Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards or GAMABA

- is an award that acknowledges folk and indigenous artists who, despite the modern times, remain true
to their traditions.
- Recognize also as a National Living Treasure.
- It is administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee.
- A began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati-Ayala.
- The GAWAD sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) or the National Living Treasures Award gives recognition
to Filipino traditional craftsmen or artisans whose skills have reached a high level of technical and
artistic excellence and who are tasked to pass on to the present generation knowledge threatened with
extinction.

Republic Act No. 7355

- Legal basis of GAMABA
- Manlilikha ng Bayan ACT
- In 1992, it was adopted by the government and institutionalized Republic Act No. 7355
- President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act No. 7355

April 3, 1992
- President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act No. 7355,
- providing for the recognition of the national living treasures, otherwise known as the Manlilikha ng
Bayan, and the promotion and development of traditional folk arts.

Felipe M. de Leon Jr.

- NCCA chairman
- spearheaded the institutionalization of the award.

The law was authored by (1992);

Sen. Edgardo J. Angara
Sen. Heherson Alvarez
Sen. Leticia Ramos-Shahani
Sen. Sotero Laurel
Congresswoman Kate Gordon

December 17, 1993,

- the first awarding ceremony for Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan was held at the Malacaňan Palace.
ASSOC. PROF. ERIC ZERRUDO
- Head of NCCA

CORAZON C. AQUINO
- Founder of NCCA

FELIPE M. DELEON JR.

- Chairman

VICTORINO “INO” MAPA MANALO

- NCCA Chairman 2024

NCCA (National Commission on Culture and Arts)

- highest policy and coordinating body.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN?

To become a Manlilikha ng Bayan”, the candidate must possess the following:
1. He/She is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the Philippines that
has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals and traditions and/or has syncretized whatever external
elements that have influenced it.
2. He/She must have engaged in a folk art tradition that has been in existence and documented for at least
fifty(50)years.
3. He/She must have consistently performed or produced over significant period, works of superior and
distinctive quality.
4. He/She must possess a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have an established
reputation in the arts as master and maker of works of extraordinary technical quality.
5. He/She must have passed on and/or will pass on to other members of the community their skills in the folk
art for which the community is traditionally known.

A traditional artist who possesses all the qualities of a Manlilikha ng Bayan candidate, but due to age or
infirmity has left him/her incapable of teaching further hi/her craft, may still be recognized if:
1. He/She has created a significant body of works and/or has consistently displayed excellence in the practice
of his/her art, thus achieving important contributions for its development.
2. He/She has been instrumental in the revitalization of his/her community’s artistic tradition.
3. He/She has passed on to the other members of the community skills in the folk art for which the community
is traditionally known.
4. His/Her community has recognized him/her as master and teacher of his/her craf.

WHAT ARE THE INCENTIVES RECEIVED BY THE AWARDEE?

A Manlilika ng Bayan awardee receives a;
- special designed medallion
- initial grant of P100,000 and P10.0000 monthly stipend for life.
- In consonance with the provision of Republic Act No. 7355, which states that “the monetary grant may
be increased whenever circumstancesso warrant, “the NCCA board approved monthly personal
allowance of P14,000 for the awardees as well as a maximum cumulative amount of P750,000 medical
and hospitalization benefit annually similar to that received by the National Artists and funeral
assistance /tribute fit for a National Living Treasure.

GAMABA AWARDEES
GINAW BILOG Poet, Hanunuo Mangyan, Panaytayan, Oriental Mindoro, 1993
 Awarded for faithfully preserving the Hanunuo Mangyan script and ambalan poetry.
 He has promoted the local script and poetry so that the art will not be lost but preserved for posterity

MASINO INTARAY Musician and Storyteller, Pala’wan, Brookes Point, Palawan, 1993
 He was awarded for his exemplary skills in basalor gong music ensemble.
 He was also recognized for his versatility as musician, poet, epic chanter and storyteller of the kulilal
and bagit traditions of Pala’wan.

