 if(i%2!=0)
9 {
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 i=i+1;
13 }
14 while(i<=n);
15 }

Looping 29
WAP to find factors of a number(do while loop)

Program Output
1 void main() Enter a number:6
2 { 1,2,3,6,
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 if(n%i==0)
9 {
10 printf("%d,",i);
11 }
12 i=i+1;
13 }
14 while(i<=n);
15 }

Looping 30
WAP to print reverse a number(do while loop)

Program Output
1 void main() Enter a number=1234
2 { 4321
3 int n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 do
7 {
8 printf("%d",n%10);
9 n=n/10;
10 }
11 while(n!=0);
12 }

Looping 31


goto statement
goto Statement
 goto is an virtual loop
 The goto statement allows us to transfer control of the program to the specified
label.
 goto is keyword
Syntax Syntax
goto label; label:
. .
. .
. .
label: goto label;

 The label is an identifier. When the goto statement is encountered, the control of
the program jumps to label: and starts executing the code.

Looping 33
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n(goto)

Program Output
1 void main() Enter a number:5
2 { 1,3,5
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 odd:
7 if(i%2!=0)
8 {
9 printf("%d,",i);
10 }
11 i=i+1;
12 if(i<=n)
13 {
14 goto odd;
15 }
16 }

Looping 34
WAP to find factors of a number(goto)
number(

Program Output
1 void main() Enter a number:6
2 { 1,2,3,6,
3 int i=1,n;
4 printf("Enter a number:");
5 scanf("%d",&n);
6 odd:
7 if(n%i==0)
8 {
9 printf("%d,",i);
10 }
11 i=i+1;
12 if(i<=n)
13 {
14 goto odd;
15 }
16 }

Looping 35
Types of loops
Entry Control Loop Entry Control Loop Exit Control Loop Virtual Loop
int i=1; int i; int i=1; int i=1;
while(i<=10) for(i=1;i<=10;i++) do labelprint:
{ { { printf("%d",i++);
printf("%d",i++); printf("%d",i); printf("%d",i++); if(i<=10)
} } } goto labelprint;
while(i<=10);

False
Loop Body Label Statement
condition
True True
condition condition
Loop Body
False True False
goto

Looping 36


Pattern
Always detect pattern in pattern
Pattern
There are important points to note in pattern
1. Determine, how many rows?
2. Determine, how many numbers/characters/columns in a row?
3. Determine, Increment/Decrement among the number of rows.
4. Determine, starting in each row

1 1 1 *
11 12 23 * *
111 123 456 * * *
1111 1234 78910 * * * *
11111 12345 * * *
* *
*

Looping 38
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
* Program
** 1 void main()
*** 2 {
**** 3 int i,j;
***** 4 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
;i++)
5 {
No. of rows: 5 6 for(j=1; j<=i;
j<= j++)
No. of characters 7 {
Row-1: * 8 printf
printf("*");
Row-2: ** 9 }
Row-3: *** 10 printf("\n"
n");
Row-4: **** 11 }
Row-5: ***** 12 }

Inner loop: Increment

Outer loop: Increment

Starting: *

Looping 39
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
1 Program
12 1 void main()
123 2 {
1234 3 int i,j;
12345 4 for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
;i++)
5 {
No. of rows: 5 6 for(j=1; j<=i;
j<= j++)
No. of values 7 {
Row-1: 1 8 printf
printf("%d",j);
Row-2: 12 9 }
Row-3: 123 10 printf("\n"
n");
Row-4: 1234 11 }
Row-5: 12345 12 }

Inner loop: Increment

Outer loop: Increment

Starting: 1

Looping 40
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
5 Program
54 1 void main()
543 2 {
5432 3 int i,j;
54321 4 for(i=5;i>0;i--
--)
5 {
No. of rows: 5
6 for(j=5; j>=i
j>= ; j--)
No. of values 7 {
Row-1: 5 8 printf
printf("%d",j);
Row-2: 54 9 }
Row-3: 543 10 printf("\n"
n");
Row-4: 5432 11 }
Row-5: 54321 12 }

