1) What is Java? Who invented it?

Ans) Java is a programming language developed at Sun

Microsystems by James Arthur Gosling, a Canadian computer
scientist, as its lead engineer. He is best known as the Father of
the Java Programming Language. It was originally called Oak.
2) Tell about the Java language.
Ans)Java is a robust, general-purpose, high-level programming
language and a powerful software platform.
3) How many types of programs are written in Java?
Ans)Programs that are written in Java are generally categorized
into two groups, namely-
•Applets:Applets or Java Applets are small programs that
remain embedded in a web page and are run on the viewer's
machine in a secured manner by Java compatible browsers. It
cannot access the resource of the local machine. Using applets,
you can do anything ranging from animations to complete
games and utilities that can be executed over the Internet.
• Applications - These are the programs which are executed by
the JVM and it does not depend on anything else other than
JVM . These can be executed in any system containing JVM and
it can either have a Command Line Interface or Graphical User
Interface. It does not depend on the specifications but can
access system resources.
4) How are Java programs compiled?
Ans) Java is a platform independent language which indicates
that it is possible to write a program in a computer but execute
it in any type of machine. This is because the way Java works is
different from most other high level languages. Whenever you
install Java in your computer you are actually installing the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) in it. YOU CAN IMAGINE THE JVM AS A
PSEUDO MICROPROCESSOR THAT IS IMPLEMENTED IN
SOFTWARE, AND RUNS USING THE CAPABILITIES PROVIDED BY
YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM AND COMPUTER HARDWARE. Thus
JVM can be thought to be a computer (of course virtual) inside
a physical computer. The JVM recognizes only one language
called the Bytecode. Whenever you write a Java program and
compile it, it gets converted to Bytecode. Thus any machine
irrespective of the underlying hardware and operating system
having the JVM installed will have the bytecode being
recognized and executed.
5) WHAT IS JAVA SOURCE CODE?
Ans) A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN IN A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE IS CALLED A PROGRAM. A program is called a
source code. SOURCE CODE IS THE FUNDAMENTAL
COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT IS CREATED BY
A PROGRAMMER. It can be read and easily understood by a
human being. WHEN A PROGRAMMER TYPES a SEQUENCE OF
JAVA LANGUAGE STATEMENTS INTO WINDOWS NOTEPAD or
BlueJ Editor, for example, and saves the sequence as a text file,
the text file is said to contain the source code . THE SOURCE
CODE FILE IN JAVA HAD the .Java extension. The name of the
file will be same as the class name, For example, if the class
name in the source code is MyClass, its file-name will be
MyClass.java.
6)WHAT IS BYTE CODE?
ANS) BYTE CODE IS THE COMPILED FORM OF SOURCE CODE. A
PROGRAMMER WRITES A PROGRAM IN THE JAVA LANGUAGE
THAT USE Predefined SOFTWARE PACKAGES OF JAVA API,
WHICH IS A COLLECTION OF PREWRITTEN PACKAGES,
CLASSES,INTERFACES . THEN THAT SOURCE CODE IS
TRANSLATED TO A LANGUAGE BY THE COMPILER CALLED THE
BYTECODE WHICH CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY THE JVM.
7) What makes Java highly portable?
Ans) The byte code is a set of pseudo machine language
instructions that is understood by the Java Virtual Machine and
is independent of the underlying hardware. it is in a form that
can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), the core of
the Java runtime system. The byte code file is recognized by the
JVM and can be interpreted by it for execution. Thus wherever
you have installed the JVM, irrespective of the underlying
hardware and operating system, it can interpret and execute
the byte code file. This makes Java highly portable.
8)What is the Java compiler?
Ans)
The name of the Java compiler is javac.exe in windows. This
compiler converts a source code written in the Java language to
alter it to a byte code file. The byte code file is a new file that is
created from the source code, which has the same name but
with .class extension. For example, if the name of the source
code file is MyClass.java, upon compilation a new byte code file
is created named MyClass.class.
9) What is object code?