SAMAON SULAIMAN Musician, Magindanao, Mama sa Pano, Maguindanao, 1993

 He was awarded for his outstanding artistry and dedication to his chosen instrument, the Magindanao
kutyapi.
 Kutyapi is a two-stringed plucked lute, regarded as one of the most technically demanding and difficult
to master among Filipino traditional instrument.
LANG DULAY Textile Weaver, T’boli, Lake Sebu, South Cotabato , 1998
 A T’boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, was awarded for weaving the abaca ikat cloth called t’nalak.
 She has produced creations which remain faithful to the T’boli tradition as manifested in the
complexity of her design, fineness of workmanship and quality of finish.

SALINTA MONON Textile Weaver, Tagabawa, Bagobo, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, 1998
 She was awarded for fully demonstrating the creative and expressive aspects of the Bagobo abaca ikat
weaving called inabal at a time when such art is threatened with extinction.

ALONZO SACLAG, Musician and Dancer, Kalinga for Lubuagan, Kalinga, 2000
 A Kalinga of Lubuagan, Kalinga was awarded for his mastery of the Kalinga dance and the performing
arts.
 He was also recognized for his persistence to create and nurture a greater consciousness and
appreciation of Kalinga culture among the Kalinga themselves and beyond their borders.

FEDERICO CABALLERO, Epic Chanter, Sulod-Bukidnon, Calinog, Iloilo, 2000

 He has worked hard to document the oral literature of his people.
 He preserved the epics that use a language that has long been dead by working together with scholars,
artists, and advocates of culture.

UWANG AHADAS, Musician, Yakan , Lamitan, Basilan, 2000

 A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan was awared for his dexterity in playing Yakan musical instruments such as
the kwintagan, gabbang, agung, kwintagang kayu, tuntungan among others.
 He has a deep knowledge of the aesthetic possibilities and social contexts of those instruments. In
spite of the dimming of his eyesight, he has developed devoted his life to the teaching of Yakan musical
traditions.

DARHATA SAWABI Textile Weaver, Tausug, Parang, Sulu, 2004

 She is one of the master weavers in the island of Jolo.
 Like most women in their tribe, she has learned the art of weaving the pis syabit, the traditional cloth
tapestry worn as head cover by the Tausu of Jolo, from her mother.

EDUARDO MUTUC, Metalsmith, Kapampangan , Apalit, Pampanga , 2004

 A Kapampangan from Central Luzon is recognized for reviving the Spanish colonial-era craft of Plateria.
 This self-taught master craftsman found his calling in producing religious and secular art in silver,
bronze and wood.
 In doing so, and in his pursuit of perfection for himself and his apprentices, he assures the continuity of
this rich tradition.
HAJA AMINA APPI Mat Weaver, Sama, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi , 2004
 She is recognized as the master mat weaver among the Sama indigenous community of Ungos Matata.
 Her mats are known for their complex geometric patterns, proportion, and unique combination of
colors.

TEOFILO GARCIA, Casque Maker, Ilocano, San Quintin, Abra, 2012

 He learned how to make gourd casques and weave baskets from his grandfather at the age of 16.
 Since he learned the craft, he never stopped experimenting with other designs.
 He previously used nito(vine trimmings) to decorate the headgear and then used with other materials
such as bamboo after his supplier from Cagayan passed away.

MAGDALENA GAMAYO, Textile Weaver, Ilocano, Pinili, Ilocos Norte, 2012

 She has taught herself the traditional patterns of binakol, inuritan(geometric design), kusikos(spiral
forms similar to oranges), and sinan-sabong (flowers).
 She has learned the art of weaving from her aunt and started harnessing her innate skills at the age of
16.
 She may be in her late 80s but she still manages to arrange threads on the loom, which is the hardest
task in textile weaving.

AMBALANG AUSALIN, Textile Weaver, Yakan of Basilan, 2016, (born 4 March 1943)
 Her skill is deemed incomparable: she is able to bring forth all designs and actualize all textile
categories typical to the Yakan.
 She can execute the suwah bekkat(cross-stitch-like embellishment and suwah pendan(embroidery-like
embellishment) techniques of the bunga sama category.