Inner loop: Decrement

Outer loop:
Decrement/Increment
Starting: 5
Looping 41
WAP to print given pattern (nested loop)
* Program
** 1 void main() First we need to print 4
*** 2 { spaces before printing *
**** 3 int i,j,k;
i,j,k
***** 4 for(i=
=1;i<=5;i++)
*
5 {
No. of rows: 5 6 for
for(k=5;k>i;k--) **

No. of values 7 { ***

Row-1: ----* 8 printf(" ");
****
Row-2: ---** 9 }
Row-3: --*** 10 for
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) *****
Row-4: -**** 11 {
Row-5: ***** 12 printf("*"); After printing spaces
13 } this inner loop prints *
Inner loop: Decrement 14 printf
printf("\n");
Outer loop: Decrement/Increment 15 }
16 }
Starting: -(space)
Ending: *
Looping 42
Practice programs
1) Write a program to find sum of first N odd numbers. Ex. 1+3+5+7+………..+N
2) Write a program to find 1+1/2+1/3+1/4+....+1/n.
3) Write a program to print all Armstrong numbers in a given range. For example 153 = 1^3 + 5^3 +
3^3. So, 153 is Armstrong number.
4) Write a program to print given number in reverse order
5) Write a program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not.
not
6) Write a program to print Multiplication Table up to n.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 .
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 .
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 .
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 .
. . . . . . . .

7) Construct C programs to print the following patterns using loop statement.

1 * 1 1 1 * * * * * * * * * *
22 # # 0 1 2 2 A B * * * * * *
333 * * * 1 0 1 3 3 3 2 3 4 * * * * *
4444 # # # # 0 1 0 1 4 4 4 4 C D E F * * * * * * *
55555 * * * * * *
Looping 43


Thank you
 Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Array & Programming

Strings
Need of Array Variable
 Suppose we need to store rollno of the student in the integer variable.
Declaration
int rollno;

 Now we need to store rollno of 100 students.

students
Declaration
int rollno101, rollno102, rollno103, rollno104...;

 This is not appropriate to declare these many integer variables.

e.g. 100 integer variables for rollno.
 Solution to declare and store multiple variables of similar type is an array.
 An array is a variable that can store multiple values.

Array and Strings 2

Definition: Array
 An array is a fixed size sequential collection of elements of same data type grouped
under single variable name.

[0] [1] [2] … [99]

int rollno[100];

Fixed Size Sequential Same Data type Single Name

Here, the size of an It is indexed to 0 to 99 All the elements (0-99) All the elements (0-99)
array is 100 (fixed) to in sequence will be integer will be referred as a
store rollno variables common name rollno

Array and Strings 3

Declaring an array
Syntax  By default array index starts
data-type variable-name[size]; with 0.
 If we declare an array of size
5 then its index ranges from
Integer Array [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] 0 to 4.
int mark[5];
 First element will be store at
mark[0] and last element
integer will be stored at mark[4] not
mark[5].
Float Array [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]  Like integer and float array
float avg[5];
we can declare array of type
char.

float

Array and Strings 4

Initialing and Accessing an Array
Declaring, initializing and accessing single integer variable
int mark=90; //variable mark is initialized with value 90
printf("%d",mark); //mark value printed

Declaring, initializing and accessing integer array variable

int mark[5]={85,75,76,55,45}; //mark is initialized with 5 values
printf("%d",mark[0]); //prints 85
printf("%d",mark[1]); //prints 75
printf("%d",mark[2]); //prints 65
printf("%d",mark[3]); //prints 55
printf("%d",mark[4]); //prints 45

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45

Array and Strings 5

Read(Scan) Array Elements
Reading array without loop Reading array using loop
1 void main() 1 void main()
2 { 2 {
3 int mark[5]; 3 int mark[5],i;
printf("Enter array element="); for(i=0;i<5;i++)
4 4
scanf("%d",&mark[0]); {
5 printf("Enter array element="); 5 printf("Enter array element=");
6 scanf("%d",&mark[1]); 6 scanf("%d",&mark[i]);
7 printf("Enter array element="); 7 }
8 scanf("%d",&mark[2]); 8 for(i=0;i<5;i++)
9 printf("Enter array element="); 9 {
10 scanf("%d",&mark[3]); 10 printf("%d",mark[i]);
11 printf("Enter array element="); 11 }
scanf("%d",&mark[4]);
12 12 }
13 printf("%d",mark[0]);
14 printf("%d",mark[1]);
15 printf("%d",mark[2]);
16 printf("%d",mark[3]); [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
17 printf("%d",mark[4]); mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45
18 }

