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Numerical Methods

Numerical methods unit 6 bca 4th semester

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views4 pages

Numerical Methods

Numerical methods unit 6 bca 4th semester

Uploaded by

ramehoinama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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Numerical Methods

1. What is an Operating System? Explain its main


functions.

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages hardware resources and
provides services for computer programs. The OS acts as an intermediary between the
user and the hardware, ensuring efficient resource utilization. Its primary functions
include:

 Process Management: Scheduling processes and managing their execution.


 Memory Management: Allocating memory to processes and ensuring effective usage.
 File System Management: Organizing, storing, and retrieving files from storage devices.
 I/O Management: Handling communication between hardware devices and applications.
 Security: Protecting data and resources from unauthorized access.

2. Describe different types of Operating Systems.

1. Batch OS: Executes jobs in batches with minimal interaction. Example: Early IBM systems.
2. Time-Sharing OS: Multiple users can access the system concurrently, sharing resources.
Example: UNIX.
3. Distributed OS: Manages multiple computers in a network to perform tasks. Example:
Google’s MapReduce.
4. Real-Time OS: Processes tasks within a strict time frame. Examples: RTLinux, VxWorks.
5. Mobile OS: Designed for mobile devices, balancing performance and battery life. Example:
Android, iOS.

3. What are the key components of an OS? Discuss the


role of the Kernel and Shell.
 Kernel: The core of the OS, responsible for managing hardware resources such as the CPU,
memory, and I/O devices. It directly interacts with hardware.
 Shell: The interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets user commands and
passes them to the kernel for execution. In command-line OS like Linux, the shell is critical for
user interaction.

4. What is a System Call? Explain with examples.

A System Call is a mechanism that allows user-level applications to request services


from the kernel. It acts as the interface between a process and the OS. Examples
include:
 open(): Open a file.
 fork(): Create a new process.
 read(): Read data from a file or device. System calls provide the means for a program to
interact with hardware indirectly.

5. What is a process? Differentiate between a process


and a program.

A Process is an instance of a program in execution. It includes the program code,


program counter, registers, and variables.

 Program: A static set of instructions stored on a disk.


 Process: A dynamic entity that is executing the program's instructions. Thus, a program
becomes a process when it is loaded into memory and executed.

6. Explain the different process states with a diagram.

A process transitions through five states:

1. New: The process is created but not yet admitted to the ready queue.
2. Ready: The process is loaded into memory and awaiting CPU time.
3. Running: The process is currently being executed by the CPU.
4. Waiting: The process is waiting for an event like I/O completion.
5. Terminated: The process has finished execution.

7. Describe Process Control Block (PCB) and its


components.

A Process Control Block (PCB) is a data structure maintained by the OS for each
process. It contains important information such as:

 Process ID (PID): Unique identifier of the process.


 Process state: Current state of the process (e.g., Ready, Running).
 Program counter: Address of the next instruction to execute.
 Registers: CPU register values during process execution.
 Memory limits: Information about allocated memory.
 I/O status: List of I/O devices assigned to the process.

8. What is Context Switching? Explain its importance


in process management.
Context Switching is the process of saving the state of a currently running process so
that it can be resumed later and switching the CPU to another process. This involves
storing the process state in its PCB and loading the state of the next process. Context
switching is essential for multitasking and efficient CPU utilization.

9. Explain different scheduling algorithms like FCFS,


SJF, Round Robin, and Priority Scheduling.
 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS): Processes are executed in the order they arrive. Simple but
can lead to long waiting times (convoy effect).
 Shortest Job First (SJF): Executes processes with the shortest burst time first. Can minimize
average waiting time but suffers from the risk of starvation for long processes.
 Round Robin (RR): Each process is assigned a fixed time slice (quantum). After this, the
process is moved to the back of the ready queue. Fair and ensures no starvation.
 Priority Scheduling: Processes are executed based on priority. High-priority processes
execute first, but it can lead to starvation of low-priority processes.

10. Differentiate between Long-term, Short-term, and


Medium-term scheduling.
 Long-term scheduling: Decides which processes are admitted to the system for execution,
determining the degree of multiprogramming.
 Short-term scheduling: Selects which process from the ready queue should be executed next
by the CPU.
 Medium-term scheduling: Temporarily removes processes from memory (swapping) to
manage the degree of multiprogramming and ensure system performance.

11. What is a Thread? How are threads different from


processes?

A Thread is the smallest unit of execution within a process. Unlike processes, threads
in the same process share resources such as memory and file descriptors, making them
lightweight. Processes have separate memory spaces, but threads run within a
process's memory space, allowing for more efficient multitasking.

12. Explain User-Level and Kernel-Level Threads with


examples.
 User-Level Threads: Managed by the application without kernel intervention. They are faster
to create and manage, but if one thread blocks, the entire process blocks. Example: Java
threads.
 Kernel-Level Threads: Managed by the OS kernel. They can be scheduled independently, so if
one thread blocks, others continue executing. Example: POSIX threads.
13. What are the advantages of using multithreading
in an operating system?

Multithreading offers several benefits:

 Improved performance: Multiple threads can run concurrently, utilizing multi-core CPUs
effectively.
 Resource sharing: Threads within the same process share memory and resources, reducing
overhead compared to multiple processes.
 Responsiveness: Applications remain responsive by performing tasks like I/O in separate
threads.
 Scalability: Allows better performance on systems with multiple processors.

These concise answers cover essential concepts and are structured for exam readiness.
Make sure to supplement them with additional examples and diagrams where
appropriate for more detailed explanations in your answers.

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