ESTELITA BANTILAN, Mat Weaver, Sarangani, 2016, (born 17 October 1940)

 The child Labnai, already precocious in mat weaving, took on the name Estelita in the 1960s.
 When she married, becoming Mrs. Bantilan, she raised a family in the foreign faith. But she kept to her
mat weaving.
 She persisted where other women could not because her husband Tuwada was a typically supportive.

YABING MASALON DULO, Ikat Weaver, 2016, (born 8 August 1914)

 She believes herself older than ninety. Her identity card marks that age, however, and date of birth, the
fourteenth of August supposedly 1910.
 Since the venerable ikat-dyer has a memory sharper than blades. It seems always best to follow her
counsel. In Mindanao, Ikat is, for the most part, an extinct form of art-making, community-making,
equilibrium- making.
NATIONAL ARTIST
- is a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of National Artist in recognition of his or her
significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters.
- The rank and title of National Artist is conferred by means of a Presidential Proclamation.
- It recognizes excellence in the fields of Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and
Broadcast Arts, and Architecture or Allied Arts.

FERNANDO AMORSOLO (painter)

- the very first recipient of this award (National Artist).
- who was touted as the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.”
- He was the sole awardee in the year 1972, a National Artist for Visual Arts.

What is the Order of National Artists?

Those who have been proclaimed National Artists are given a Grand Collar symbolizing their status.
Recipients of this Grand Collar make up the Order of National Artists.

The Order of National Artists (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining)

- is thus a rank, a title, and a wearable award that represents the highest national recognition given to
Filipinos who have made distinct contributions in the field of arts and letters.
- It is jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP), and is conferred by the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation by both institutions.

According to the rules of the National Commission on Culture and the Arts, the Order of National
Artists should be conferred every three years.

The Order of National Artists

- is the highest recognition given by the government to Filipinos who have made significant
contributions to the development of Philippine arts

What are the Criteria for the Order of National Artists?

1. Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as those who died after the
establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their death;
 2. Artists who, through the content and form of their works, have contributed in building a Filipino
sense of nationhood;

3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning distinction and
making an impact on succeeding generations of artists;

4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/or consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of their art form thus enriching artistic expression or style; and

5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through: (a) prestigious national and/or international
recognition, such as the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award and NCCA Alab ng
Haraya;(b) critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works; and (c) respect and esteem from peers.

What are the incentives received by the awardee?

A person who receives this title gets the following honors and privileges:

1. Rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President

of the Philippines;

2. Insignia of a National Artist and a citation;

3. Cash awards, monthly life pension, medical, and hospitalization

benefits, life insurance coverage, state funeral and burial at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani (National Heroes’ Cemetery), and a place of
honor at national state functions along with recognition at cultural
events.

- There are 66 recognized National Artists to date, with the fields of

Visual Arts, Literature, and Music having the most number of
recognized National Artists.

Here are some of the more well-known National Artists of the Philippines:

Leandro V. Locsin (Architecture, 1990)

 - A man who believes that true Philippine Architecture “is the product of two great streams of culture,
the oriental and the occidental… to produce a new object of profound harmony,”
- Leandro V. Locsin is the man responsible for designing everything you see at CCP Complex – the
Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folk Arts Theatre, Philippine International Convention Center,
Philcite, and The Westin Hotel (now Sofitel Philippine Plaza).

Lino Brocka (Cinema, 1997)

- Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka is known to many as one of, if not the greatest Filipino director of all time.
- He espoused “freedom of expression” throughout all his films, injecting each and every one with a
social activist spirit.
- Some of his well-known works include Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974), Maynila sa mga Kuko ng
Liwanag (1975), and Insiang (1976), the latter being the first Filipino film to be shown at Cannes.

Carlos “Botong” Francisco (Visual Arts, 1973)

- Hailing from the Art Capital of the Philippines, Angono native Carlos “Botong” Francisco
- is known for single-handedly reviving the modern art of murals through works that showed slices of
the past.
- He was such a prolific muralist that he became its most well-known practitioner for almost 30 years.