Array and Strings 6

Develop a program to count number of positive or negative
number from an array of 10 numbers.
Program
1 void main(){
2 int num[10],i,pos,neg; Output
3 pos = 0; Enter array element=1
4 neg = 0; Enter array element=2
5 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
6 { Enter array element=4
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
8 scanf("%d",&num[i]); Enter array element=-1
9 } Enter array element=-2
10 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
11 { Enter array element=4
12 if(num[i]>0) Enter array element=5
13 pos=pos+1; Positive=8,Negative=2
14 else
15 neg=neg+1;
16 }
17 printf("Positive=%d,Negative=%d",pos,neg
pos,neg);
18 }

Array and Strings 7

Develop a program to read n numbers in an array and print
them in reverse order.
Program
1 void main()
2 { Output
3 int num[100],n,i; Enter number of array
4 printf("Enter number of array elements=");
elements=" elements=5
5 scanf("%d",&n); Enter array element=1
6 //loop will scan n elements only Enter array element=2
7 for(i=0;i<n;i++) Enter array element=3
8 { Enter array element=4
9 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
10 scanf("%d",&num[i]); 5
11 } 4
12 //negative loop to print array in reverse order 3
13 for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--) 2
14 { 1
15 printf("%d\n",num[i]);
16 }
17 }

Array and Strings 8

Practice Programs
1) Develop a program to calculate sum of n array elements in C.
2) Develop a program to calculate average of n array elements in C.
3) Develop a program to find largest array element in C.
4) Develop a program to print sum of second and second last element of an array.
5) Develop a program to copy array elements to another array.
6) Develop a program to count odd and even elements of an array.

Array and Strings 9

Multi Dimensional Array
Declaring 2 Dimensional Array
Syntax  A two dimensional array can
data-type variable-name[x][y]; be seen as a table with ‘x’
rows and ‘y’ columns.
Declaration  The row number ranges from
int data[3][3]; //This array can hold 9 elements 0 to (x-1) and column
number ranges from 0 to
(y-1).
int data[3][3];
Column-0 Column-1 Column
Column-2

Row-0 data[0][0] data[0][1] data[0][

][2]

Row-1 data[1][0] data[1][1] data[1][

][2]

Row-2 data[2][0] data[2][1] data[2][

][2]

Array and Strings 11

Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-1
Example
Program
1 int data[3][3] = {
2 {1,2,3}, //row 0 with 3 elements
3 {4,5,6}, //row 1 with 3 elements
4 {7,8,9} //row 2 with 3 elements
5 }; Column-0 Column-1 Column-2
6 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1
7 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2 Row-0 1 2 3
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][2]); //3
9 Row-1 4 5 6
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //4
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //5 Row-2 7 8 9
12 printf("%d\n",data[1][2]); //6
13
14 printf("%d",data[2][0]);//7
15 printf("%d",data[2][1]); //8
16 printf("%d",data[2][2]); //9
1 // data[3][3] can be initialized like this also
2 int data[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
Array and Strings 12
Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-2
Example
Program
1 int data[2][4] = {
2 {1,2,3,4}, //row 0 with 4 elements
3 {5,6,7,8}, //row 1 with 4 elements
4 };
5 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1
6 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2 Col-0 Col-1 Col-2 Col-3
7 printf("%d",data[0][2]); //3
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][3]); //4 Row-0 1 2 3 4
9
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //5 Row-1 5 6 7 8
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //6
12 printf("%d",data[1][2]); //7
13 printf("%d",data[1][3]); //8

1 // data[2][4] can be initialized like this also

2 int data[2][4]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};