Ans) Unlike Java, which upon compilation produces byte code,
other languages generally produce object code. Object Code
produces recognizable and executable machine code. It
basically contains a set of instruction codes (that got translated
from the source code) that is understood by a computer at the
lowest hardware level. It is usually produced by a compiler that
reads some high level language source instructions and
translates them into equivalent machine language instructions.
Since Java does not execute on the physical computer but on
the JVM, Thus byte code is the object code for JVM .
10) What is JVM?
Ans) JVM or Java Virtual Machine is a microprocessor that is
implemented in software and runs using the capabilities
provided by your operating system and computer hardware.
Since the JVM is not a real microprocessor, the Java bytecode is
interpreted, rather than executed directly in the native
machine instructions of the host computer.
Thus to run a program written in Java you need to have the
JVM installed in that machine. You get JVM which is compatible
with almost all major operating systems. You write a program in
Java (Source Code) compile it to convert it to a language
understood by the JVM called bytecode, which now can be
interpreted to run on the JVM. This makes Java compatible with
all popular operating systems.
Programs written in other languages (like C++) when compiled
get converted to machine language, which may then be
executed. But conversion to machine language makes it
machine dependent and also dependent on the underlying
hardware. This is the reason why a software developed using
C++ for a Windows machine will run only on a Windows
machine and not on a Linux machine. But a Java program
developed, when compiled, converts it to bytecode, which is
practically free of the underlying hardware or software. The
bytecode file is recognized by the JVM and can be interpreted
by it for execution. Thus wherever you have installed the JVM,
irrespective of the underlying hardware and operating system it
can interpret and execute the bytecode file. This makes Java
highly portable.
11) how is Java simple?
Ans) Java is simple to learn. This is because it was designed with
a small number of language constructs so that programmers
could learn it quickly Its syntax is based on C++ and is therefore
easy to learn after C++.
However, the syntax is such that even if it is being learnt for the
firs time, it is still very easy to pick. This is because it eliminates
severa language features available in C++ that are associated
with programming practices or are rarely used . There is no
need to remove unreferenced objects because ther is
Automatic Garbage Collection in Java.
12) How is Java robust?
Ans) The term robust means strong or vigorous. Java uses some
strong design measures to eliminate certain types of
programming errors. It allows extensive compile-time error
checking. Therefore, most of the errors will be trapped and
need to be rectified during compilation.
Apart from this Java also uses strong memory management.
This is because it lacks pointers, thereby, eliminating the
possibility of overwriting memory and corrupting data. In
addition, its automatic memory management (garbage
collection) eliminates memory leaks and other problems
associated with dynamic memory allocation/de-allocation.
Other features such as exception handling and type checking
mechanism is also the reason for it to be robust.
13) How is Java secured?
Ans) Java is designed to be secure in a networked environment.
It is designed with multiple layers of security countermeasures
embedded in the compiler, runtime system, and in browsers
that support Java. These countermeasures make Java
inherently more secure for developing any type of trusted
application software. The Java run-time environment uses a
byte code verification process to ensure that network does not
violate Java security constraints.
14) How is Java object oriented?
Ans) . In terms of software, object oriented means we organize
our software as a combination of different types of objects that
incorporates both data (characteristics) and method
(behaviour). This makes Java to simplify software development
and maintenance by providing some rules.
Thus all basic principles of Object Oriented Programming are
followed in Java .
15) How is Java architecture neutral?
Ans) In Java there are no implementation dependent features.
In most of other languages you need to know features that are
hardware or OS dependent. For example in a high-level
language called C the int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory
for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit
architecture. But in Java, no such knowledge is needed.
16) Explain multi threading as a feature of Java?
Ans) Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads
simultaneously. Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process,
the smallest unit of processing. The main purpose of
multithreading in Java is to provide simultaneous execution of
two or more parts of a program to utilize the CPU to the
maximum. A multithreaded Java program contains two or more
parts that can run concurrently
17 What is thread?
Ans) Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, the smallest
unit of processing.