Levi Celerio (Literature and Music, 1997)

- Levi Celerio, a prolific lyricist and composer
- is known for having effortlessly translating or rewriting lyrics of traditional Filipino melodies like “O
Maliwanag Na Buwan” (Iloko), “Ako ay May Singsing” (Pampango), and “Alibangbang” (Visaya).
- He’s also been immortalized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the only person to make music
using just a leaf.

Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (Theater, 1997)

- is a teacher and theater artist who, in his 35 years of teaching, has mentored some of the country’s
best Filipino performing artists, including Joy Virata and Joonee Gamboa.
- He is also the founder and artistic director of the UP Mobile Theater, leading the way for the concept
of a theater campus by bringing theater closer to students and audiences in the countryside.

Leonor Orosa Goquingco

- is a pioneer Filipino choreographer known to many as “The Trailblazer,” “The Mother of Philippine
Theater Dance,” and “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics.”
 - She has produced stunning choreographies during her 50-year career, highlighted by “Filipinescas:
Philippine Life, Legend, and Love,” which elevated native folk dance to its highest stage
ofdevelopment

Sionil Jose (Literature, 2001)

- One of the few living national artists,
- F. Sionil Jose is best known for creating the five-novel masterpiece known as the Rosales saga: Poon;
Tree; My Brother, My Executioner; The Pretenders; and Mass. Set in the town of Rosales, Pangasinan, it
talks about the five generations of two families, the Samsons and the Asperri, during the Spanish and
American occupation.

Lucrecia R. Kasilag (Music, 1989)

- An educator, composer, performing artist, administrator, and cultural entrepreneur, she is seen as the
pioneering figure for fusing Filipino ethnic and Western music, helping elevate Filipino’s appreciation
for music.
- Her best work is the prize-winning Toccata for Percussions and Winds, Divertissement and Concertante,
which incorporates indigenous Filipino instruments.

The country’s 7 new National Artists are:

1. Larry Alcala (National Artist for Visual Arts)

- Editorial cartoonist and illustrator
- Alcala’s pen brought to life the cartoon series Slice of Life in the Weekend Magazine, Mang Ambo in the
Weekly Graphic, and Kalabog en Bosyo, the first comic strip where characters spoke in Taglish. His many
works portrayed the idiosyncracies of the Filipino, especially our ability to laugh at ourselves in the face
of great adversity, as personified in the character of Mang Ambo. The two detectives in Kalabog en
Bosyo were brought to the big screen and played by comedians Dolphy and Panchito in a film by
Sampaguita Pictures. Alcala died in 2002 at the age of 75.

2. Amelia Lapeña Bonifacio (National Artist for Theater)

- For her work in writing plays, promoting children’s theater, and puppetry,
- Bonifacio has been called the “Grande Dame of Southeast Asian Children’s Theater.”
- She has penned 40 plays, 20 books, and 30 stories, according to panitikan.ph, and was chairperson of
the University of the Philippines’ Creative Writing Program. She founded Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas, a
children’s theater and puppetry troupe based in UP.

3. Ryan Cayabyab (National Artist for Music)

- “Mr C” is perhaps the most famous Filipino composer in recent history.
 - He has composed musical scores for award-winning films, 10 full-length Filipino musicals, full-length
ballets, a major opera, and a plethora of songs, including beloved classics like “Tuwing Umuulan at
Kapiling Ka” and “Da Coconut Nut.” A force for original Pilipino music, he has spearheaded the
Philippine PopularMusic Festival and served as judge in talent shows, like Philippine Idol and Philippine
Dream Academy. He leads the 7- member Ryan Cayabyab Singers.

4. Francisco ‘Bobby’ Mañosa (National Artist for Architecture)

- If Mañosa is a name unknown to you, the same likely cannot be said of his iconic works.
- The architect known for his modern interpretation of Philippine architectural design and use of
indigenous materials is behind the Coconut Palace, world-famous Amanpulo Resort in Palawan, Pearl
Farm in Samal Island, Shangri-La Hotel in Mactan, and the San Miguel building in Mandaluyong, among
others. For his pioneering vision and promotion of indigenous Filipino architecture, Mañosa has
garnered many accolades, both locally and internationally.