Array and Strings 13

Read(Scan) 2D Array Elements
Program
1 void main(){
2 int data[3][3],i,j;
3 for(i=0;i<3;i++)
4 {
5 for(j=0;j<3;j++)
6 { Output
7 printf("Enter array element=");
); Enter array element=1
8 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Enter array element=2
9 } Enter array element=3
10 } Enter array element=4
11 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=5
12 { Enter array element=6
13 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=7
14 { Enter array element=8
15 printf("%d",data[i][j]); Enter array element=9
16 } 123
17 printf("\n"); 456
18 } 789
19 }
Array and Strings 14
Develop a program to count number of positive, negative and
zero elements from 3 X 3 matrix
Program
1 void main(){
2 int data[3][3],i,j,pos=0,neg=0,zero=0; Output
3 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=9
4 { Enter array element=5
5 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=6
6 { Enter array element=-3
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=-7
8 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Enter array element=0
9 if(data[i][j]>0) Enter array element=11
10 pos=pos+1; Enter array element=13
11 else if(data[i][j]<0) Enter array element=8
12 neg=neg+1; positive=6,negative=2,zero=1
13 else
14 zero=zero+1;
15 }
16 }
17 printf("positive=%d,negative=%d,zero=%d"
=%d",pos,neg,zero);
18 }

Array and Strings 15

Practice Programs
1. Develop a program to perform addition of two matrix.
2. Develop a program to perform multiplication of two matrix.

Array and Strings 16

String
(Character Array)
Definition: String
 A String is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null('\0').

[0] [1] [2] … [9]

char name[10];

 Each character in the array occupies one byte of memory, and the last character
must always be null('\0').
 The termination character ('\0') is important in a string to identify where the
string ends.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10] D A R S H A N \0

Array and Strings 18

Declaring & Initializing String
Declaration
char name[10];

Initialization method 1:
char name[10]={'D','A','R','S','H','A','N'
'N','\0'};

Initialization method 2:
char name[10]="DARSHAN";
//'\0' will be automatically inserted at the end in this type of declaration.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10] D A R S H A N \0

Array and Strings 19

Read String: scanf()
Program
Output
1 void main()
2 { Enter name: Darshan
3 char name[10]; Name=Darshan
4 printf("Enter name:"); Output
5 scanf("%s",name);
Enter name: CE Darshan
6 printf("Name=%s",name);
Name=CE
7 }

 There is no need to use address of (&) operator in scanf to store a string.

 As string name is an array of characters and the name of the array, i.e., name
indicates the base address of the string (character array).
 scanf() terminates its input on the first whitespace(space, tab, newline etc.)
encountered.

Array and Strings 20

Read String: gets()
Program
1 #include<stdio.h> Output
2 void main() Enter name:Darshan Institute
3 { Name=Darshan Institute
4 char name[10];
5 printf("Enter name:");
6 gets(name); //read string including white spaces
7 printf("Name=%s",name);
8 }

 gets(): Reads characters from the standard input and stores them as a string.
 puts(): Prints characters from the standard.
standard
 scanf(): Reads input until it encounters whitespace, newline or End Of File(EOF)
whereas gets() reads input until it encounters newline or End Of File(EOF).
 gets(): Does not stop reading input when it encounters whitespace instead it
takes whitespace as a string.

Array and Strings 21

String Handling Functions : strlen()
strlen
 C has several inbuilt functions to operate on string. These functions are known as
string handling functions.
 strlen(s1): returns length of a string in integer

Program
1 #include <stdio.h> Output
2 #include <string.h> //header file for string functions Enter string: CE Darshan
3 void main() 10
4 {
5 char s1[10];
6 printf("Enter string:");
7 gets(s1);
8 printf("%d",strlen(s1)); // returns length of s1 in integer
9 }

Array and Strings 22

String Handling Functions: strcmp()
strcmp
 strcmp(s1,s2): Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same.
 Returns less than 0 if s1<s2.
 Returns greater than 0 if s1>s2.
Program
1 void main() Output
2 { Enter string-1:Computer
3 char s1[10],s2[10]; Enter string-2:Computer
4 printf("Enter string-1:"); Strings are same
5 gets(s1);
6 printf("Enter string-2:"); Output
7 gets(s2); Enter string-1:Computer
8 if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0) Enter string-2:Computer
9 printf("Strings are same"); Strings are same
10 else
11 printf("Strings are not same");
12 }

Array and Strings 23

String Handling Functions
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their"
"Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strcpy(s1,s2) Copies 2nd string to 1st string.
strcpy(s1,s2) copies the string s2 in to string s1 so s1 is now “There”. s2
remains unchanged.