5. Resil Mojares (National Artist for Literature)

- Mojares is a multi-awarded writer, historian, and literary critic.
- His works include Origins and Rise of the Filipino Novel, The War Against the Americans, and books
about eminent Filipinos, such as Vicente Sotto, Pedro Paterno, Isabelo delos Reyes, and Trinidad Pardo
de Tavera.
- He has won several National Book Awardsfrom the Manila Critics Circle and founded the Cebuano
Studies Center, a library and research center dedicated to Cebuano culture and history.

6. Ramon Muzones (National Artist for Literature)

- Muzones is the preeminent name in West Visayan fiction.
- He is best known for his Hiligaynon novel Margosatubig: The Story of Salagunting, about a fictional
Muslim state in Mindanao and the struggles of its hero, Salagunting, to wrest it from the clutches of
usurpers. A tale that combines intrigue, romance, pre-colonial lore, fantasy, and adventure, it unfolded
as a series in the Hiligaynon magazine Yuhum. In 1989, he received the Gawad CCP para sa Sining, an
award given every 3 years to artists whose works have enriched their art form. His proclamation as
National Artist is posthumous as Muzones died in 1992.

7. Kidlat Tahimik (National Artist for Cinema)

- Widely regarded as the father of independent Philippine cinema, Kidlat Tahimik.
- (real name: Eric de Guia) is known for creating films that humorously but evocatively critique
neocolonialism.
- A native of Baguio City, Tahimik has garnered numerous international and local awards for his films. His
first, Perfumed Nightmare (1977), won the International Critics Award at the Berlin Film Festival. He has
gone on to inspire generations of Filipino filmmakers to forge on with their independent vision,
regardless of commercial considerations. In 2009, he received the UP Gawad Plaridel Award, the
University of the Philippines’ highest award recognizing achievements in media.

ARTIST
 - is defined as an art practitioner who produces or creates indirectly-functional arts with aesthetic value
using imagination.

JOB RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Developing ideas for a canvas or product
2. Selecting a medium for final work (texture, size and area)
3. Collecting work for a portfolio.
4. Applying for grants for financial support.

EXAMPLES:

1. FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO

- most important artist in the Philippines.
- Portrait and painter of Rural Philippine Landscape.
- His craftmanship and mostery in the use of LIGHT.
- Born in KALYE HERRAN in PAKO MANILA in MAY 30, 1892.
- Transfer/ Shift in DAET when his father is dead.
- 13 years old when he sell art
- Died because of CONJUSTIVE HEART FAILURE in APRIL 27, 1972 (79 years old).
- 2 months Confined in St. LUKE HOSPITAL.

Known Artworks of Amorsolo;

- dalagang filipina
- Landscapes of his Philippine Homeland.
- Portraits and WW2 war scenes.

DON FABIAN DELA ROSA

- Cousin of Amorsolo

PALAY MAIDEN
- Creation of Amorsolo.
- Standard of Amorsolo about Beautiful Woman.
- Round face not oval, eyes should be exemptionally lively, Blont nose but but firm and strongly marked,
sensous mouth, not white, not dark brown but clear skin, blushing girl.
- National Identity
- A hope filled moment for the young Philippines.

2. JUAN NOVICIO LUNA

 - known for revolutionarist, one of the greatest Filipino Artist in Philippine history.
- Fight from the freedom of philippines
- Political ativist during Philippine revolution
- Sparked Ph Nationalism and pride.
- Dramatic and dynamic
- Romantism and realism styles of art.
- DECEMBER 7, 1899, died in 42 years old because of CARDIAC ARREST in HONGKONG.

EXPOSICION NACIONAL D’BELLAS ARTES

- Gained 3 Gold Medals

SPOLIARIUM
- Greatest art of Juan Luna
- “The death of Cleopatra” Blood
- THE GLORIFICATION OF GENIUS- dapat ang name ng Spoliarium.

ARTISAN
- is a craftsman who produces directly functional and or decorative arts.
- He/she helps us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing, dwelling, furniture, kitchen utensils.
- everything that makes our life easy are crafted by artisans.