strcat(s1,s2) Appends 2nd string at the end of 1st string.

strcat(s1,s2); a copy of string s2 is appended at the end of string s1.
Now s1 becomes “TheirThere
TheirThere”

strchr(s1,c) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given character in the string s1.
printf("%s",strchr(s1, (s1,'i'));
Output : ir

strstr(s1,s2) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given string s2 in string s1.
printf("%s",strstr(s1, (s1,"he"));
Output : heir

Array and Strings 24

String Handling Functions (Cont
Cont…)
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their"
"Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strrev(s1) Reverses given string.
strrev(s1); makes string s1 to “riehT”
strlwr(s1) Converts string s1 to lower case.
printf("%s",strlwr(s1));
(s1)); Output : their
strupr(s1) Converts string s1 to upper case.
printf("%s",strupr(s1));
(s1)); Output : THEIR
strncpy(s1,s2,n) Copies first n character of string s2 to string s1
s1=""; s2="There";
strncpy(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s",s1); Output : Th
strncat(s1,s2,n) Appends first n character of string s2 at the end of string s1.
strncat(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s", s1); Output : TheirTh
Array and Strings 25
String Handling Functions (Cont
Cont…)
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their"
"Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strncmp(s1,s2,n) Compares first n character of string s1 and s2 and returns similar result as
strcmp() function.
printf("%d",strcmp(s1,s2,
(s1,s2,3)); Output : 0
strrchr(s1,c) Returns the last occurrence of a given character in a string s1.
printf("%s",strrchr(s2, (s2,'e')); Output : ere

Array and Strings 26



Thank you
 Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Functions Programming
What is Function?
 A function is a group of statements that perform a specific task.
 It divides a large program into smaller parts.
 A function is something like hiring a person to do a specific job for you.
 Every C program can be thought of as a collection of these functions.
 Program execution in C language starts from the main function.
Syntax
void main()
{
// body part
}

 Why function ?
 Avoids rewriting the same code over and over.
 Using functions it becomes easier to write programs and keep track of what they doing.

Functions 2
Types of Function
Function

Library Function User Defined Function (UDF)

Predefined or inbuilt Created by User

Declarations inside header files Programmer need to declare it
Eg. printf() – stdio.h Eg. findSimpleInterest()
pow() – math.h areaOfCircle()
strcmp() – string.h

Functions 3
Program Structure for Function
 When we use a user-defined
defined function program structure is divided into three parts.
Function Structure
void func1(); Function Prototype

void main()
{
....
func1(); Function call
}

void func1()
{
.... Function definition
//function body
....
}

Functions 4
Function Prototype and Function Definition

Syntax Example

Declaration
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …);
); void addition(int, int);

Definition
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …) void addition(int x, int y)
{ {
//... Function body printf("Addition is=%d“,(x+y));
} }

Functions 5
Function Prototype
 A function Prototype also know as function declaration.
 A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the
function.
 It defines the function before it is being used or called.
 A function prototype needs to be written at the beginning of the program.

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …);
); void addition(int, int);

Functions 6
Function Definition
 A function definition defines the functions header and body.
 A function header part should be identical to the function prototype.
 Function return type
 Function name
 List of parameters
 A function body part defines function logic.
 Function statements

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …) void addition(int x, int y)
{ {
//... Function body printf("Addition is=%d“,(x+y));
} }

Functions 7
WAP to add two number using add(int, int) Function
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Addition is = 11
2 void add(int, int); // function declaration
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 int a = 5, b = 6;
7 add(a, b); // function call
8 }
9
10 void add(int x, int y) // function definition
11 {
12 printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
13 }

Functions 8
Actual parameters and Formal parameters
 Values that are passed to the called function from the main function are known
as Actual parameters.
 The variables declared in the function prototype or definition are known as Formal
parameters.
 When a method is called, the formal parameter is temporarily "bound" to the
actual parameter.

Actual parameters Formal parameters

void main() void add(int x, int y) // x and y are
{ formal parameters.
int a = 5, b = 6; {
add(a, b); // a and b are the printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
actual parameters in this call.
} }

Functions 9
Return Statement
 If function is returning a value to calling function, it needs to use the keyword
return.
 The called function can only return one value per call.

Syntax
return;
Or

return (expression);

Functions 10
WAP to find maximum number from two number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Max value is : 200
2 int max(int a, int b);
3 void main()
4 {
5 int a = 100;
6 int b = 200;
7 int maxvalue;
8 maxvalue = max(a, b);
9 printf("Max value is : %d\n",
10 maxvalue);
11 }
12 int max(int a, int b)
13 {
14 if (a > b)
15 return a; // return a
16 else
17 return b; // return b
18 }

Functions 11
WAP to calculate the Power of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter any number : 5
2 int power(int, int); Enter power of number : 3
3 void main() 5's power 3 = 125
4 {
5 int num, pow, res;
6 printf("Enter any number : ");
7 scanf("%d", &num);
8 printf("Enter power of number : ");
9 scanf("%d", &pow);
10 res = power(num, pow);
11 printf("%d's power %d = %d", num,
, pow, res);
12 }
13 int power(int n, int p)
14 { int r = 1;
15 while (p >= 1)
16 {
17 r = r * n;
18 p--;
19 }
20 return r;}

Functions 12
WAP to find Factorial of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter the number :
2 int fact(int); 5
3 int main() factorial = 120
4 {
5 int n, f;
6 printf("Enter the number :\n");
7 scanf("%d", &n);
8 f = fact(n);
9 printf("factorial = %d", f);
10 }
11 int fact(int n)
12 {
13 int i, fact = 1;
14 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
15 fact = fact * i;
16 return fact;
17 }

Functions 13
WAP to check Number is Prime or not
Program Program contd.
1#include <stdio.h> 14 int checkPrime(int n1)
2int checkPrime(int); 15 {
3void main() 16 int i = 2;
4{ 17 while (i <= n1 / 2)
5 int n1, prime; {
6
18
printf("Enter the number :"); if (n1 % i == 0)
7 scanf("%d", &n1); 19 return 0;
8 prime = checkPrime(n1); 20 else
9 if (prime == 1) 21 i++;
10 printf("The number %d is a prime 22 }
number.\n", n1); 23 return 1;
11 else 24 }
12 printf("The
"The number %d is not a prime
number.\n", n1);
13 }

Output
Enter the number :7
The number 7 is a prime number.

Functions 14
Category of Function
(1) Function with no argument and but no return value
No
void main() Input void fun1()
{ {
..... .....
No return
fun1(); .....
value
..... .....
} }

(2) Function with no argument and returns value

No
void main() Input int fun1(void)
{ {
..... .....
a = fun1() Function .....
..... result return b;
} }

Functions 15
Category of Function cont.
(3) Function with argument and but no return value
Value of
void main() Argument void fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
fun1(a); No Return .....
..... value .....
} }

(4) Function with argument and returns value

Value of
void main() Argument int fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
b = fun1(a); Function .....
..... Result return e;
} }

Functions 16
Storage Classes
 Storage class decides the scope, lifetime and memory allocation of variable.
 Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a variable can be used.

Storage Initial
Storage Scope Life Example
Specifier Value

Automatic int a;
Stack Garbage Within block End of block
{auto} auto int a;

Register CPU Garbage Within block End of block

register int var;
{register} register

External Data Global Till end of

Zero extern int var;
{extern} segment Multiple file program

Till end of
Static Data Zero Within block static extern int var;
program
{static} segment static int var;

Functions 17
Static Example
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Counter = 1
2 int incrementCounter(); Counter = 2
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter());
incrementCounter
7 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter
incrementCounter());
8 }
9
10 int incrementCounter()
11 {
12 static int count = 0; // static variable
13 count++;
14 return count;
15 }

Functions 18
Advantages of Function
 Using function we can avoid rewriting the same logic or code again and again in a
program.
 We can track or understand large program easily when it is divide into functions.
 It provides reusability.
 It help in testing and debugging because it can be tested for errors individually in
the easiest way.
 Reduction in size of program due to code of a function can be used again and
again, by calling it.