JOB RESPONSIBILITIES:

1.Using and Mixing mediums like Paint, Metal, Glass or Fabric.

2. Shaping, Gluing, Sewing, Testing, and producing products.
3.Display work at various art including craft shows and online market
4. Estimating cost and material needs.

TINA MARISTELA OCAMPO

- artisan
- filipino craftmanship
- bring whatever here in the Philippines out to the world.
- Getting materials from indigeneous people and export those products
- Hand made bags using local indigineous products.

DUMAGAT PEOPLE- make something for the wood.

SEXUAL SELF
 - refers to the totality of yourself as a sexual being, including positive and negative concepts and feelings.

PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS- they are the Reproductive Organs.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS- this are the external characteristics which differentiate men from
women an appear during puberty with physical changes.

 During sexual maturation (puberty growth spurt), there are two important physical changes that occur
in your body as you transition from being a child to that of being an adult: development of the primary
sexual characteristics and development of the secondary sexual characteristics.

 DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

EROGENOUS ZONES– sensitive areas on the body that cause sexual arousal when they are touched (Merriam-
Webster).

UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

 What turns you on? What attracts you the most? Are you aware of your body’s reaction whenever you
see intimate scenes in movies, videos, television shows, or in advertisements or books that you happen
to see or read?
 The body reacts when something is perceived to be sexually pleasurable. All human beings have
desires. Desiring for somebody is normal, and it leads to sexual intimacy that may lead to sexual
reproduction. As sexual beings, humans have desires for sexual pleasure and satisfaction.
 Desire and sexuality cannot be separated.
LIBIDO- is a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.

HUMAN SEXUALITY
THE STAGES OF THE HUMAN RESPONSE CYCLE

STAGE 1: EXCITEMENT
- the beginning of sexual arousal; preparation for intercourse.

STAGE 2: PLATEAU
- physical arousal builds

STAGE 3: ORGASM
- third and shortest phase of the sexual response cycle.

• Both men and women describe the experience of orgasm in similar and positive terms

• The vast majority of men experience one intense orgasm. But many women are capable of experiencing multiple
orgasms

• Males ejaculate while females experience vaginal contractions

STAGE 4: RESOLUTION

• Arousal slowly subsides and returns to normal levels

• Males experience a refractory period during where they are incapable of having another erection or orgasm

The Brain – Its Role and Function in the Human Sexual Response

Our brains are involved in all steps of sexual behavior and in all its variations, from feelings of sexual desire and
partner choice, to arousal, orgasm and even post-coital cuddling (Clark, 2014).

The brain impacts the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person participates in
sexually stimulating activities (Wiley, 2015).

THE BRAIN STEM

- The evolutionarily oldest structure; controls primitive responses associated with sexual behaviour and
facial expressions; contains circuits for many emotions, including love/attachment, joy, and sexual
excitement (Lewis, 2005).

THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- It controls most body systems by regulating the production of hormones in response to both internal
and environmental events; it controls the pituitary gland, which is the master gland that controls all the
other endocrine glands in the body; the hypothalamus plays a key role in connecting the endocrine
system with the nervous system.
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
- a region of the brain associated with emotion and motivation, is important in human sexual function.

Key structures, shaded in color, include the cingulate gyrus, portions of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and the
hippocampus.

It contains the:

Amygdala – helps generate associations between experiences and emotions

Hippocampus – located near the amygdala, it plays an important role in organizing and storing memories for
events.

THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

- referred to as the neocortex (neo means “new”, a relative latecomer, evolutionarily speaking (MacLean,
1990).
- It is the outermost layer of the brain; its function is responsible for thinking and processing information
from the five senses.

The cortex is divided into four different lobes:

1. frontal lobe – for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement/activity

2. parietal lobe – processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement
3. temporal lobe – processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch
4. occipital lobe – primarily responsible for vision

Ways of Dealing with Sexual Energies

SEXUAL ENERGY
- is a life-energy.
- Your sexual impulses have the power to influence so much of what you do, how you act, and the
choices that you make.