Functions 19
Practice Programs
1) WAP to count simple interest using function.
2) WAP that defines a function to add first n numbers.
3) WAP using global variable, static variable.
4) WAP that will scan a character string passed as an argument and convert all
lowercase character into their uppercase equivalents.
5) Build a function to check number is prime or not. If number is prime then
function return value 1 otherwise return 0.
6) Write a program to calculate nCr using user defined function. nCr = n! / (r! * (n-
r)!)
7) Create a function to swap the values of two variables.
8) Write a function which takes 2 numbers as parameters and returns the gcd of the
2 numbers. Call the function in main().

Functions 20


Thank you
 Programming for Problem Solving

USING

{C}
Pointer Programming
What is Pointer?
 A normal variable is used to store value.
 A pointer is a variable that store address / reference of another variable.
 Pointer is derived data type in C language.
language
 A pointer contains the memory address of that variable as their value. Pointers are
also called address variables because they contain the addresses of other variables.

Pointer 2
Declaration & Initialization of Pointer
Syntax Output
1 datatype *ptr_variablename; 10 10 5000

Example
1 void main()
2 { Variable Value Address
3 int a=10, *p; // assign memory address of a
4 to pointer variable p a 10 5000
5 p = &a;
6 printf("%d %d %d", a, *p, p); p 5048
7 }
5000

 p is integer pointer variable

 & is address of or referencing operator which returns memory address of variable.
 * is indirection or dereferencing operator which returns value stored at that memory
address.
 & operator is the inverse of * operator
 x = a is same as x = *(&a)
Pointer 3
Why use Pointer?
 C uses pointers to create dynamic data structures, data structures built up from
blocks of memory allocated from the heap at run-time. Example linked list, tree,
etc.
 C uses pointers to handle variable parameters passed to functions.
 Pointers in C provide an alternative way to access information stored in arrays.
 Pointer use in system level programming where memory addresses are useful. For
example shared memory used by multiple threads.
 Pointers are used for file handling.
 This is the reason why C is versatile.

Pointer 4
Pointer to Pointer – Double Pointer
 Pointer holds the address of another variable of same type.
 When a pointer holds the address of another pointer then such type of pointer is
known as pointer-to-pointer or double pointer.
pointer
 The first pointer contains the address of the second pointer, which points to the
location that contains the actual value.
Syntax
Pointer Pointer Variable
1 datatype **ptr_variablename;
address address value
Example
1 int **ptr;

Pointer 5
 Write a program to print variable, address of pointer variable and pointer to pointer variable.
Program
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 int main () {
3 int var;
4 int *ptr;
5 int **pptr;
6 var = 3000;
7 ptr = &var; // address of var
8 pptr = &ptr; // address of ptr using address of operator &
9 printf("Value of var = %d\n", var );
10 printf("Value available at *ptr = %d\n",
, *ptr
* );
11 printf("Value available at **pptr = %d\n",
%d **pptr);
12 return 0;
13 }

Output
Value of var = 3000
Value available at *ptr = 3000
Value available at **pptr = 3000

Pointer 6
Relation between Array & Pointer
 When we declare an array, compiler allocates continuous blocks of memory so that
all the elements of an array can be stored in that memory.
 The address of first allocated byte or the address of first element is assigned to an
array name.
 Thus array name works as pointer variable.
variable
 The address of first element is also known as base address.

Pointer 7
Relation between Array & Pointer – Cont.
 Example: int a[10], *p;
 a[0] is same as *(a+0), a[2] is same as *(a+2)
*(a+ and a[i] is same as *(a+i)

a: a[0] a: *(a+0) 2000

a[1] a+1: *(a+1) 2002

. .
. .
. .
. .
a[i] a+i: *(a+i) 2000 + i*2
. .
. .
. .
. .
a[9] a+9: *(a+9) 2018

Pointer 8
Array of Pointer
 As we have an array of char, int, float etc, same way we can have an array of pointer.
 Individual elements of an array will store the address values.
 So, an array is a collection of values of similar type. It can also be a collection of
references of similar type known by single name.

Syntax
1 datatype *name[size];

Example
1 int *ptr[5]; //declares an array of integer pointer of size 5

Pointer 9
Array of Pointer – Cont.
 An array of pointers ptr can be used to point to different rows of matrix as follow:
Example
1 for(i=0; i<5; i++)
2 {
3 ptr[i]=&mat[i][0];
4 }

ptr 0 1 2
ptr[0]
ptr[1]
ptr[2]
ptr[3]
ptr[4]

 By dynamic memory allocation, we do not require to declare two-dimensional

two
array, it can be created dynamically using array of pointers.
Pointer 10
 Write a program to swap value of two variables using pointer / call by reference.
Program
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n
1
2
int main()
{
3 int num1,num2;
4 printf("Enter value of num1 and num2: ");
);
5 scanf("%d %d",&num1, &num2);
6
7 //displaying numbers before swapping
8 printf("Before
"Before Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);
%d
9
10 //calling the user defined function swap()
11 swap(&num1,&num2);
12
13 //displaying numbers after swapping
14 printf("After
"After Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);
%d
15 return 0;
16 }

Output
Enter value of num1 and num2: 5
10
Before Swapping: num1 is: 5, num2 is: 10
After Swapping: num1 is: 10, num2 is: 5

Pointer 11
Pointer and Function
 Like normal variable, pointer variable can be passed as function argument and
function can return pointer as well.
 There are two approaches to passing argument to a function:
 Call by value
 Call by reference / address

Pointer 12
Call by Value
 In this approach, the values are passed as function argument to the definition of
function.
Program Output
1 #include<stdio.h> Values before calling 10, 20
2 void fun(int,int); Values after calling 10, 20
3 int main()
4 {
5 int A=10,B=20;
6 printf("\nValues before calling %d, %d",A,B);
);
7 fun(A,B); Address 48252 24688
8 printf("\nValues after calling %d, %d",A,B);
);
9 return 0; Value 10 20 10 11 20 22
10 }
11 void fun(int X,int Y) Variable A B X Y
12 {
13 X=11;
14 Y=22;
15 }

Pointer 13
Call by Reference / Address
 In this approach, the references / addresses are passed as function argument to the
definition of function.
Program
Output
1 #include<stdio.h>
Values before calling 10, 20
2 void fun(int*,int*); Values after calling 11, 22
3 int main()
4 {
5 int A=10,B=20;
6 printf("\nValues before calling %d, %d",A,B);
);
7 fun(&A,&B); Address 24688
48252
8 printf("\nValues after calling %d, %d",A,B);
);
9 return 0; Value 10 11 20 22 48252 24688
10 }
11 void fun(int *X,int *Y) Variable A B *X *Y
12 {
13 *X=11;
14 *Y=22;
15 }

Pointer 14
Pointer to Function
 Every function has reference or address, and if we know the reference or address of
function, we can access the function using its reference or address.
 This is the way of accessing function using pointer.
Syntax
1 return-type (*ptr-function)(argument
function)(argument list);

 return-type: Type
ype of value function will return.
 argument list: Represents the type and number of value function will take, values
are sent by the calling statement.
 (*ptr-function): The parentheses around *ptr-function
* tells the compiler that it is
pointer to function.
 If we write *ptr-function without parentheses then it tells the compiler that ptr-
function is a function that will return a pointer.

Pointer 15
 Write a program to sum of two numbers using pointer to function.
Program
WAP to print Odd numbers between 1 to n
1
2
#include<stdio.h>
int Sum(int,int);
Output
Enter 1st number : 5
3 int (*ptr)(int,int);
4 int main() Enter 2nd number : 10
5 {
6 int a,b,rt; The sum is : 15
7 printf("\nEnter 1st number : ");
8 scanf("%d",&a);
9 printf("\nEnter 2nd number : ");
10 scanf("%d",&b);
11 ptr = Sum;
12 rt = (*ptr)(a,b);
13 printf("\nThe sum is : %d",rt);
14 return 0;
15 }
16 int Sum(int x,int y)
17 {
18 return x + y;
19 }

Pointer 16
Practice Programs
1. Write a C program to print the address of variable using pointer.
2. Write a C a program to swap two elements using pointer.
pointer
3. Write a C a program to print value and address of a variable
4. Write a C a program to calculate sum of two numbers using pointer
5. Write a C a program to swap value of two numbers using pointer
6. Write a C a program to calculate sum of elements of an array using pointer
7. Write a C a program to swap value of two variables using function
8. Write a C a program to print the address of character and the character of string using pointer
9. Write a C a program for sorting using pointer

Pointer 17


Thank you