Repression – involves keeping certain thoughts, feelings, or urges out of conscious awareness. The goal of this
is to keep unacceptable desires or thoughts out of the conscious mind in order to prevent or minimize feelings
of anxiety.

Suppression – the person consciously and deliberately pushes down any thoughts that leads to feelings of
anxiety.

Sublimation - allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable
form.

THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE: THE SCIENCE BEHIND LUST, ATTRACTION, AND COMPANIONSHIP
Helen Fisher (anthropology professor)
- there are three stages of falling in love.
- In each stage, different brain chemicals influence your brain chemistry - the neurotransmitters that get
you all excited and the hormones that carry the feeling all throughout your body.

III STAGES

1. LUST
- driven by the desire for sexual gratification; evolutionary basis for this is our need to
reproduce; through reproduction, organisms pass on their genes, and thus contribute to the
perpetuation of their species. The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role by stimulating
the production of the sex hormones:

Testosterone – from the testes; being “male”; increases libido

Estrogen – from the ovaries; being “female”; increases sexual motivation in women during
ovulation (peak of estrogen production)

2. ATTRACTION (Falling in love)

- involves romantic or passionate love, characterized by euphoria; physical symptoms of
falling in love include loss of appetite, inability to sleep, lack of concentration, wet palms,
and butterflies in the stomach.
- These symptoms are caused by surging brain chemicals called monoamines:

Dopamine - produced by the hypothalamus, released when we do things that feel good to us like
spending time with loved ones and having sex.

Norepinephrine – high dosage are released during attraction; these chemicals make us giddy,
energetic, and euphoric, even leading to decreased appetite and insomnia; also known as
noradrenalin, it plays a large role in the “fight or flight” response, which kicks into high gear when
we’re stressed and keeps us alert.

Phenylethylamine – a natural amphetamine; gives the feeling of being on-top-of-the-world that

attraction can bring; and gives the energy to stay up day and night when in love.

Serotonin – a hormone that’s known to be involved in appetite and mood; this gives the
overpowering infatuation that charac
terizes the beginning stages of love.

3. ATTACHMENT (Staying together)

- the predominant factor in long-term relationships. While lust and attraction are pretty much
exclusive to romantic entanglements, attachment mediates friendships, parent-infant bonding, social
cordiality, and many other intimacies as well.

The THREE primary hormones here appear to be;

 Oxytocin - often nicknamed as “cuddle hormone”; it is produced by the hypothalamus and released
in large quantities during sex (peaks during orgasm), breastfeeding, and childbirth, all of these
events are precursors to bonding.

Vasopressin – also called the “monogamy chemical”; researchers have found out that suppression
of vasopressin can cause male prairie voles to neglect their partners and not fight off other male
voles who try to mate with their partners.

Endorphins - are chemicals produced naturally by the nervous system to cope with pain or stress;
are often called "feel-good" chemicals because they can act as a pain reliever and happiness
booster.

DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Gender and sexual diversity (GSD), or simply sexual diversity

- refers to all the diversities of sex characteristics, sexual orientations and gender identities, without the
need to specify each of the identities, behaviors, or characteristics that form this plurality.

DIVERSITY OF HUMAN SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION

GENDER IDENTITY- how you think about yourself.

GENDER EXPRESSION- how you demonstrate your gender.
BIOLOGIGAL SEX- organs, hormones and chromosomes.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION- physical, spiritual and emotional attraction.

Sexual Orientation

a. Heterosexuals - sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex; commonly referred to as straight;
b. Homosexuals - sexually attracted to people of their own sex; gay or lesbian;
c. Bisexuals - sexually attracted not exclusively to people of one particular gender; attracted to both men
and women;

Gender identity

a. Transgender - denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not
correspond with their birth sex;

b. Cisgender - denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds
with their birth sex;

UNDERSTANDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are passed from person to person through sexual
contact.

- GONORRHEA
- CLAMYDIA
- GENITAL WARTS
- Trichomoniasis
- PUBIC LICE
- Chancroid
- SYPHILIS
- HEPATITIS
- HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)
- HERPES